'''Haitian Creole language''' ('''''Kreyòl ayisyen'''''; {{IPA-ht|kɣejɔl ajisjɛ̃|pron}}), often called simply '''Creole''' or '''Kreyòl''', is a language spoken in [[Haiti]] by about twelve million people, which includes all Haitians in Haiti and via [[emigration]], by about two to three million speakers residing in [[the Bahamas]], [[Afro-Cuban#Haitian Creole among Afro-Cubans|Cuba]], [[Canadians of Haitian ancestry|Canada]], [[France]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[French Guiana]], [[Martinique]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Belize]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Haitian American|United States]].
Haitian Creole is one of Haiti's two [[official languages]], along with [[French language|French]]. It is a [[Creole language|creole]] based largely on 18th to 21st-century French, some [[African]] languages, as well as [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Taíno language|Taíno]], [[Arawakan languages|Arawak]] and [[English language|English]].
Partly due to efforts of [[Félix Morisseau-Leroy]], since 1961 Haitian Creole has been recognized as an official language along with French, which had been the sole [[literary language]] of the country since its [[Haitian revolution|independence in 1804]]. Its [[orthography]] was standardized in 1979. The official status was maintained under the country's [[Constitution of Haiti|1987 constitution]]. The use of Haitian Creole in literature has been small but is increasing. Morisseau was one of the first and most influential authors to write in Haitian Creole. Since the 1980s, many educators, writers and activists have written [[literature]] in Haitian Creole. Today numerous [[newspaper]]s, as well as [[radio]] and [[television]] programs, are produced in Haitian Creole.
As required by the Joseph C. Bernard (Secrétaire d'État de l'éducation nationale) law of 18 September 1979, the Institut Pédagogique National established an official orthography for Kreyòl, and slight modifications were made over the next two decades. For example, the hyphen (-) is no longer used, nor is the apostrophe. The only accent accepted is the [[grave accent]] (à, è, or ò).
==Origins==
There are many theories on the formation of the Haitian Creole language.
One states that a form of creole had already started to develop on West African trading posts before the importation of African slaves into the Americas, and that since many of those slaves were being kept for some amount of time near these trading posts before being sent to the Caribbean, they would have learned a rudimentary creole even before getting there.
Another one states that Haitian creole was mostly locally developed when slaves speaking languages from the [[Fon language|Fon family]] started to [[relexification|relexify]] them with vocabulary from the [[French language]].
==Orthography and Phonology==
{{IPA notice}}
Haitian creole has a systematic orthography where spelling strictly follows pronunciation, except for proper nouns and foreign words. According to the official standardized orthography, Haitian Creole is composed of the following 32 sounds : a, an, b, ch, d, e ,è, en, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ng, o, ò, on, ou, oun, p, r, s, t, ui, v, w, y, z. Of note is the absence of letters c, q, u and x. Letter k is to be used for the sounds of letters c and q. Letter u is always associated with another letter (ou, oun, ui), while letter i (and its sound) is used to replace the single letter u in French words. As for letter x, its sound is produced by using the combination of letters k and s, k and z, or g and z.
{| style="background:none;"
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! Haitian orthography !! IPA !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent
|-
| align="center"|b
|
{{IPAlink|b}}
| align="left"| '''b'''agay
| align="left"| '''b'''efore
|-
| align="center"|ch
|
{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| align="left"| '''ch'''eve
|align="left"| '''sh'''oe
|-
| align="center"|d
|
{{IPAlink|d}}
| align="left"| '''d'''ènye
| align="left"| '''d'''o
|-
| align="center"|f
|
{{IPAlink|f}}
| align="left"| '''f'''ig
| align="left"| '''f'''estival
|-
| align="center"|g
|
{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| align="left"| '''g'''òch
| align="left"| '''g'''ain
|-
| align="center"|h
|
{{IPAlink|h}}
| align="left"| '''h'''ing'''h'''ang
| align="left"| '''h'''otel
|-
| align="center"|j
|
{{IPAlink|ʒ}}
| align="left"| '''j'''edi
|align="left"| vi'''si'''on
|-
| align="center"|k
|
{{IPAlink|k}}
| align="left"| '''k'''le
|align="left"| s'''k'''y
|-
| align="center"|l
|
{{IPAlink|l}}
| align="left"| '''l'''a'''l'''in
|align="left"| c'''l'''ean
|-
| align="center"|m
|
{{IPAlink|m}}
| align="left"| '''m'''oun
|align="left"| '''m'''oon
|-
| align="center"|n
|
{{IPAlink|n}}
| align="left"| '''n'''òt
|align="left"| '''n'''ote
|-
| align="center"|ng
|
{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
| align="left"| hi'''ng'''hang
|align="left"| feeli'''ng'''
|-
| align="center"|p
|
{{IPAlink|p}}
| align="left"| '''p'''akèt
|align="left"| s'''p'''y
|-
| align="center"|r
|
{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
| align="left"| '''r'''ezon
| align="left"| '''r'''uin
|-
| align="center"|s
|
{{IPAlink|s}}
| align="left"| '''s'''is
| align="left"| '''s'''ix
|-
| align="center"|t
|
{{IPAlink|t}}
| align="left"| '''t'''on'''t'''on
| align="left"| '''t'''elephone
|-
| align="center"|v
|
{{IPAlink|v}}
| align="left"| '''v'''wazen
| align="left"| '''v'''ision
|-
| align="center"|w
|
{{IPAlink|w}}
| align="left"| '''w'''i
| align="left"| '''w'''e
|-
| align="center"|y
|
{{IPAlink|j}}
| align="left"| p'''y'''e
| align="left"| '''y'''es
|-
| align="center"|z
|
{{IPAlink|z}}
| align="left"| '''z'''ero
| align="left"| '''z'''ero
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! Haitian orthography !! IPA !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent
|-
| align="center"|a
(or à before an n)
|
{{IPAlink|a}}
| align="left"| '''a'''b'''a'''ko
p'''à'''n
|align="left"| '''a'''pple
|-
| align="center"|an
(when not followed by a vowel)
|
{{IPAlink|ã}}
| align="left"| '''an'''pil
|align="left"| g'''en'''re
|-
| align="center"|e
|
{{IPAlink|e}}
| align="left"| kl'''e'''
|align="left"| cl'''ay'''
|-
| align="center"|è
|
{{IPAlink|ɛ}}
| align="left"| f'''è'''t
|align="left"| f'''e'''stival
|-
| align="center"|en
(when not followed by a vowel)
|
{{IPAlink|ɛ̃}}
| align="left"| mw'''en'''
|align="left"| doy'''en'''
|-
| align="center"|i
|
{{IPAlink|i}}
| align="left"| l'''i'''de
|align="left"| un'''i'''que
|-
| align="center"|o
|
{{IPAlink|o}}
| align="left"| zwaz'''o'''
|align="left"| s'''o'''le
|-
| align="center"|ò
|
{{IPAlink|ɔ}}
| align="left"| dey'''ò'''
|align="left"| s'''o'''rt
|-
| align="center"|on
(when not followed by a vowel)
|
{{IPAlink|ɔ̃}}
| align="left"| t'''on'''t'''on'''
|align="left"| b'''on''' appétit
|-
| align="center"|ou
|
{{IPAlink|u}}
| align="left"| kaf'''ou'''
|align="left"| y'''ou'''
|-
| align="center"|oun
(when not followed by a vowel)
|
{{IPAlink|ũ}}
| align="left"| y'''oun'''
|align="left"| m'''oon'''
|-
| align="center"|ui
|
{{IPAlink|ɥ}}{{IPAlink|i}}
| align="left"| lann'''ui'''t
| align="left"| h'''ui'''s-clos
|}
|}
*There are no silent letters in Haitian creole[unless it is being written with the traditional orthography].
