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Grudziadz ( ) is a city
City

A city is an urban area with a high population density and a particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more....
 in northern Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
 on the Vistula River, with 99,090 inhabitants (2007). Situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland into which Poland is now divided. It is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions from which it takes its name: Kuyavia and Pomerania ....
 (since 1999), the city was previously in the Torun Voivodeship
Torun Voivodeship

Torun Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship....
 (1975-1998).

History
In 1291, the town (as Graudenz) received German Kulm law city rights from the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights
Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights

The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights , sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat , or "Order-State", was formed during the Teutonic Knights' conquest of the pagan West-Baltic Old Prussians in the 13th century....
 it was located in. In 1440, the town joined the Prussian Confederation
Prussian Confederation

?The Prussian Confederation was an organization formed in 1440 by a group of 53 gentry and clergy and 19 cities in Prussia to oppose the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights....
, and between 1466 and 1772, the city belonged to Royal Prussia
Royal Prussia

Royal Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Poland from 1466 and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1772. Royal Prussia included Pomerelia, Chelmno Land, Malbork Voivodeship, Gdansk, Torun, and Elblag....
.

Following the First Partition of Poland
Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth....
 in 1772, the city (then called Graudenz) was annexed by the King Frederick II of Prussia and made part of the German Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia was a Germany monarchy from 1701 to 1918 and, from 1871, was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising almost two-thirds of the area of the empire....
.






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Encyclopedia


Grudziadz ( ) is a city
City

A city is an urban area with a high population density and a particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more....
 in northern Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
 on the Vistula River, with 99,090 inhabitants (2007). Situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland into which Poland is now divided. It is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions from which it takes its name: Kuyavia and Pomerania ....
 (since 1999), the city was previously in the Torun Voivodeship
Torun Voivodeship

Torun Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship....
 (1975-1998).

History


In 1291, the town (as Graudenz) received German Kulm law city rights from the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights
Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights

The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights , sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat , or "Order-State", was formed during the Teutonic Knights' conquest of the pagan West-Baltic Old Prussians in the 13th century....
 it was located in. In 1440, the town joined the Prussian Confederation
Prussian Confederation

?The Prussian Confederation was an organization formed in 1440 by a group of 53 gentry and clergy and 19 cities in Prussia to oppose the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights....
, and between 1466 and 1772, the city belonged to Royal Prussia
Royal Prussia

Royal Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Poland from 1466 and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1772. Royal Prussia included Pomerelia, Chelmno Land, Malbork Voivodeship, Gdansk, Torun, and Elblag....
.

Following the First Partition of Poland
Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth....
 in 1772, the city (then called Graudenz) was annexed by the King Frederick II of Prussia and made part of the German Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia was a Germany monarchy from 1701 to 1918 and, from 1871, was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising almost two-thirds of the area of the empire....
. In 1871, during the unification of Germany
Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany took place on January 18, 1871, when Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia, managed to unify a number of independent German people states into a nation-state, and thus create the German Empire, from which all of the states since that time bearing the name of Germany descend....
, it became part of the Prussian-led German Empire
German Empire

The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of William I, German Emperor as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became Weimar republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of William II, German Emperor ....
.

After the construction of a railroad bridge across the Vistula
Vistula

The Vistula , is the longest river in Poland at 1,047 km in length. It drains an area of 194,424 km? , of which 168,699 km? lies within Poland ....
 in 1878, Graudenz became a rapidly growing industrialized city as well as a district centre
Districts of Germany

German districts are administrative units used in Germany and the former state of Prussia. The districts are at an intermediate level of administration between the and the local / municipal levels ....
 in 1900. In the 1912 Reichstag
Reichstag (institution)

The Reichstag was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945. The main chamber of the German parliament is now called Bundestag , but the building in which it meets is still called "Reichstag" ....
 elections, 21% of the votes were given to Polish candidates, while the National Liberal Party of Germany
National Liberal Party (Germany)

The National Liberal Party was a Germany political party which flourished between 1867 and 1918. It was formed by those Prussian liberals who put aside their differences with Otto von Bismarck over domestic policy due to their support for his highly successful foreign policy, which resulted in the unification of Germany....
 received 53% of all votes. On January 23 1920, in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaty at the end of World War I. It ended the declaration of war between German Empire and Allies of World War I....
, Grudziadz became part of the newly created Polish republic
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
. At the time, 84% of the population of the town and 58% of the county were German.

