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The
Gs alpha subunit is a
heterotrimeric G protein"G protein" usually refers to the membrane-associated heterotrimeric G proteins, sometimes referred to as the "large" G proteins. These proteins are activated by G protein-coupled receptors and are made up of alpha , beta and gamma subunits, the latter two referred to as the beta-gamma...
subunit that activates the cAMP-dependent pathway by activating
adenylate cyclaseAdenylate cyclase is part of the G protein signalling cascade, which transmits chemical signals from outside the cell across the membrane to the inside of the cell ....
.
Receptors
The G protein-coupled receptors that couple to this kind of G-protein include:
- 5-HT receptor
The serotonin receptors, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors or 5-HT receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They mediate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission...
s types 5-HT45-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR4 gene.- Location :The receptor is located in the alimentary tract, urinary bladder, heart and adrenal gland as well as the central nervous system ....
and 5-HT7The 5-HT7 receptor is a member of the GPCR superfamily of cell surface receptors and is activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin The 5-HT7 receptor is coupled to Gs and is expressed in a variety of human tissues, particularly in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract, and in various...
- ACTH receptor
The ACTH receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor , properly known as MC2, which is specific for ACTH.It is found in the zona fasciculata of the human adrenal cortex. Binding of the receptor by ACTH stimulates the production of cortisol...
- Adenosine receptor
The adenosine receptors are a class of purinergic receptors, G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.-Pharmacology:...
types A2a and A2b
- Arginine vasopressin receptor 2
Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 is a protein that acts as receptor for arginine vasopressin. AVPR2 belongs to the subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors...
- β-adrenergic receptors types β1
The beta-1 adrenergic receptor , also known as ADRB1, is a beta-adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it...
, β2The beta-2 adrenergic receptor , also known as ADRB2, is a beta-adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.-Gene:The gene is intronless...
and β3The beta-3 adrenergic receptor , also known as ADRB3, is an beta-adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.-Function:Actions of the β3 receptor include:*Enhancement of lipolysis in adipose tissue....
- Calcitonin receptor
The calcitonin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the peptide hormone calcitonin and is involved in maintenance of calcium homeostasis, particularly with respect to bone formation and metabolism ....
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors , also known known as corticotropin-releasing factor receptors are a G protein-coupled receptor family that binds corticotropin-releasing hormone...
- Dopamine receptors D1-like family (D1
Dopamine receptor D1, also known as DRD1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD1 gene.- Function :This gene encodes the D1 subtype of the dopamine receptor. The D1 subtype is the most abundant dopamine receptor in the central nervous system. This G-protein-coupled receptor stimulates...
and D5D dopamine receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD5 gene.This gene encodes the D5 subtype of the dopamine receptor. The D5 subtype is a G-protein coupled receptor which stimulates adenylyl cyclase. This receptor is expressed in neurons in the limbic regions of the brain. It has a...
)
- FSH-receptor
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor or FSH-receptor is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle-stimulating hormone and represents a G protein-coupled receptor . Its activation is necessary for the hormonal functioning of FSH...
- Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor
The gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor also known as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GIPR gene...
- Glucagon receptor
The glucagon receptor is a 62 kDa protein that is activated by glucagon and is a member of the class B G-protein coupled family of receptors, coupled to G alpha i, Gs and to a lesser extent G alpha q. Stimulation of the receptor results in activation of adenylate cyclase and increased levels of...
- Histamine H2 receptor
- Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor
The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor , also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor or luteinizing hormone receptor is a transmembrane receptor found in the ovary, testis and extragonadal organs like the uterus...
- Melanocortin receptor
Melanocortin receptors are members of the rhodopsin family of 7-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptors.There are five known members of the melanocortin receptor system each with differing specificities for melanocortins:...
- Parathyroid hormone receptor 1
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor also known as parathyroid hormone 1 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH1R gene...
- Prostaglandin receptor
There are currently ten known prostaglandin receptors on various cell types. Prostaglandins bind to a subfamily of cell surface seven-transmembrane receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors.These receptors are named:* DP1-2 - DP1, DP2 receptors...
types D2Prostaglandin D2 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor, encoded by the PTGDR gene, for prostaglandin D2.-Mechanism:DP1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor...
and I2Prostacyclin receptor is a receptor for prostacyclin.-Transduction:When binding a prostacyclin-molecule, the receptor changes conformation and activates Gs, with its activation of cAMP and increase in protein kinase A activity.-In vasodilation:In vasodilation, the PKA activity causes...
- Secretin receptor
Human secretin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds secretin and is the leading member of the class B GPCR subfamily.-Interactions:...
- Thyrotropin receptor
The thyrotropin receptor is a receptor that responds to thyroid-stimulating hormone and stimulates the production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine...
Function
The general function of G
s is to activate
adenylate cyclaseAdenylate cyclase is part of the G protein signalling cascade, which transmits chemical signals from outside the cell across the membrane to the inside of the cell ....
, which, in turn, produces cAMP, which, in turn activates
cAMP-dependent protein kinaseIn cell biology, Protein kinase A refers to a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP . PKA is also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase...
. Further effects of G
s are thus found in function of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
It provides a step in
signal transductionSignal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response...
. Amplification of the signal occurs for instance because the receptor activates several G
s. However, each G
s activates only one adenylate cyclase.