*All sounds are always spelled the same, except when a vowel carries a [[grave accent]] ⟨`⟩ before ⟨n⟩, which makes it an open vowel instead of a nasal vowel (e.g. ⟨en⟩ for {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} and ⟨èn⟩ for {{IPA|/ɛn/}}; ⟨on⟩ = {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}, but ⟨òn⟩ = {{IPA|/ɔn/}};
= {{IPA|/ã/}}, but <àn> = {{IPA|/an/}}).
*When immediately followed by a vowel in a word, the letters forming the nasal vowels (an, en, on, oun) are to be pronounced separately.
==Grammar==
Haitian Creole grammar differs greatly from standard Parisian French; the language is closer to 17th century popular or colonial French spoken by farmers and other lower class white people who were in the colony of Sainte-Domingue. It is much more analytical: for example, verbs are not inflected for tense or person, and there is no [[grammatical gender]]—meaning that adjectives and articles are not inflected according to the noun. The primary word order ([[subject–verb–object|SVO]]) is the same as in French.
Many grammatical features, particularly pluralization of nouns and indication of possession, are indicated by appending certain markers, like ''yo'', to the main word. There has been a debate going on for some years as to whether these markers are [[affix]]es or [[clitic]]s, and therefore what should be used to connect the suffixes to the word: the most popular alternatives are a dash, an apostrophe or a space. It makes matters more complicated when the "suffix" itself is shortened, perhaps making only one letter (such as ''m{{'}}'' or ''w{{'}}'').
Although the lexicon is mostly French, the sentence structure is like that of the West African Fongbe language{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!French
!Fongbe
!Haitian Creole
!English
|-
|Ma bécane/becane moi[in 17th century popular french]
my-sing-f bike
|Keke che
bike my
|Bekàn mwen
bike my
|My bike
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!French
!Fongbe
!Haitian Creole
!English
|-
|Mes bécanes
my-PL bikes
|Keke che le
bike my-PL
|Bekàn mwen yo
bike my-PL
|My bikes
|}
===Pronouns===
There are six pronouns, one pronoun for each person/number combination. There is no difference between direct and indirect. Some are of French origin, others are not.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!person/number
!Creole
!Short form
!French
!English
|-
|1/singular
|''Mwen''
|''M{{'}}''
|''Je'', ''me'', ''moi''
|"I", "me"
|-
|2/singular
|''Ou'' (*)
|''W{{'}}''
|''Tu'', ''te'', ''vous''
|"thou", "you" (sing.)
|-
|3/singular
|''Li''
|''L{{'}}''
|''Il'', ''elle'', ''on''
|"He", "she"
|-
|1/plural
|''Nou''
|''N{{'}}''
|''Nous''
|"We", "us"
|-
|2/plural
|''Nou'' or ''Ou'' (**)
|
|''Vous''
|"You" (pl.)
|-
|3/plural
|''Yo''
|''Y{{'}}''
|''Ils'', ''Elles''
|"They", "them"
|}
(*) sometimes ''ou'' is written as ''w'' – in the sample phrases, ''w'' indicates ''ou''.
(**) depending on the situation.
===Plural of nouns===
If a noun is definite, it is pluralized by adding ''yo'' at the end. If it is indefinite, it has no plural marker, and its plurality is determined by context.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
|French
!English
|-
|Liv yo
|Les livres
|The books
|-
|Machin yo
|Les autos
|The cars
|-
|Fi yo mete rob
|Les filles mettent des robes
|'''The''' girls put on dresses.
|}
===Possession===
Possession is indicated by placing the possessor or possessive pronoun after the item possessed. This is similar to the French construction of ''chez moi'' or ''chez lui'' which are "my place" and "his place", respectively. In northern Haiti, an "a" or "an" is placed before the possessive pronoun.
