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In the study of molecular evolution
Molecular evolution

Molecular evolution is the process of evolution at the scale of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand recent discoveries on the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein....
, a haplogroup (from the , haploûs, "onefold, single, simple") is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single nucleotide polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism

A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine — in the genome differs between members of a species ....
 (SNP) mutation. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup from Haplotypes. A SNP test confirms a haplogroup. Haplogroups are assigned letters of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations, Example: R1b1.






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In the study of molecular evolution
Molecular evolution

Molecular evolution is the process of evolution at the scale of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand recent discoveries on the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein....
, a haplogroup (from the , haploûs, "onefold, single, simple") is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single nucleotide polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism

A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine — in the genome differs between members of a species ....
 (SNP) mutation. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup from Haplotypes. A SNP test confirms a haplogroup. Haplogroups are assigned letters of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations, Example: R1b1. Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups have different haplogroup designations. Haplogroups pertain to deep ancestral origins dating back thousands of years.

In human genetics
Human genetics

Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counseling....
, the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

In human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-genetic recombination portions of DNA from the Y chromosome ....
 and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in Human mitochondrial genetics. These haplogroups have led some researchers to trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe....
, both of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the patrilineal line, while mtDNA is passed solely on the matrilineal line and are both non-recombinant DNA; which therefore change only by chance mutation from each generation rather than due to intermixture between parents.

Haplogroup population genetics


It is usually assumed that there is little natural selection
Natural selection

Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable trait become more common in successive generations of a population of Reproduction organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of genotypes....
 for or against a particular haplotype mutation
Mutation

In biology, mutations are changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or virus , or can be induced by the organism, itself, by cellular processes such as s...
 which has survived to the present day, so apart from mutation rate
Mutation rate

In genetics, the mutation rate is the chance of a mutation occurring in an organism or gene in each generation . The mutation frequency is the number of individuals in a population with a particular mutation, and tends to be reported more often as it is easier to measure ....
s (which may vary from one marker to another) the main driver of population genetics
Population genetics

Population genetics is the study of the allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow....
 affecting the proportions of haplotypes in a population is genetic drift
Genetic drift

Genetic drift or allelic drift is the change in the relative frequency with which a gene variant occurs in a population that results from the fact that alleles in offspring are a Sampling of those in the parents, and because of the role of chance in determining whether a given individual survives and reproduces....
 — random fluctuation caused by the sampling randomness of which members of the population happen to pass their DNA on to members of the next generation of the appropriate sex. This causes the prevalence of a particular marker in a population to continue to fluctuate, until it either hits 100%, or falls out of the population entirely. In a large population with efficient mixing the rate of genetic drift for common alleles is very low; however, in a very small interbreeding population the proportions can change much more quickly. The marked geographical variations and concentrations of particular haplotypes and groups of haplotypes therefore witness the distinctive effects of repeated population bottleneck
Population bottleneck

A population bottleneck is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing....
s or founder events
Founder effect

In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population....
 followed by population separations and increases. The lineages which can be traced back from the present will not reflect the full genetic variation of the older population: genetic drift means that some of the variants will have died out. The cost of full mtDNA sequence tests has limited the availability of data. Haplotype coalescence times and current geographical prevalences both carry considerable error uncertainties.

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

Human Y chromosome
Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is the Sex-determination system chromosome in most mammals, including humans. In mammals, it contains the gene SRY, which triggers testicle development, thus determining sex....
 DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are lettered A through T, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y Chromosome Consortium.

Y-chromosomal Adam
Y-chromosomal Adam

In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam is the Patrilineality human most recent common ancestor from whom all Y chromosomes in living men are descended....
 is the name given by researchers to the male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor
Most recent common ancestor

In genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly Common descent....
 of all living humans.

Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of occurrence (prior to the recent European colonization), include:

| valign=top width=50% |

Groups without mutation M168

  • Haplogroup A
    Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup A is found in the Nile River & South Africa. It represents the oldest and most diverse of the human Y-chromosome haplogroups....
     (M91) (Africa, especially the Khoisan, Ethiopia
    Ethiopia

    Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast....
    ns, and Nilotes)


  • Haplogroup B
    Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup B is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.Haplogroup B is localized to sub-Saharan Africa, especially to tropical forests of West-Central Africa....
     (M60) (Africa, especially the Pygmies and Hadzabe
    Hadzabe

    The Hadza people, or Hadzabe'e, are an ethnic group in central Tanzania, living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighboring Serengeti Plateau....
    )


Groups with mutation M168

(mutation M168 occurred ~50,000 bp)

  • Haplogroup C
    Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup C is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, M216, P184, P255, P260, which are all SNP mutations....
     (M130) (Australia and surrounding areas, North/Central/East Asia, North America and significant presence in India)


  • YAP+ haplogroups
    • Haplogroup DE
      Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup DE is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the SNP mutations, or UEPs, M1, M145, M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183...
       (M1, M145, M203)
      • Haplogroup D
        Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D and E lineages also exhibit the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except haplogroup A and haplogroup B , as well as the YAP Unique Event Polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup DE....
         (M174) (Tibet, Japan, the Andaman Islands)
      • Haplogroup E
        Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup E is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E, along with Haplogroup D make up the two main components of the older Haplogroup DE....
         (M96)
        • Haplogroup E1b1a (M2) (Africa); formerly known as E3a
        • Haplogroup E1b1b (M35) East Africa (Ethiopians and Somalis), North Africa (Berbers and Arabs), the Middle East, the Mediterranean, the Balkans; formerly known as E3b


Groups with mutation M89

(mutation M89 occurred ~45,000 bp)

  • Haplogroup F (P14, M213) (southern India, Sri Lanka, China, Korea)


  • Haplogroup G
    Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup G is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a branch of Haplogroup F . Haplogroup G appears to have arisen in the Caucasus region during the Ice Age, about 30,000 years ago....
     (M201) (present among many ethnic groups in Eurasia, usually at low frequency; most common in the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau, and Anatolia; in Europe mainly in Sardinia, northern Italy, northern Spain, the Tyrol, as well as Bohemia, Moravia; Britain and Norway at only 2%)


  • Haplogroup H
    Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup H is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in Indian Subcontinent. It is generally rare outside of the Indian subcontinent but is common among the Roma people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup....
     (M52) (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and at low frequency in Pakistan, Iran, Central Asia, and Arabia)


  • Haplogroup IJ
    Haplogroup IJ (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup IJ is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.Haplogroup IJ is a descendant branch of Haplogroup IJK which in turn derives from the greater Haplogroup F ....
     (S2, S22)
    • Haplogroup I
      Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup IJ , itself a derivative of Haplogroup IJK .Y-DNA Haplogroup I represents nearly one-fifth of the population of Europe....
       (M170, P19, M258) (widespread in Europe, found infrequently in parts of the Middle East, and virtually absent elsewhere)
      • Haplogroup I1
        Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup I1 is a Y chromosome haplogroup occurring at greatest frequency in Scandinavia, associated with the mutations identified as M253, M307, P30, and P40....
         (M253, M307, P30, P40) (Scandinavia, northern Europe)
      • Haplogroup I2
        Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup I2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Until 2008, it was formerly known as Haplogroup I1b....
         (S31) (central & southeast Europe, Sardinia)
    • Haplogroup J
      Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup J is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the 12f2.1 genetic marker, or the equivalent M304 marker....
       (M304) (the Middle East, Turkey, Caucasus, Italy, Greece, the Balkans, North and Northeast Africa)
      • Haplogroup J* (Mainly found in Socotra
        Socotra

        Socotra or Soqotra is a small archipelago of four islands and islets in the Indian Ocean off the coast of the Horn of Africa some south of the Arabian peninsula, belonging to the Yemen....
        , with a few observations in Pakistan
        Pakistan

        Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
         and among Turkic peoples
        Turkic peoples

        The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....
        )
      • Haplogroup J1
        Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup J1 is a Y chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J ....
         (M267) (Mostly associated with Semitic peoples in the Middle East, Ethiopia, and North Africa and with Northeast Caucasian
        Northeast Caucasian languages

