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Griqua
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The Griqua (Afrikaans Griekwa, sometimes incorrectly called Korana) are a subgroup of South Africa's heterogeneous and multiracial Coloured people.
The Griqua are often considered to be a racially and culturally mixed people whose origin goes back to the intermarriages or sexual relations between European colonists in the Cape and the Khoikhoi already living there in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
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Encyclopedia
The Griqua (Afrikaans Griekwa, sometimes incorrectly called Korana) are a subgroup of South Africa's heterogeneous and multiracial Coloured people.
The Griqua are often considered to be a racially and culturally mixed people whose origin goes back to the intermarriages or sexual relations between European colonists in the Cape and the Khoikhoi already living there in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This notion apparently derives from the name given in 1813 by Rev. John Campbell of the London Missionary Society (LMS) to a mixed group of Chariguriqua (a Cape Khoikhoi group), 'bastaards', Koranna, and Tswana living at the site of present day Griekwastad (formerly "Klaarwater"). Their proud name, Bastaards, was viewed as offensive to the British resulting in this change by the LMS. Because of a common ancestor named Griqua, and shared links to the Chariguriqua (Grigriqua), the people officially changed their name to the Griqua. According to Isaac Tirion, by 1730 the Grigriquas already lived in this northeastern section of the Cape Colony.
History
The Cape Colony established by the Dutch East India Company at the Southern tip of Africa was not intended to be a political entity. As it expanded and became more successful, its leaders never truly accepted their fate as possessors of a country. It took British imagination to do that. A consequence of this was an indeterminate frontier, which ebbed and grew to the whim of individuals. While the VOC undoubtedly benefited from the trading and pastoral endeavors of these trekboers, it did little to control or support them in their quest for land. A consequence of this diaspora was the children who had Dutch fathers and indigenous mothers. They grew to be a sizeable population who spoke Dutch and were instrumental in expanding the colony.
Sadly, these children did not attain the social or legal status accorded their fathers, mostly as a result of the colonial laws recognising only christian froms of marrage. This group became known as Basters, or bastards. The colonialists, in their paramilitary response to insurgent resistance from Khoi and San people, readily conscripted the Basters into commando's. This ensured the menfolk were particularly skilled in lightly armed, mounted, skirmish tactics. Many who found themselves in this predicament chose to abandon their paternal society and strike out and live more like their maternal line's did. The resulting steady stream of disgruntled, Dutch speaking, trained marksmen leaving the Cape not only hobbled the Dutch capability to crew their commando's, but also created very belligerent, skilled groups of opportunists that harassed the indigenous populations the length of the Orange river. Once free of the colonies, these groups called themselves the Oorlams or Orlam or Oorlam. In particular, a group lead by Klaas Afrikaaner became notorious, and attracted enough attention from the Dutch authorities to cause him to be rendered to the colony and banished to Robben Island in 1761.
One of the most influential of these Oolams groups was the Griqua. In the nineteenth century, the Griqua controlled several political entities that were governed by Kapteins (Dutch for "Captain", i.e. leader) and their Councils, with their own written constitutions. Adam Kok I, the first Kaptein of the Griqua - a slave who had bought his own freedom himself - led his people north from the interior of the Cape Colony. Likely due to the received discrimination of his people, they again moved north; this time outside of the Cape, near the Orange River, just west of the Orange Free State, and on the southern skirts of the Transvaal. The Griqua largely adopted the Afrikaans language before their migrations. This area is where most of the tribe settled; some remained nomadic.
Andries Waterboer - leader after Kok I - founded Griqualand West, and controlled it until the intruding influx of Whites accompanying the discovery of diamonds. In 1834, the Cape Colony recognized Waterboer’s rights to his land and people, and a treaty was signed to ensure payment for the use of the land for mining. Not long after 1843, the competition between the Cape Colony, Orange Free State, and the Transvaal became too much for the Griqua, and they migrated east – now led by Adam Kok III – to establish Griqualand East, a hopeful haven. But Griqualand East only lasted for mere months before its annexation into the Cape Colony in 1874.
Both Griqualands, East and West, were dissolved into European colonies, and the Griqua themselves became part of the ethnic group known generally to Whites as the Coloureds.
Current
Today, Basters are a separate ethnic group of similarly mixed origins living in south-central Namibia; Northern Cape at Campbell and Griquatown; (the historic territory of Griqualand West); the Western Cape (around the small le Fleur Griqua settlement at Kranshoek); and at Kokstad.
The total Griqua population is unknown. The people were submerged by a number of factors. The most prominent being the Apartheid era during which many of the Griqua people took on the mantle of "Coloured" fearing that their Griqua roots might place them at a lower level with the Africans. What is known is that a substantial proportion of coloured people have "Griqua roots" (ie Hottentot forefathers). This Griqua heritage is all too often looked at with disdain.
Genetic evidence indicates that the majority of the present Griqua population is a racial mix of European genes dating back to the times of van Riebeeck mixed with Khoikhoi and, later, indigenous African (mainly Tswana) peoples, with only small contributions of Bushman..
The Griqua people are represented in the National Khoisan Consultative Conference (Nasionale Khoe-San Oorlegplegende Konferensie) established in Oudtshoorn in 2001 and that represents the Capoid first nation peoples of South Africa and parttakes in research and development projects in cooperation with the government of the Western Cape Province and with the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein. Especially prominent are members of the influential le Feur clan.
The Griqua have their own church, the Griqua Church, which is Protestant with a strong focus on maintaining the Griqua identity.
One of several disputed theories as to the origin of Bloemfontein's name connects it to the Griqua leader Jan Bloem (1775-1858), although this may be a coincidence as Bloemfontein is Dutch for "Spring of bloom," "flower spring," or "fountain of flowers."
Griqualand
The Griqua give their name to several parts of South Africa as Griqualand as they migrated away from other areas of population.
- Griqualand East is an area around Kokstad on the frontier between the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. This area was settled by Adam Kok III and over 2,000 Griquas who followed him over the Drakensberg in 1861. The Griqua descendants are now largely centered in Kokstad with their magnificent Griqua Church playing a central for their community today.
- Griqualand West is the area around Kimberley which became significant when diamonds were discovered there; it has also been known for its rugby union and cricket teams.
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