Unlike in English, possession does not indicate definiteness ("my friend" as opposed to "a friend of mine"), and possessive constructions are often followed by a definite article.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Lajan li
|Son argent
|"His/her money"
|-
|"Fanmi mwen" or "fanmi m" or "fanmi an m"
|Ma famille
|My family
|-
|Kay yo
|Leur maison / Leurs maisons
|"Their house" or "their houses"
|-
|"Papa ou" or "papa a ou"
|Ton père
|Your father
|-
|Chat Pierre a
|Le chat de Pierre
|Pierre's cat
|-
|Chèz Marie la
|La chaise de Marie
|Marie's chair
|-
|Zanmi papa Jean
|L'ami du père de Jean
|Jean's father's friend
|-
|Papa vwazen zanmi nou
|Le père du voisin de notre ami
|Our friend's neighbor's father
|}
===Indefinite article===
The language has two indefinite articles, ''yon'' or simply "on" depending on regional dialects ,{{IPA|/jõ/}}, roughly corresponding to English "a/an" and French ''un''/''une''. ''Yon'' is derived from the French ''il y a un'', (lit. "there is a/an/one"). It is used only with singular nouns, and it is placed before the noun:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Yon/on kouto
|Un couteau
|A knife
|-
|Yon/on brezo
|Une cravate
|A necktie
|}
===Definite article===
There is also a definite article, roughly corresponding to English "the" and French ''le''/''la''. It is placed '''after''' the noun, and the sound varies by the last sound of the noun itself. If the last sound is an [[oral consonant]] and is preceded by an [[oral vowel]], it becomes ''la'':
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|kol la
|La cravate
|The tie
|-
|Liv la
|Le livre
|The book
|-
|kay la
|La maison
|The house
|}
If the last sound is an [[oral consonant]] and is preceded by a [[nasal vowel]], it becomes ''lan'':
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Lamp lan
|La lampe
|The lamp
|-
|Bank lan
|La banque
|The bank
|}
If the last sound is an [[oral vowel]] and is preceded by an [[oral consonant]], it becomes ''a'':
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|kouto a
|Le couteau
|The knife
|-
|Peyi a
|Le pays
|The country
|}
If a word ends in "mi" or "mou" or "ni" or "nou", it becomes ''an'':
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
|French
!English
|-
|Fanmi an
|La Famille
|The family
|-
|Mi an
|Le mur
|The wall
|}
If the last sound is a [[nasal vowel]], it becomes ''an'':
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Chyen an
|Le chien
|The dog
|-
|Pon an
|Le pont
|The bridge
|}
If the last sound is a [[nasal consonant]], it becomes ''nan'', but may also be "lan"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Machin nan
|La voiture
|The car
|-
|Telefòn nan
|Le téléphone
|The telephone
|-
|Madanm nan / Fanm nan
|La dame / La femme
|The woman
|}
==="This" and "that"===
There is a single word ''sa'' that corresponds to French ''ce''/''ceci'' or ''ça'', and English "this" and "that". As in English, it may be used as a [[demonstrative]], except that it is placed '''after''' the noun it qualifies. It is often followed by ''a'' or ''yo'' (in order to mark [[Grammatical number|number]]): sa a = This here / that there (ceci / cela)
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Jaden sa bèl''
|Ce jardin est beau
|This/that garden is beautiful.
|}
As in English, it may also be used as a pronoun, replacing a noun:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|sa se zanmi mwen
|C'est mon ami
|This/that is my friend
|-
|sa se chen frè mwen
|C'est le chien de mon frère
|This/that is my brother's dog
|}
===Verbs===
Many verbs in Haitian Creole are the same spoken words as the [[French language|French]] [[infinitive]], but there is no [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] in the language; the verbs have one form only, and changes in tense are indicated by the use of [[#Tense markers|tense markers]].
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Li ale travay maten an
|Il va au travail le matin.
|He/she goes to work in the morning.
|-
|Li dòmi swa a
|Il dort le soir.
|He/she sleeps in the evening.
|-
|Li li bib la
|Il lit la Bible.
|He/she reads the Bible.
|-
|Mwen fè manje
|Je fais à manger.
|I make food. (I cook)
|-
|Nou toujou etidye
|Nous étudions toujours.
|We always study.
|}
====Copulas====
{{Main|Copula (linguistics)#Haitian Creole}}
The concept expressed in English by the [[copula (linguistics)|verb "to be"]] is expressed in Haitian Creole by three words, ''se'', ''ye'' and sometimes ''e''.
The verb ''se'' (pronounced "say") is used to link a subject with a [[Subject complement|predicate nominative]]:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Li se frè mwen
|Il est mon frère
|he is my brother
|-
|Mwen se yon doktè
|Je suis médecin/docteur
|I am a doctor
|-
|Sa se yon pye mango
|C'est un manguier
|That is a mango tree
|-
|Nou se zanmi
|Nous sommes amis
|We are friends
|}
The [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] ''sa'' or ''li'' can sometimes be omitted with ''se'':
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Se yon bon ide
|C'est une bonne idée
|That is a good idea
|-
|Se nouvo chemiz mwen
|C'est ma nouvelle chemise
|This is my new shirt
|}
For the [[future tense]], such as "I want to be", usually ''vin'' "to become" is used instead of ''se''.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Li pral vin bofrè m (mwen)
|Il va devenir mon beaufrère
|He will be my brother-in-law
|-
|Mwen vle vin yon doktè
|Je veux devenir un docteur
|I want to become a doctor
|-
|Sa pral vin on pye mango
|Ça va devenir un manguier
|That will become a mango tree
|-
|Nou pral vin zanmi
|Nous allons devenir amis
|We will be friends
|}
"Ye" also means "to be", but is placed exclusively at the '''end''' of the sentence, after the [[Predicate (grammar)|predicate]] and the [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] (in that order):
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|"Ayisyen mwen ye" = "Mwen se ayisyen"
|Je suis haïtien
|I am Haitian
|-
|Koman ou ye?
|Comment êtes-vous?
|How are you?
|}
The verb "to be" is not [[overt]] when followed by an [[adjective]], that is, Haitian Creole has [[stative verbs]]. So, ''malad'' means "sick" and "to be sick":
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Mwen gen yon zanmi ki malad
|J'ai un ami malade
|I have a sick friend.
|-
|Zanmi mwen malad.
|Mon ami est malade.
|My friend is sick.
|}
===="to have"====
The verb "to have" is ''genyen'', often shortened to ''gen''.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Mwen gen lajan nan bank lan.
|J'ai de l'argent dans la banque.
|I have money in the bank.
|}
===="there is"====
The verb ''genyen'' (or ''gen'') also means "there is/are"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Gen anpil ayisyen nan florid.
|Il y a beaucoup d'Haïtiens en Floride.
|There are many Haitians in Florida.
|-
|Gen yon moun la.
|Il y a quelqu'un là.
|There is someone here or there.
|-
|Pa gen moun la.
|Il n'y a personne là.
|There is nobody here or there.
|-
|Mwen genyen match la.
|J'ai gagné le match
|I won the game.
|}
===="to know"====
There are three verbs which are often translated as "to know", but they mean different things.