        The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakho-Dagestanian, or Dagestanian, are a family of languages spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, and Ingushetia, in northern Azerbaijan, and in Georgia , as well as in diaspora populations....
         peoples in Dagestan
        Dagestan

        The Republic of Dagestan , older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subjects of Russia of the Russia ....
        ; J1 with DYS388=13 is associated with eastern Anatolia)
      • Haplogroup J2
        Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 is a Y chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J . It is further divided into two complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12....
         (M172) (Mainly found in West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, Southern Europe, and North Africa)


Groups with mutation M9

(mutation M9 occurred ~40,000 bp)

  • Haplogroup K
    Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup K is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup IJK . Its major descendant haplogroups are haplogroup L , haplogroup M , Haplogroup NO , haplogroup P , haplogroup S , and haplogroup T ....
     (no additional major mutations) (New Guinea, Australia)
    • Haplogroup L
      Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup L is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup....
       (M20) (South Asia, Central Asia, Southwestern Asia, the Mediterranean)
    • Haplogroup M
      Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous ....
       (P256) (New Guinea, Melanesia)
    • Haplogroup NO
      Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup NO is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup K and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup P ....
       (M214)
    • Haplogroup P
      Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup P is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most European ethnic groupss and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas....
       (M45, 92R7, M74/N12)
    • Haplogroup S
      Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)

      Haplogroup S is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5....
       (M230, P202, P204)
    • Haplogroup T
      Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)

      Haplogroup T is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K2. It should not be confused with the Haplogroup T , of the same name....
       (M70, M184/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272)


Groups with mutation M214
  • Haplogroup NO
    Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup NO is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup K and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup P ....
     (M214)
    • Haplogroup NO*
      Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup NO is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup K and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup P ....
       (minimal distribution)
    • Haplogroup N
      Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup....
       (LLY22g) (northernmost Eurasia, especially among the Uralic people)
    • Haplogroup O
      Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup O is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N , and is one of several descendants of haplogroup K ....
       (M175) (East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, South Asia, Central Asia)
      • Haplogroup O1
        Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup O1 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Haplogroup O1 is a descendent branch of the greater Haplogroup O .The great majority of Y-chromosomes within Haplogroup O1 belong to its subgroup O1a ....
         (MSY2.2)
      • Haplogroup O2
        Haplogroup O2 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup O2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup O2 is a descendent branch of the greater Haplogroup O ....
         (P31, M268)
      • Haplogroup O3
        Haplogroup O3 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup O3 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup....
         (M122)


Groups with mutation M45
(M45 occurred ~35,000 bp)
  • Haplogroup P
    Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup P is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most European ethnic groupss and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas....
     (M45, 92R7, M74/N12)
    • Haplogroup Q
      Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup Q is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup Q is a branch of Haplogroup P . It is believed to have arisen in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago....
       (MEH2, M242, P36) (Occurred ~15,000-20,000 years ago. Found in Asia and the Americas)
      • Haplogroup Q3
        Haplogroup Q3 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics Haplogroup Q1a3a is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup Q1a3a is a subclade of Haplogroup Q . Haplogroup Q1a3a was previously known as Haplogroup Q3....
         (M3) (North America, Central America, and South America)
    • Haplogroup R
      Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P , associated with the M207 mutation....
       (M207)
      • Haplogroup R1 (M173)
        • Haplogroup R1a
          Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)

          A subclade of Haplogroup R #R, R1a is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups is "currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe"....
           (M17) (Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe)
        • Haplogroup R1b
          Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)

          In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent Y chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, where its frequency is highest.More specifically, its frequency is highest in Atlantic Europe and, due to European emigration, in North America, South America, and Australia....
           (M343) (Western, Southern, and Northern Europe, Caucasus)
      • Haplogroup R2
        Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)

        R2 is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups characterized by genetic marker M124, and is rarely found outside India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern Central Asia....
         (M124) (South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia)


Groups with mutation M230

  • Haplogroup S
    Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)

    Haplogroup S is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5....
     (New Guinea); formerly known as Haplogroup K5


Groups with mutation M70

  • Haplogroup T
    Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)