In the 20 years between the world war
World war

A world war is a war affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations. World wars span several continents, and last for multiple years....
s, Grudziadz served as an important centre of culture and education with one of the biggest Polish military garrisons and several military schools located both within the confines of the city and around it. A large economic potential, and the existence of important institutions like the Pomerania
Pomerania

Pomerania is a historical region on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. Divided between Germany and Poland, it stretches roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the West, via the Oder River delta near Szczecin, to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdansk in the East....
n Tax Office and the Pomeranian Chamber of Industry and Trade, helped Grudziadz become the economic capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship

File:Pomorskie Logo.jpgFile:Brosen ContainerTerminaGdansk.jpgFile:Pomeranian density 2007.pngThe Pomeranian Voivodeship, also known as Pomerelian Voivodeship is a Voivodeships of Poland, or province, in north-central Poland....
 in the interwar period
Interwar period

The interwar period is understood, within recent Western culture, to be the period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War....
. Grudziadz's economic potential was featured at the First Pomeranian Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry in 1925, officially opened by Stanislaw Wojciechowski
Stanislaw Wojciechowski

Stanislaw Wojciechowski was born on March 15, 1869 in Kalisz, and died near Warsaw on April 9, 1953 at the age of 84. He was born into a family of Polish nobility, and the intelligentsia....
, the President of the Second Polish Republic
Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II....
.

The 64th and 65th Infantry
Infantry

Infantry are soldiers who are primarily trained for the role of fighting on foot. A soldier in the infantry is known as an infantryman. Infantry units have more physically demanding training than other branches of armies, and place a greater emphasis on fitness, physical strength and aggression....
 Regiments and the 16th Light Artillery Regiment of the Polish Army were stationed in Grudziadz during the 19 years of interwar period. They were part of the 16th Infantry Division, which had its headquarters in the city, as did the cavalry
Cavalry

The Cavalry is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat, it represents the mobility and offensive power of the armed forces....
's famous 18th Pomeranian Uhlan
Uhlan

Uhlans were Polish light cavalry armed with lances, sabres and pistols. The title was later used by lancer regiments in the Prussian and Austro-Hungarian Empire armies....
s Regiment. The Grudziadz Centre of Cavalry Training educated many notable army commanders. Military education in Grudziadz was also provided by the Centre of the Gendarmerie
Gendarmerie

A gendarmerie or gendarmery is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. The members of such a body are called gendarmes....
, the Air School of Shooting and Bombarding, and the N.C.O. Professional School, which offered courses for infantry reserve officer cadets.

On September 3, 1939 military troops
Wehrmacht

Wehrmacht was the name of the unified armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer , the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe ....
 of Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the colloquial English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , which established a Totalitarianism dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945....
 entered Grudziadz and, as Graudenz, annexed the city into the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia

The province Danzig-West Prussia was a German administrative sub-division unit created in 1939 by the Nazis from the territory of the Free City of Danzig , and Polish Pomerania - previously the German province of West Prussia....
, starting a five-year long occupation lasting till the end of World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
. Graudenz was the location of the German concentration camp Graudenz, a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp
Stutthof concentration camp

Stutthof was the first Nazi concentration camps built by the Nazi Germany outside of Germany.Completed on September 2, 1939, it was located in a secluded, wet, and wooded area west of the small town of Sztutowo ....
. As the result of heavy fighting in 1945, over 60% of the city was destroyed. Soviet Major Lev Kopelev
Lev Kopelev

Lev Zalmanovich Kopelev was a Soviet author and a dissident.Kopelev was born in Kiev, Ukraine, to a middle-class Jewish family. In 1926, his family moved to Kharkov....
 is reporting those battles and the final surrender of the German garrison in his book "To Be Preserved Forever". At war's end, the German-speaking population of the city left or was expelled
Expulsion of Germans after World War II

The 'expulsion of Germans after World War II' was the forced migration of German nationals and ethnic Germans in order to achieve the ethnic cleansing of German populations from the former eastern territories of Germany, former Sudetenland and other areas across Europe in the first five years after World War II....
 and replaced with Poles from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union

After the invasion of Poland that marked the start of World War II in 1939, the Soviet invasion of Poland invaded eastern regions of the Second Polish Republic, and annexed territories totaling 201,015 km? with a population of 13.299 million....
.