''konn'' or ''konnen'' means "to know" + a noun (cf. French ''connaître'').
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Eske ou konnen non li?
|Connais-tu son nom ?
|Do you know his/her name?
|}
''konn'' or ''konnen'' also means "to know" + a fact (cf. French ''savoir'').
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Mwen pa konnen kote li ye.
|Je ne sais pas où il est
|I know not where he/she is.
|}
(note ''pa'' = negative)
The third word is always spelled ''konn''. It means "to know how to" or "to have experience". This is similar to the "know" as used in the English phrase "know how to ride a bike": it denotes not only a knowledge of the actions, but also some experience with it.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Mwen konn fè manje.
|Je sais comment faire à manger
|I know how to cook (lit. "I know how to make food")
|-
|Eske ou konn ale Ayiti?
|As-tu été à Haïti ?
|Have you been to Haïti? (lit. "Do you know to go to Haiti?")
|-
|Li pa konn li franse.
|Il ne sait pas lire le français
|He/she cannot read French (lit. "He knows not how to read French.")
|}
Another verb worth mentioning is ''fè''. It comes from the French ''faire'' and is often translated as "do" or "make". It has a broad range of meanings, as it is one of the most common verbs used in [[idiomatic phrase]]s.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Kòman ou fè pale kreyol?
|Comment appris-tu à parler créole ?
|How did you learn to speak Haitian Creole?
|-
|Marie konn fè mayi moulen.
|Marie sait faire de la farine de maïs.
|Marie knows how to make cornmeal.
|}
===="to be able to"====
The verb ''kapab'' (or shortened to ''ka'', ''kap'' or ''kab'') means "to be able to (do something)". It refers to both "capability" and "availability", very similar to the French "capable".
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Mwen kapab ale demen.
|Je peux y aller demain
|I can go tomorrow.
|-
|Petèt m ka fè sa demen.
|Je peux peut-être faire ça demain
|Maybe I can do that tomorrow.
|-
|Nou kab ale pita
|Nous pouvons aller plus tard
|We can go later.
|}
====Tense markers====
There is no [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] in Haitian Creole. In the present non-progressive tense, one just uses the basic verb form for [[stative verb]]s:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|Mwen pale kreyòl.
|Je parle créole
|I speak Creole
|}
Note that when the basic form of [[action verb]]s is used without any verb [[marker (linguistics)|marker]]s, it is generally understood as referring to the past:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Haitian Creole
!French
!English
|-
|mwen manje
|j'ai mangé
|I ate
|-
|ou manje
|tu as mangé
|you ate
|-
|li manje
|il/elle a mangé
|he/she ate
|-
|nou manje
|nous avons mangé
|we ate
|-
|yo manje
|ils/elles ont mangé
|they ate
|}
(Note that ''manje'' means both "food" and "to eat" – ''m ap manje bon manje'' means "I am eating good food".).
For other [[Grammatical tense|tenses]], special "tense marker" words are placed before the verb. The basic ones are:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Tense marker
!Tense
!Annotations
|-
|te
|[[simple past]]
|
|-
|t ap
|past [[progressive aspect|progressive]]
|a combination of ''te'' and ''ap'', "was doing"
|-
|ap
|[[present progressive]]
|With ''ap'' and ''a'', the [[pronoun]]s nearly always take the short form (''m ap'', ''l ap'', ''n ap'', ''y ap'', etc.)
|-
|a
|[[future]]
|some limitations on use
|-
|pral
|near or definite [[future]]
|translates to "going to"
|-
|ta
|conditional future
|a combination of ''te'' and ''a'', "will do"
|}
[[Simple past]] or [[past perfect]]:
:''mwen te manje'' – "I ate" or "I had eaten"
:''ou te manje''- "you ate" or "you had eaten"
:''li te manje'' – "he/she ate" or "he/she had eaten"
:''nou te manje'' – "we ate" or "we had eaten"
:''yo te manje'' – "they ate" or "they had eaten"
Past [[progressive aspect|progressive]]:
:''mwen t ap manje'' – "I was eating"
:''ou t ap manje'' – "you were eating"
:''li t ap manje'' – "he/she was eating"
:''nou t ap manje'' – "we were eating"
:''yo t ap manje'' – "they were eating"
[[Present progressive]]:
:''m ap manje'' – "I am eating"
:''w ap manje'' – "you are eating"
:''l ap manje'' – "he/she is eating"
:''n ap manje'' – "we are eating"
:''y ap manje'' – "they are eating"
Note: For the [[present progressive]] ("I am eating now") it is customary, though not necessary, to add "right now":
:''M ap manje kounye a'' – "I am eating right now"
Also, those examples can mean "will eat" depending on the context of the sentence.
:''M ap manje apre m priye – "I will eat after I pray" / Mwen pap di sa – "I will not say that"
Near or definite [[future]]:
:''Mwen pral manje'' – "I am going to eat"
:''Ou pral manje'' – "you are going to eat"
:''Li pral manje'' – "he/she is going to eat"
:''Nou pral manje'' – "we are going to eat"
:''Yo pral manje'' – "they are going to eat"
[[Future]]:
:''N a wè pi ta'' – "See you later" (lit. "We will see (each other) later) from the old patois (Nous sommes à voire plus tard > > Nous à voire plus tard) meaning: we are to see later.
Other examples:
:''Mwen te wè zanmi ou yè'' – "I saw your friend yesterday"
:''Nou te pale lontan'' – "We spoke for a long time"
:''Lè l te gen uit an...'' – "When he/she was eight years old..."