    Haplogroup T is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K2. It should not be confused with the Haplogroup T , of the same name....
     - (North Africa, Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, South Asia); formerly known as Haplogroup K2


Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

Human mtDNA
Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondrion. Most other DNA present in eukaryotic organisms is found in the cell nucleus....
 haplogroups are lettered: A
Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 60,000 years before present....
, B
Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present....
, C
Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup of characteristic Siberian Lineage.Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 60,000 years before present....
, CZ
Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup CZ is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. Today CZ is found in Eurasia populations....
, D
Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup D is believed to have arisen in Asia some 60,000 years before present....
, E
Haplogroup E (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup E is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups which can be used to define genetic populations. It is a subgroup of Haplogroup M ....
, F
Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup F is centered in Asia and appears in eastern China and Japan....
, G
Haplogroup G (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today G is found at its highest frequency in northeastern Siberia....
, H
Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup H is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.The Cambridge Reference Sequence , the human mitochondrial sequence to which all other sequences are compared, belongs to haplogroup H....
, pre-HV
Haplogroup pre-HV (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup pre-HV is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup pre-HV occurs frequently in the Middle East and in Ethiopia and Somalia....
, HV
Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup HV is believed to have expanded throughout Europe 20,000 years before present, before the advent of farming in Europe....
, I
Haplogroup I (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup I is found throughout Europe, and also in Near East. It is believed to have arisen somewhere in Eurasia some 30,000 years before present, and been one of the first haplogroups to Human migration into Europe....
, J
Haplogroup J (mtDNA)

Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup J derives from the haplogroup JT , which also gave rise to Haplogroup T . In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Jasmine....
, pre-JT
Haplogroup pre-JT (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup pre-JT is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.See also *Human mitochondrial genetics...
, JT
Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)

Haplogroup JT is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.A descendant of the macro-haplogroup Haplogroup R , Haplogroup JT is the ancestral haplogroup to mitochondrial haplogroups Haplogroup J and Haplogroup T ....
, K
Haplogroup K (mtDNA)

Haplogroup K is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup that represents a sizeable fraction of the West Eurasia genetic pool.It is the most common subclade of Haplogroup U #Haplogroup U8 and it has an estimated age in Europe of c....
, L0
Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup L0 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Confusingly, some scientists use L0 to refer to an extinct haplogroup, while other scientists have identified haplogroups L0-L6 as existing in living humans....
, L1
Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup L1 is found in West and Central sub-Saharan Africa. It seldom appears in eastern or southern Africa....
, L2
Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup L2 is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is present in approximately one third of all people....
, L3
Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.L3 is believed to have arisen between 84,000 to 104,000 years ago.It is most common in East Africa, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups Haplogroup L1 and Haplogroup L2 represent two thirds of mtDNAs....
, L4
Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup L4 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup.ReferencesSee also ...
, L5
Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup L5 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup.Previously known as L1e....
, L6
Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup L6 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup....
, L7
Haplogroup L7 (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup L7 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup....
, M
Haplogroup M (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup M is a branch of the haplogroup Haplogroup L3 ....
, N
Haplogroup N (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup N is a branch of the mtDNA haplogroup Haplogroup L3 , and is believed to have originated in West Asia some 50,000 to 80,000 years before present, with 65,000 years being thought of as the most likely...
, O, P
Haplogroup P (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup P is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Today, P is found in the southern Pacific rim, especially in New Guinea, Melanesia, and indigenous populations of Australia....
, Q
Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Q is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Today, mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Q is found in the southern Pacific rim, especially in New Guinea and Melanesia....
, R
Haplogroup R (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-Haplogroup N . Among its descendant haplogroups are Haplogroup B , haplogroup UK , Haplogroup F , Haplogroup pre-HV , and the ancestral haplogroup of Haplogroup J and Haplogroup T ....
, S
Haplogroup S (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup S is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a descendant of macrohaplogroup Haplogroup N .It is found in Aboriginal Australians....
, T
Haplogroup T (mtDNA)

Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup T derives from the Haplogroup JT , which also gave rise to Haplogroup J . Haplogroup T is believed to have originated in Mesopotamia approximately 10,000 years before present, and to have moved north into Europe and east as far as India....
, U
Haplogroup U (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup U is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, a group of people who descend from a woman in the Haplogroup R branch of the Genographic tree, who lived around 55,000 years ago....
, UK
Haplogroup UK (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup UK is a human Human mitochondrial genetics haplogroup. It is also referred nowadays as simply Haplogroup U , because it is now known that K is a subcladeof U8....
, V
Haplogroup V (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup V is believed to have originated approximately 12,000 years before present, possibly in Iberian Peninsula....
, W
Haplogroup W (mtDNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup W appears in Europe, West and South Asia. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N ....
, X
Haplogroup X (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations. The genetic sequences of haplogroup X diverged originally from Haplogroup N , and subsequently further diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago to give two sub-groups, X1 and X2....
, Y
Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup Y was found in South Siberian populations with a frequency of 1%....
, and Z
Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup Z is believed to have arisen in Central Asia, and is a descendant of the Haplogroup M ....
.

Mitochondrial Eve
Mitochondrial Eve

Mitochondrial Eve is the name given by researchers to the woman who is defined as the matrilineal most recent common ancestor for all currently living humans....
 is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor
Most recent common ancestor

In genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly Common descent....
 of all living humans.

Defining populations

Map of Human Migrations
Haplogroups can be used to define genetic
Genetics

Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and Genetic variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding....
 populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups:

  • Sub-Saharan African: L0
    Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L0 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Confusingly, some scientists use L0 to refer to an extinct haplogroup, while other scientists have identified haplogroups L0-L6 as existing in living humans....
    , L1
    Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup L1 is found in West and Central sub-Saharan Africa. It seldom appears in eastern or southern Africa....
    , L2
    Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup L2 is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is present in approximately one third of all people....
    , L3
    Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.L3 is believed to have arisen between 84,000 to 104,000 years ago.It is most common in East Africa, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups Haplogroup L1 and Haplogroup L2 represent two thirds of mtDNAs....
    , L4
    Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L4 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup.ReferencesSee also ...
    , L5
    Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L5 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup.Previously known as L1e....
    , L6
    Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L6 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup....
    , L7
    Haplogroup L7 (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L7 is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup....
  • West Eurasian: H
    Haplogroup H (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup H is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.The Cambridge Reference Sequence , the human mitochondrial sequence to which all other sequences are compared, belongs to haplogroup H....
    , T
    Haplogroup T (mtDNA)

    Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup T derives from the Haplogroup JT , which also gave rise to Haplogroup J . Haplogroup T is believed to have originated in Mesopotamia approximately 10,000 years before present, and to have moved north into Europe and east as far as India....
    , U
    Haplogroup U (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup U is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, a group of people who descend from a woman in the Haplogroup R branch of the Genographic tree, who lived around 55,000 years ago....
    , V
    Haplogroup V (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup V is believed to have originated approximately 12,000 years before present, possibly in Iberian Peninsula....
    , X
    Haplogroup X (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations. The genetic sequences of haplogroup X diverged originally from Haplogroup N , and subsequently further diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago to give two sub-groups, X1 and X2....
    , K
    Haplogroup K (mtDNA)

    Haplogroup K is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup that represents a sizeable fraction of the West Eurasia genetic pool.It is the most common subclade of Haplogroup U #Haplogroup U8 and it has an estimated age in Europe of c....
    , I
    Haplogroup I (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup I is found throughout Europe, and also in Near East. It is believed to have arisen somewhere in Eurasia some 30,000 years before present, and been one of the first haplogroups to Human migration into Europe....
    , J
    Haplogroup J (mtDNA)

    Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup J derives from the haplogroup JT , which also gave rise to Haplogroup T . In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Jasmine....
    , W
    Haplogroup W (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup W appears in Europe, West and South Asia. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N ....
     (all listed West Eurasian haplogroups are derived from macro-haplogroup N
    Haplogroup N (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup N is a branch of the mtDNA haplogroup Haplogroup L3 , and is believed to have originated in West Asia some 50,000 to 80,000 years before present, with 65,000 years being thought of as the most likely...
    )
  • East Eurasian: A
    Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 60,000 years before present....
    , B
    Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