Notable citizens

  • Waldemar Baszanowski
    Waldemar Baszanowski

    Waldemar Romuald Baszanowski is a former Poland Weightlifting. He took part in four Olympic Games . Baszanowski is a two-time Olympic champion, winning gold in 1964 Summer Olympics and in 1968 Summer Olympics), both in the lightweight category....
     (born 1935), Olympic champion weightlifter
  • Krzysztof Buczkowski
    Krzysztof Buczkowski

    Krzysztof Buczkowski is a Polish Motorcycle speedway rider and has ridden for the Poland speedway team.He started speedway in 2002 with Pila, riding for GTZ Grudziadz....
     (born 1986), motorcycle speedway
    Motorcycle speedway

    Motorcycle speedway, usually referred to as speedway, is a motorcycle sport involving four and sometimes up to six riders competing over four clockwise laps of an oval circuit....
     rider
  • Antoni Czortek
    Antoni Czortek

    Antoni "Kajtek" Czortek was a Poland boxing champion, one of the Polish legends of this sport. Czortek was a 1939 silver medalist of Amateur Championships of Europe, multiple champion of Poland and participant of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin....
     (1915–2003), boxing champion
  • Ernst Hardt
    Ernst Hardt

    Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Hardt , born Ernst St?ckhardt,, was a Germany playwright, poet, and novelist.Hardt was born in Grudziadz, West Prussia....
     (1876-1947), writer
  • Waldemar Kophamel
    Waldemar Kophamel

    Commander Waldemar Kophamel was a successful and highly decorated Germany U-boat commander in the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I.In his time as commander of SM U-35 and SM U-140 he succeeded in sinking 54 ships for a total tonnage of ....
     (1880-1934), U-Boat commander
  • Boleslaw Orlinski
    Boleslaw Orlinski

    Boleslaw Orlinski was a Poland aviator, military, sports and test pilot.He was born in his family's estate in Niwerka at Podole. During the World War I he was commissioned in the Russian Army, fought in infantry on the German front and became Non-commissioned officer....
     (1899-1992), Polish aviator and test pilot
  • Piotr z Grudziadza
    Piotr z Grudziadza

    Piotr z Grudziadza was a Poland composer, the author of songs and motets. Less than twenty of his works have survived, including Panis, panis pange patribus tantum and Kyrie fons bonifitatis....
     (ca. 1400-ca. 1480), composer
  • Henryk Sawistowski
    Henryk Sawistowski

    Henryk Sawistowski was born in 1925 in Grudziadz, Poland.Sawistowski started his education in Grudziadz, during World War II while in military service....
     (1925-1984), dean of City and Guilds College of London Institute
  • Stefania Toczyska
    Stefania Toczyska

    Stefania Toczyska , born in Grudziadz, Poland, on February 19, 1943, is a Polish mezzo-soprano of international repute.She lived in Torun where she attended the Music School ....
     (born 1943), mezzo-soprano
    Mezzo-soprano

    A mezzo-soprano is a type of European classical music female voice type whose range lies between the soprano and the contralto singing voices, usually extending from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above ....
     singer
  • Leo White
    Leo White

    Leo White was a stage performer and appeared as a character actor in many Charlie Chaplin films. He started his film career in 1911 and in 1913 moved to the Essanay Studios....
     (1882-1948), stage performer
  • Alfred Wohl
    Alfred Wohl

    Alfred Wohl 3 October 1863 – 25 December 1946) was a Germany chemist.Several chemical reactions are named after him, like the Wohl degradation , Wohl-Aue reaction and the Wohl-Ziegler reaction ...
     (1863-1946), German chemist


Education

  • Grudziadzka Szkola Wyzsza


Twin towns

  • Chernyakhovsk
    Chernyakhovsk

    Chernyakhovsk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in the centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, at the confluence of the rivers Instruch and Angrapa, forming the Pregolya....
     (Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
    )
  • Falun
    Falun

    Falun is a Cities in Sweden in Dalarna, central Sweden, the seat of Falun Municipality and the capital of Dalarna County. The city is the home of 36,500 of the municipality's 55,000 inhabitants....
     (Sweden
    Sweden

    Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
    )
  • Gütersloh
    Gütersloh

    G?tersloh is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold. G?tersloh is the administrative centre for a district of the same name....
     (Germany
    Germany

    Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
    )


External links