:''M a travay'' – "I will work"
:''M pral travay'' – "I'm going to work"
:''N a li l demen'' – "We'll read it tomorrow"
:''Nou pral li l demen'' – "We are going to read it tomorrow"
:''Mwen t ap mache epi m te wè yon chen'' – "I was walking and I saw a dog"
Additional time-related markers:
:''fèk'' – recent past ("just")
:''sòt'' – similar to ''fè'k''
They are often used together:
:''Mwen fèk sòt antre kay la'' – "I just entered the house"
A verb [[Grammatical mood|mood]] marker is ''ta'', corresponding to English "would" and equivalent to the French conditional tense:
:''Yo ta renmen jwe'' – "They would like to play"
:''Mwen ta vini si m te gen yon machin'' – "I would come if I had a car"
:''Li ta bliye w si ou pa t la'' – "He/she would forget you if you weren't here"
====Negating the verb====
The word ''pa'' comes before a verb (and all tense markers) to negate it:
:''Rose pa vle ale'' – "Rose doesn't want to go"
:''Rose pa t vle ale'' – "Rose didn't want to go"
==Lexicon==
{{See also|Haitian Creole Lexicon|Wiktionary:Appendix:Haïtian Creole Swadesh list}}
Although most of the lexicon is derived from [[French language|French]], with significant changes in [[pronunciation]] and [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (often, the French [[definite article]] was retained as part of the noun. For example, the French definite article ''la'' in ''la lune'' ("the moon") was incorporated into the Creole noun for moon: ''lalin''), Haitian creole inherited many words of different origins, among them [[Wolof language|Wolof]], [[Fon language|Fon]], [[Kongo language|Kongo]], [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Taíno language|Taino]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], a testament to the numerous contacts with different cultures that led to the formation of the language.
Being a living language, Haitian Creole creates and borrows new words to describe new or old concepts and realities. Examples of this are "fè bak" which was borrowed from English and means 'to move backwards' (the original word derived from French is "rekile" from ''reculer''), and also from English, "napkin", which is being used as well as the original Creole word "tòchon".
===Sample===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Creole
!IPA
!Origin
!English
|-
|''anasi''
|{{IPA|/anasi/}}
|{{Ak icon}} "ananse"
|"spider"
|-
|''annanna''
|{{IPA|/ãnãna/}}
|(Taino) "anana", "pineapple" (The word was absorbed into standard French)
|"pineapple"
|-
|''Ayiti''
|{{IPA|/ajiti/}}
|(Taino)
|"Haiti(mountainous land)"
|-
|''bagay''
|{{IPA|/baɡaj/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''bagage'', "baggage"
|"thing"
|-
|''bannan''
|{{IPA|/bãnãn/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''banane'', "banana"
|"Plantains"
|-
|''bekàn''
|{{IPA|/bekan/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''bécane'' {{IPA|/bekan/}}
|"bicycle"
|-
|''boko''
|{{IPA|/boko/}}
|(Fon) ''bokono''
|"sorcerer"
|-
|''Bondye''
|{{IPA|/bõdje/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''Bon Dieu'' {{IPA|/bõdjø/}}
|"God" or "God!"/"Good Lord!"
|-
|''chenèt''
|{{IPA|/ʃenɛt/}}
|{{Fr icon}} (Antilles) la quénette
|"[[mamoncillo]]", "chenette", "guinip", "gap" [The gap between a person's two front teeth.]
|-
|''chouk''
|{{IPA|/ʃõk/}}
|{{Ff icon}} ''Chuk'' – to pierce, to poke
|"poke"
|-
|''deyè''
|{{IPA|/dɛjɛ/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''derrière'' {{IPA|/dɛʁjɛʁ/}}
|"behind"
|-
|''diri''
|{{IPA|/diɣi/}}
|{{Fr icon}} '' du riz'' {{IPA|/dy ʁi/}}
|"rice"
|-
|''fig''
|{{IPA|/fiɡ/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''figue'' {{IPA|/fiɡ/}}
|"Banana"
|-
|''je''
|{{IPA|/ʒe/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''yeux'' {{IPA|/jø/}} (plural of "oeil")
|"eye"
|-
|''kiyèz'', ''tchok'', ''poban''
|{{IPA|/kijɛz, tʃɔk, pobã/}}
|
|"[[hog banana]]" [A banana that is short and fat, not a plantain and not a conventional banana; regionally called "hog banana" or "sugar banana" in English.]