    In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present....
    , C
    Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup of characteristic Siberian Lineage.Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 60,000 years before present....
    , D
    Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup D is believed to have arisen in Asia some 60,000 years before present....
    , E
    Haplogroup E (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup E is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups which can be used to define genetic populations. It is a subgroup of Haplogroup M ....
    , F
    Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

    In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup F is centered in Asia and appears in eastern China and Japan....
    , G
    Haplogroup G (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today G is found at its highest frequency in northeastern Siberia....
    , Y
    Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup Y was found in South Siberian populations with a frequency of 1%....
     (note: C, D, E, and G belong to macro-haplogroup M
    Haplogroup M (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup M is a branch of the haplogroup Haplogroup L3 ....
    )
  • Native American: A
    Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 60,000 years before present....
    , B
    Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

    In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present....
    , C
    Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup of characteristic Siberian Lineage.Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 60,000 years before present....
    , D
    Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup D is believed to have arisen in Asia some 60,000 years before present....
    , X
    Haplogroup X (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations. The genetic sequences of haplogroup X diverged originally from Haplogroup N , and subsequently further diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago to give two sub-groups, X1 and X2....
  • Australo-Melanesian
    Australasia

    Australasia is a region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term was coined by Charles de Brosses in Histoire des navigations aux terres australes ....
    : O, P
    Haplogroup P (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup P is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Today, P is found in the southern Pacific rim, especially in New Guinea, Melanesia, and indigenous populations of Australia....
    , Q
    Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)

    In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Q is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.Today, mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Q is found in the southern Pacific rim, especially in New Guinea and Melanesia....
    , S
    Haplogroup S (mtDNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup S is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is a descendant of macrohaplogroup Haplogroup N .It is found in Aboriginal Australians....


The mitochondrial haplogroups are divided into 3 main groups, which are designated by the 3 sequential letters L, M, N. Humanity first split within the L group between L0 and L1. L1 gave rise to other L groups, one of which, L3, split into the M and N group. The M group comprises the first wave of human migration out of Africa, following an eastward route along southern coastal areas. Descendent populations belonging to haplogroup M are found throughout East Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Melanesia, though almost none have been found in Europe. The N group may represent another migration out of Africa, heading northward instead of eastward. Shortly after the migration, the large R group split off from the N. Haplogroup R consists of two subgroups defined on the basis of their geographical distributions, one found in southeastern Asia and Oceania and the other containing almost all of the modern European populations. Haplogroup N(xR), i.e. mtDNA that belongs to the N group but not to its R subgroup, is typical of Australian aboriginal populations, while also being present at low frequencies among many populations of Eurasia and the Americas.

The L type consists of Africans, and especially Sub-Saharan Africans.

The M type consists of:

M1- Ethiopian, Somali and Indian populations. Likely due to much gene flow between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman), separated only by a narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

CZ- Many Siberians; branch C- Some Amerindian; branch Z- Many Saami, some Korean, some North Chinese, some Central Asian populations.

D- Some Amerindians, many Siberians and northern East Asians

E- Malay, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan aborigines, Papua New Guinea

G- Many Northeast Siberians, northern East Asians, and Central Asians

Q- Melanesian, Polynesian, New Guinean populations

The N type consists of:

A- Found in some Amerindians, Japanese, and Koreans

I- 10% frequency in Northern, Eastern Europe

S- Some Australian aborigines

W- Some Eastern Europeans, South Asians, and southern East Asians

X- Some Amerindians, Southern Siberians, Southwest Asians, and Southern Europeans

Y- Ainus and Nivkhs; 1% in Southern Siberia

R- Large group found within the N type.Populations contained therein can be divided geographically into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. Almost all European populations and a large number of Middle-Eastern population today are contained within this branch. A smaller percentage is contained in other N type groups (See above). Below are subclades of R:

B- Some Chinese, Tibetans, Mongolians, Central Asians, Koreans, Amerindians, South Siberians, Japanese, Austronesians