|-
|''kle''
|{{IPA|/kle/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''clé'' {{IPA|/kle/}}, "key"
|"wrench" or "key"
|-
|''kle kola''
|{{IPA|/kle kola/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''clé'' {{IPA|/kle/}}, "key" + Eng. "cola"
|"bottle opener"
|-
|''kònfleks''
|{{IPA|/kõnfleks/}}
|{{En icon}} "corn flakes"
|"breakfast cereal"
|-
|''kaoutchou''
|{{IPA|/kautʃu/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''caoutchouc'', "rubber"
|"tire"
|-
|''lakay''
|{{IPA|/lakaj/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''la cahutte'' {{IPA|/la kayt/}} "the hut"
|"house"
|-
|''lalin''
|{{IPA|/lalin/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''la lune'' {{IPA|/la lyn/}}
|"moon"
|-
|''li''
|{{IPA|/li/}}
|{{Fr icon}} Lui
|"he/she/him/her"
|-
|''makak''
|{{IPA|/makak/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''macaque'' {{IPA|/makak/}}
|"monkey"
|-
|''manbo''
|{{IPA|/mãbo/}}
|{{Kg icon}} ''mambu'' or Fongbe ''nanbo''
|"voodoo priestess"
|-
|''marasa''
|{{IPA|/maɣasa/}}
|{{Kg icon}} ''mabasa''
|"twins"
|-
|''matant''
|{{IPA|/matãt/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''ma tante'', "my aunt"
|"aunt", "aged woman"
|-
|''moun''
|{{IPA|/mun/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''monde''
|"people/person"
|-
|''mwen''
|{{IPA|/mwɛ̃/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''moi'' {{IPA|/mwa/}}
|"me","I","myself"
|-
|''nimewo''
|{{IPA|/nimewo/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''numéro'' {{IPA|/nymeʁo/}}
|"number"
|-
|''oungan''
|{{IPA|/ũɡã/}}
|(Fon) ''houngan''
|"voodoo priest"
|-
|''Ozetazini''
|{{IPA|/ozetazini/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''Aux États-Unis'' {{IPA|/etazyni/}}
|"United States"
|-
|''piman''
|{{IPA|/pimã/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''piment'' {{IPA|/pimã/}}
|a very hot [[chile pepper|pepper]]
|-
|''pann''
|{{IPA|/pãn/}}
|{{Fr icon}} pendre {{IPA|/pãdʁ/}}, "to hang"
|"clothesline"
|-
|''pwa''
|{{IPA|/pwa/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''pois'' {{IPA|/pwa/}}, "pea"
|"bean"
|-
|''seyfing''
|{{IPA|/seifiŋ/}}
|{{En icon}} surfing
|"sea-surfing"
|-
|''tonton''
|{{IPA|/tõtõ/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''tonton''
|"uncle", "aged man"
|-
|''vwazen''
|{{IPA|/vwazɛ̃/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''voisin'' {{IPA|/vwazɛ̃/}}
|"neighbor"
|-
|''yo''
|{{IPA|/jo/}}
|(Fon) ''ye''
|"they / them / their" – plural marker
|-
|''zonbi''
|{{IPA|/zõbi/}}
|{{Kg icon}} ''nzumbi''
|"soulless corpse / living dead / ghost"
|-
|''zwazo''
|{{IPA|/zwazo/}}
|{{Fr icon}} ''les oiseaux'' {{IPA|/wazo/}} (frontal "z" kept with liaison)
|"bird"
|}
===Nouns derived from trade marks===
Many [[trademark]]s have become common nouns in Haitian Creole (as happened in English with "[[aspirin]]" and "[[kleenex]]", for example).
*''kolgat'' ([[Colgate-Palmolive|Colgate]]) or ''pat'' – "toothpaste"
*''jilèt'' ([[Global Gillette|Gillette]]) – "razor"
*''pampèz'' ([[Pampers]]) or ''kouchèt'' – "diaper" or ([[British English|Br]]) "nappy"
*''kodak'' ([[Eastman Kodak|Kodak]]) – "camera"
*''frijidè'' ([[Frigidaire]]) – "refrigerator"
*''dèlco'' ([[Delco Electronics|Delco]]) – "generator"
*''iglou'' ([[Igloo]]) or ''tèmòs'' ([[Thermos]]) – "cooler"
*''chiklèt'' ([[Chiclets]]) – "chewing gum"
*''magui'' ([[Maggi]]) – "bouillon cube"
*''kitèks'' ([[Cutex]]) – "nail polish"
*''djip'' ([[Jeep]]) – "SUV"
*''douko'' ([[Duco]]) – "automobile paint"
*''koteks'' ([[Kotex]]) – "sanitary napkin"
===''nèg'' and ''blan''===
Despite similar words in French (''nègre'', most notable for its usage in a pejorative context to refer to black people and ''blanc'', meaning white person), the meanings they carry do not apply in Haiti. The term ''nèg'' from ''nègre'' in French is generally used for any man, regardless of skin color (i.e., like "guy" or "dude" in American English). ''blan'' is generally used for a ''foreigner'' of any color. Thus a non-black Haitian man might be called ''nèg''—although the circumstances in which this might occur are unclear—while an [[African American]] would probably be referred to as a ''blan''.
Etymologically, the word ''nèg'' is derived from the [[French language|French]] "nègre" and is cognate with the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''negro'' ("black", both the [[black|color]] and the [[Black people|people]])
There are many other Haitian Creole terms for specific tones of skin, such as ''grimo, bren, roz, mawon,'' etc. Some Haitians consider such labels as offensive because of their association with color discrimination and the Haitian class system, while others use the terms freely.
===Salutations===
*''A demen!'' – See you tomorrow!
*''A pi ta!'' – See you later!
*''Adye!'' – Good bye! [''Permanently'']
*''Anchante!'' – enchanted (Nice to meet you!)
*''Bon apre-midi!'' – Good afternoon!
*''Bònn nui!'' – Good night!
*''Bonjou!'' – Good day! / Good morning!
*''Bonswa!'' – Good evening
*''Dezole!'' – Sorry!
*''Eskize m!'' – Excuse me!
*''Ki jan ou rele?'' – What is your name?
*''Ki jan ou ye?'' – How are you?
*''Ki laj ou?'' – What is your age? (How old are you?)
*''Ki laj ou genyen?'' – How old are you?
*''Ki non ou / ki non w?'' – What is your name?
*''Koman ou rele?'' – What is your name?
*''Koman ou ye?'' – How are you?
*''Kon si, kon sa'' – So, so
*''M ap boule'' – I'm managing (I'm burning) [''Response to "sak pase" or "sak ap fèt"]
*''M ap viv'' – I'm living
*''Mal'' – Bad
*''Mwen byen'' – I'm well
*''Mwen dakò'' – I agree
*''Mwen gen...an'' – I am...years old
*''Mwen la'' – I'm fine
*''Mwen rele...'' – My name is...
*''N a wè pi ta!'' – We will see later (See you later!)
*''Non m se...'' – My name is...
*''Orevwa!'' – Good bye [''Temporarily'']
*''Pa mal'' – Not bad
*''Pa pi mal'' – Not so bad
*''Padon!'' – Pardon! / Sorry! Move!
*''Padonne m!'' – Pardon me! Forgive me!
*''Pòte w byen!'' – Carry yourself well! (Take care!)
*''Sak ap fèt?'' – What's going on? What's up? [''Informal'']
*''Sak pase?'' – What's going on? / What's happening? [''Informal'']
*''Tout al byen'' – All goes well (All is well)
*''Tout bagay anfòm'' – Everything is in form (Everything is fine)
*''Tout pa bon'' – All is not good (All is not well)
==Proverbs and Expressions==
{{See also|Wikiquote:Haitian proverbs}}
Haitian creole is a very figurative language, and as such uses a lot of proverbs and colourful expressions to illustrate many situations. Speakers of Haitian creole will use them frequently, showing knowledge of the language and of the Haitian culture.
===Proverbs===
*''Men anpil, chay pa lou'' – Unity creates strength (With many hands, the burden is light) – The Haitian creole equivalent of the Haitian motto written in French "L'union fait la force".
*''Apre bal, tanbou lou'' – There are consequences to your actions
*''Sak vid pa kanpe'' – You can't work without food. (Literally: An empty sack does not stand)
*''Pitit tig se tig'' – Like father like son. (Literally: the son of a tiger is a tiger).
*''Ak pasyans w ap wè tete foumi'' – Anything is possible. (Literally: With patience you will see the breast of the ant)
*''Bay kou bliye, pòte mak sonje'' – The giver of the blow forgets, the carrier of the scar remembers
*''Mache chèche pa janm dòmi san soupe'' – You will get what you deserve
*''Bèl dan pa di zanmi'' – All smiles aren't friendly
*''Bèl antèman pa di paradi'' – A beautiful funeral doesn't guarantee heaven
*''Bel fanm pa di bon menaj'' – A beautiful wife doesn't guarantee a happy marriage.
*''Dan konn mode lang'' – People who work together sometimes hurt each other (Literally: Teeth are known to bite the tongue).
*''Sak rive koukouloulou a sa rive kakalanga tou'' – What happens to the turkey can happen to the rooster too.
*''Chak jou pa Dimanch'' – Your luck won't last forever. (Literally: Not every day is Sunday).
*''Fanm pou yon tan, manman pou tout tan'' – Wife for one time, mother for all time
*''Nèg di san fè, Bondye fè san di'' – People say without doing, God does without saying
*''Sa Bondye sere pou ou, lavalas pa ka pote l ale'' – What God has saved for you, nobody can take it away.
*''Nèg rich se milat, milat pov se nèg'' – A rich negro is a mulatto, a poor mulatto is a negro
*''Pale franse pa di lèspri ou'' – Speaking French doesn't mean you're smart.
*''Wòch nan dlo pa konnen doulè wòch nan solèy'' – The rock in the water doesn't know the pain of the rock in the sun
*''Ravèt pa janm gen rezon devan poul'' – Justice will always be on the side of the stronger
*''Si ou bwè dlo nan vè, respèkte vè a'' – If you drink water from a glass, respect the glass
*''Si travay te bon bagay, moun rich ta pran l lontan'' – If work were a good thing, the rich would've grabbed it a long time ago
*''Sèl pa vante tèt li di li sale'' – Let others praise you (Said to ridicule those who praise themselves)
*''Bouch granmoun santi, sak ladan l se rezon'' – Wisdom comes from the mouth of old people
===Expressions===
*''Se lave men, siye l atè'' – It was useless work (Literally: Wash your hands and wipe them on the floor)
*''M ap di ou sa kasayòl te di bèf la'' – Mind your own business
*''Li pale franse'' – He cannot be trusted, he's a trickster. (Literally: He speaks French)
*''Kreyòl pale, kreyòl konprann'' – Speak plainly, do not deceive (Literally: Creole spoken is Creole understood)
*''Bouche nen w pou bwè dlo santi'' – You have to accept a bad situation (Literally: Pinch your nose to drink smelly water)
*''Mache sou pinga w pou ou pa pile sou sa w te konnen'' – You need to be careful to avoid known problems
*''Tann jis nou tounen pwa tann'' – To wait forever (Literally: Wait until you become a tender pea) – Word play on "tann", which means "to wait" and also "tender"
*''San pran souf'' – Without taking a breath – Continuously
==L'orthographe Francisée==
Alongside the usage of a phonetic orthography used to represent Creole, there also exists in Haiti a French based orthography or rather several variations of this which were present long before the introduction of the phonetic orthography. Today ''l'orthographe francisée'' or the Frenchified orthography is still used though mainly among upper and middle class Haitians who were raised speaking Parisian French alongside French Creole {{citation needed|date=September 2011}}. It is also used by educated school children and depending on the social background of a student the phonetic and French orthographies may be used at the same time {{citation needed|date=September 2011}}. There have been arguments against the phonetic writing system of Creole. The main complaint is that it looks nothing like French and so may hinder the learning of French at school{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}; hence the reason Creole is often prohibited in schools in Haiti and the other Francophone Islands of the Caribbean. Another complaint is that the phonetics of the current standard rely on Germanic letters K and W, that are not present in French. Unlike the phonetic orthography the French orthography has no official rules or regulations on spelling therefore spelling often varies depending on the writer; thus some may use exact French spelling and others may adjust the spelling of certain words to represent the Creole accent and others may drop silent letters at the end of words since Creole rarely uses the liaisons of French; the result of which is that a phrase represented phonetically like '''Li ale travay le maten''' may be represented many ways using the French orthography.
*'''Li ale travay le maten''' > Lui aller travail le matin > Li aller travail le matin
*'''Koman ou ye?''' > Comment 'ous yest? > Commen ou yé?
*'''Pa gen problem''' > Pas gagne problème > Pa guin problème
*'''Tout bagay an fòm''' > Toute bagaye en forme > Toute bagail en fóme
*'''Pa koun ye a''' > Pas counne hier à > Pa counne hié à
*'''Nou ap chache''' > Nous ap' chercher > Nou ap chácher
*'''Nou bezwen on doktè tout swit''' > Nous besoin un docteur toute suite > Nou besouin on docté toute suite
*'''Kote lopital la?''' > Côté l'hôpital là?
==Usage outside of Haiti==
Haitian Creole is used widely among Haitians who have relocated to other countries, particularly the [[Haitian American|United States]] and [[Canadians of Haitian ancestry|Canada]]. Some of the larger Creole-speaking populations are found in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] (where French is the first official language), [[New York City]], [[Boston]], and [[Central Florida|Central]] and [[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]] ([[Miami]], [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], and [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach]]). To reach out to the large Haitian population, government agencies have produced various public service announcements, school-parent communications, and other materials in Haitian Creole. For instance, [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]] in [[Florida]] sends out paper communications in Haitian Creole in addition to [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. In the Boston area, the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|Boston subway system]] and area hospitals and medical offices post announcements in Haitian Creole as well as English. North America's only Creole-language television network is [[HTN (television network)|HTN]], based in Miami. The area also has more than half a dozen Creole-language [[AM radio]] stations.
Haitian language and culture is taught in many colleges in the United States as well as in the Bahamas. [[Indiana University]] has a Creole Institute [http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/] founded by Dr. Albert Valdman where Haitian Creole, among other facets of Haiti, are studied and researched; the [[University of Kansas]], [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]] has an Institute of Haitian studies, founded by [[Bryant Freeman|Dr. Bryant Freeman]]. Additionally, the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]], [[Florida International University]], and [[University of Florida]] offer seminars and courses annually at their Haitian Creole Summer Institute. [[Tulane University]], [[Brown University]], [[Columbia University]], and [[University of Miami]] are also offering classes in Haitian Creole. The [[University of Oregon]] and [[Duke University]] will soon be offering classes as well.
Haitian Creole is the second most spoken language in [[Cuba]], where over 300,000 [[Afro-Cuban#Haitian Creole among Afro-Cubans|Haitian immigrants]] speak it. It is recognized as a language in Cuba and a considerable number of Cubans speak it fluently. Most of these speakers have never been to Haiti and do not possess Haitian ancestry, but merely learned it in their communities. In addition, there is a Haitian Creole radio station operating in [[Havana]]. The language is also spoken by over 150,000 Haitians (although estimates believe that there are over a million speakers due to a huge population of illegal aliens from Haiti) who reside in the neighboring [[Dominican Republic]] , although the locals do not speak it.
==Translation efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake==
After the devastating [[2010 Haiti earthquake|earthquake that hit Haiti]] in 2010, international help badly needed translation tools for communicating in Haitian Creole. Furthermore, international organizations had little idea who to contact as translators. As an emergency measure, [[Carnegie Mellon University]] released data for its own research into the public domain. Microsoft Research and [[Google Translate]] have implemented alpha version machine translators based on the Carnegie Mellon data.
In addition, several free apps have been published for use on the iPhone & iPod Touch, including learning flashcards by Byki and two medical dictionaries, one by Educa Vision and a second by Ultralingua, which includes an audio phrase book and a section on cultural anthropology.
Haiti is isolated from the rest of the world by a significant language barrier. Lexical information is incomplete. For example, the [[Haitian Creole language#External links|machine translators]] provided by Microsoft and Google are only in [[Software testing#Alpha testing|alpha mode]] and have not made it to beta testing. Very few non-Haitians know the language, and most Haitians do not understand another language, even French. The language barrier has confounded earthquake relief work as well.
==Further reading==
* Spears, Arthur K., and Carole M. Berotte Joseph, eds. ''The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education'' (Lexington Books; 2010) 297 pages. Topics include Creole and English code-switching in New York City, Creole in education in Haiti, and Creole and French in Haitian literature.
* Turnbull, Wally R. (2000). ''Creole Made Easy'', Light Messages. ISBN 0-9679937-1-7.
==External links==
{{External links|date=May 2010}}
{{InterWiki|code=ht}}
{{Incubator|ht|Wiktionary}}
{{wikibooks|Haitian Creole}}
{{wikiversity|Haitian Creole}}
*[http://www.ahadonline.org/eLibrary/creoleconnection/Number20/haitiancreole.htm What is Haitian Creole?] by Hughes St.Fort, with references to recent research by linguists on the subject.
*[http://www2.ku.edu/~haitiancreole/ Haitian Creole materials from the Institute of Haitian Studies at the University of Kansas] – Complete pdf versions of books created by Bryant C. Freeman, PhD, as well as the accompanying mp3 audio supplements.
*[http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/haitian-medical-reference/id370253128?mt=8 Haitian Creole – English Medical Reference by Ultralingua] – Made for iPhone & iPod Touch, using texts authored by Bryant C. Freeman, PhD.
*[http://www.microsofttranslator.com/ '''Microsoft Translator supporting Haitian Creole''']. Since Carnegie Mellon began to make the data on Haitian Creole publicly available (see external link below), a team at [[Microsoft Research]] used it to help develop an experimental, web-based system for translating between English and Haitian Creole.
*[http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/haitian/ Public release of Haitian Creole language data by Carnegie Mellon]. In response to the humanitarian crisis in [[Haiti]], scientists at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s [[Language Technologies Institute]] (LTI) publicly released spoken and textual data they've compiled on Haitian Creole so that translation tools desperately needed by doctors, nurses and other relief workers on the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|earthquake]]-ravaged island could be rapidly developed.
*[http://www.haiti-reference.com/creole/diction/index.php Haitian Creole] – English, English – Haitian Creole Dictionary
*[http://ocw.nd.edu/romance-languages-and-literatures/creole-language-and-culture Creole Language and Culture] – [[OpenCourseWare]] from the [[University of Notre Dame]]
*[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=hat UN Declaration of Human Rights in Haitian Creole]
*[http://www.rfi.fr/fichiers/Langues/creole/rfi_creole_main.asp RFI – Kréyòl Palé Kréyòl Konprann (radio program)]
*[http://www.travelinghaiti.com/haitian_kreyol.asp Common Creole Words and Phrases]
*[http://kweyol.wikispaces.com/file/view/Toynbee+MW+Visitor%27s+Guide+St+Lucian.pdf Saint Lucia Creole guide]
*[http://translate.google.com/#en|ht Google Translator] supports Haitian Creole in alpha mode.
*[http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/byki-haitian-creole/id350651748?mt=8 Byki Learning Flashcards] – for iPhone by Transparent Language
*[http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/english-haitian-creole-medical/id354807960?mt=8 Haitian Creole – English Medical Dictionary for iPhone, by Educa Vision]
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Haitian_Creole_Swadesh_list Haitian Creole Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
{{languages derived from French}}
{{Haiti topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haitian Creole Language}}