F- Mainly found in southeastern Asia, especially Vietnam
Vietnam

Vietnam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east....
; 8.3% in Hvar Island in Croatia (Tolk et al. 2001)

Pre-HV- Found in Arabia and among Ethiopians and Somalis; branch HV (branch H; branch V)- Western Europe, Middle-East;

Pre-JT- Arose in the Levant (modern Lebanon area), found in 25% frequency in Bedouin poupulations; branch JT (branch J; branch T)- North, Eastern Europe, Indus, Mediterranean

UK- High frequency in Scandinavia, Baltic countries, Mediterranean

Overlap between y-haplogroups and mt-haplogroups

The ranges of specific y-haplogroups and specific mt-haplogroups overlap, indicating populations that have a specific combination of a y-haplogroup and an mt-haplogroup. Y mutations and mt mutations do not necessarily occur at a similar time, and differential rates of sexual selection between the two genders combined with founder effect
Founder effect

In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population....
 and genetic drift
Genetic drift

Genetic drift or allelic drift is the change in the relative frequency with which a gene variant occurs in a population that results from the fact that alleles in offspring are a Sampling of those in the parents, and because of the role of chance in determining whether a given individual survives and reproduces....
 can alter the haplogroup composition of a population, so the overlaps are only rough.

The very rough overlaps between Y-DNA haplogroups and mtDNA haplogroups are as follows:

Y-DNA haplogroup(s) mtDNA haplogroup(s) Geographical area and/or peoples
A L0 South Africa, Khoisan
B L1, L2 Pygmies and related people
E1, E2, E1b1a L3 Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Bantus
O, N, C3 CZ/C/Z, D, G (M types); A (N type); B, F (R types) East Asia, Siberia
K, M (M9-positive, M45-negative) R, P (R types); Q (M type) as well as various Oceanian-specific M subclades Oceania
R, I, E1b1b, J HV/H/V, JT/J/T, U/K (R types) Europe, West Asia, North Africa, Horn of Africa
Q, C3 A, X, Y (N types); C, D (M types) Easternmost Siberia, the Americas


See also

  • International HapMap Project
    International HapMap Project

    The International HapMap Project is an organization whose goal is to develop a haplotype map of the human genome , which will describe the common patterns of human genetic variability....
  • Molecular evolution
    Molecular evolution

    Molecular evolution is the process of evolution at the scale of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand recent discoveries on the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein....
  • Molecular systematics
  • Molecular phylogeny
    Molecular phylogeny

    Molecular phylogenetics, also known as molecular systematics, is the use of the structure of molecules to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships....
  • Haplotype
    Haplotype

    The term haplotype is a contraction of the term "Ploidy genotype." In genetics, a haplotype is a combination of alleles at multiple locus that are transmitted together on the same chromosome....
  • Genetic genealogy
    Genetic genealogy

    Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to Genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals....
  • Genealogical DNA test
    Genealogical DNA test

    A genealogical DNA test examines the nucleotides at specific locations on a person's DNA for genetic genealogy purposes. The test results are not meant to have any informative medical value and do not determine specific genetic diseases or disorders ; they are intended only to give genealogical information....
  • Genetics
    Genetics

    Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and Genetic variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding....
  • List of genetic genealogy topics
    List of genetic genealogy topics

    This is a list of genetic genealogy topics....
  • * (haplogroup)
    * (haplogroup)

    In human genetics, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup and Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup are designated by letters of the alphabet. When a person takes a genealogical DNA test, the presence of an asterisk in their test result indicates that they are a member of a particular haplogroup, but not of a known subclade ....


External links


General



News

  • , Journal of Human Genetics
  • frequent highlights of new results.


all DNA haplogroups



Y chromosome DNA haplogroups

  • [https://home.comcast.net/~whitathey/predictorinstr.htm Haplogroup Predictor]
  • The Y Chromosome Consortium (2002), , Genome Research, Vol. 12(2), 339-348, February 2002. (Detailed hierarchical has conversions from previous naming schemes)
  • (PDF)
  • Semino et al. (2000), , Science, Vol 290 (paper which introduced the "Eu" haplogroups).


Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups