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Grand Duchy of PoznanThe Grand Duchy of Poznan or Grand Duchy of Posen was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as " Great Poland" between the years 1815-1848. The name was unofficially used afterwards for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to describe different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Poznan .
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The Grand Duchy of Poznan or Grand Duchy of Posen was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as " Great Poland" between the years 1815-1848. The name was unofficially used afterwards for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to describe different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Poznan . Area and population The area was 28,951 km˛ and contained most of the territories of the historical province of Greater Poland, which comprised the western parts of the Duchy of Warsaw that were ceded to Prussia according to the Congress of Vienna with an international guarantee of self-administration and free development of the Polish nation. Population: - 776,000
- 820,000
- 1,350,000
- 2,100,000
Territorial administration The monarch of the duchy, with title of Grand Duke of Poznan, was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia and his representative was the Duke-Governor: the first was Prince Antoni Radziwill , who was married to Princess Luise of Prussia, the king's cousin. The governor was assigned to give advice in matters of Polish nationality, and had the right to veto the administration decisions; in reality, however, all administrative power was in the hands of the Prussian over-president of the province. The Prussian administrative unit that covered the territory of the Duchy was called the Province of the Grand Duchy of Poznan in the years 1815-1849, and later to simplify just the Province of Poznan . The territory of the duchy was divided into two districts : Poznan District, Bydgoszcz District, which were further divided into 26 original counties administered by the "landrats" . Later, these were redivided into 40 counties, plus 2 urban districts. In 1824, the Duchy also received the provincial council but with little administrative power, limited to providing advice. In 1817, Chelmno Land was moved to West Prussia. The territorial administration in 1897: Poznan District, , Poznan - Babimost County, , Babimost
- Gostyn County, , Gostyn
- Grodzisk County, , Grodzisk Wielkopolski
- Jarocin County, , Jarocin
- Kepno County, , Kepno
- Koscian County, , Koscian
- Kozmin County, , Kozmin
- Krotoszyn County, , Krotoszyn
- Leszno County, , Leszno
- Miedzychód County, , Miedzychód
- Miedzyrzecz County, , Miedzyrzec
- Nowy Tomysl County, , Nowy Tomysl
- Oborniki County, , Oborniki Wiekopolskie
- Odolanów County, , Odolanów
- Ostrów County, , Ostrów Wielkopolski
- Ostrzeszów County, , Ostrzeszów
- Pleszew County, , Pleszew
- Poznan City, , Poznan
- Poznan East County, , Poznan
- Poznan West County, , Poznan
- Rawicz County, , Rawicz
- Skwierzyna County, , Skwierzyna
- Szamotuly County, , Szamotuly
- Smigiel County, , Smigiel
- Srem County, , Srem
- Sroda County, , Sroda Wielkopolska
- Wrzesnia County, , Wrzesnia
- Wschowa County, , Wschowa
Bydgoszcz District , Bydgoszcz ... - Czarnków County, , Czarnków
- Gniezno County, , Gniezno
- Inowroclaw County, , Inowroclaw
- Mogilno County, , Mogilno
- Strzelno County, , Strzelno
- Szubin County, , Szubin
- Wagrowiec County, , Wagrowiec
- Wielen County, , Wielen
- Witkowo County, , Witkowo
- Wyrzysk County, , Wyrzysk
- Znin County, , Znin
History Up to 1830 the Prussian authorities were relatively tolerant to the Polish people, although the Prussian administrative schemes were introduced and the role of the German language was strengthened in education. Repression system after 1830 The 1830 November Uprising within Congress Poland against the Russian Empire was significantly supported by Poles from the Grand Duchy of Poznan, Afterwards, the Prussian administration under over-president Edward Flotwell introduced a system of police and repression against the Poles. He started to expel the Poles from administration, tried to weaken the Polish nobility by buying its lands, and after 1832 the role of the Polish language in education was significantly suppressed. Milder period after 1840 to be written- Greater Poland Uprising 1846 - part of the all-Polish 3-partion uprising
- Greater Poland Uprising 1848 - part of the Spring of Nations
Autonomy abolished 1848 During the Revolutions of 1848 the Frankfurt Parliament attempted to divide the Duchy into two parts: the Province of Poznan, which would have been given to the Germans and annexed to a newly-created German Empire, and the Province of Gniezno, which would have been given to the Poles and held outside Germany, but because of the protest of Polish parliamentarians these plans failed and the integrity of the duchy was preserved. However on February 9th, 1849, after a series of broken assurances, the Prussian administration renamed the duchy to the Province of Poznan . The line that divided the two proposed parts was ignored. However the Grand Duchy of Poznan remained a possession of the Hohenzollern dynasty and the name remained in unofficial use until 1918. KulturkampfIn the 1880s Chancellor Otto von Bismarck started the Germanization policies, such as an increase of police forces, a colonization commission, the German Society for the Eastern Borders , and the Kulturkampf. In 1904 special legislation was passed against the Polish population. The legislation of 1908 allowed the confiscation of Polish landed property. The Prussian authorities did not allow the development of industries, so the Duchy's economy was dominated by high-level agriculture. The liberation 1918-1919 After World War I, the fate of the Grand Duchy was undecided. The Poles demanded that this historically Polish region be included in the newly independent Second Polish Republic, while the Germans refused any territorial concessions. The Greater Poland Uprising that broke out on 27 December 1918, a day after the speech of Ignacy Jan Paderewski, allowed the region to be liberated from German occupation. The Treaty of Versailles decided that most of the territory of the Grand Duchy would be included in Poland. Polish organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznan - Scientific Help Society for the Youth of the Grand Duchy of Poznan - scholarship for the poor youth
- Poznan Bazar
- Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznan - promotion of modern agriculture
- People's Libraries Society promotion of education among the people
- Poznan Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences promotion of arts and sciencies
German organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznan Famous people of the Grand Duchy of Poznan  - Stanislaw Adamski , Polish priest, social and political activist of the Union of Catholic Societies of Polish Workers , founder and editor of the 'Robotnik' weekly
- Tomasz K. Bartkiewcz , Polish composer and organist, co-founder of the Singer Circles Union
- Józef Brzezinski
- Hipolit Cegielski , Polish businessman, social and cultural activist
- Dezydery Chlapowski , Polish general, business and political activist
- Bernard Chrzanowski , Polish social and political activist, president of the Union of the Greater Poland Falcons
- August Cieszkowski , Polish philosopher, social and political activist, co-founder of the Polish League , co-founder and president of the PTPN
- Czeslaw Czypicki , Polish lawyer from Kozmin, activist for the singers' societies
- Boleslaw Dembinski , Polish composer and organist, activist fo the singers societies
- Franciszek Dobrowolski , Polish theatre director, editor of Dziennika Poznanskiego
- Michal Drzymala - famous Polish peasant
- Tytus Dzialynski , Polish political activist, protector of arts
- Ewaryst Estkowski , Polish teacher, education activist, editor of Szkola Polska magazine
- Edward H. Flotwell , Prussian politician, over-president of the Grand Duchy of Poznan
- Maksymilian Jackowski , Polish activist, secretary-general of the Central Economic Society , patron of the agricultural circles
- Kazimierz Jarochowski , Polish historian, publicist of the Dziennik Poznanski , co-founder of PTPN
- Ferdinand Hansemann , Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society
- Hermann Kennemann , Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society
- Józef Koscielski , Polish politician and parliamentarian, co-founder of the Straz society
- Konstanty Koscinski, author of The Guide to Poznan and the Grand Duchy of Poznan , Poznan 1909
- Antoni Kraszewski , Polish politician and parliamentarian
- Józef Krzyminski [1858-1940), Polish physician, social and political activist, member of parliament
- Karol Libelt , Polish philosopher, political and social activist, president of PTPN
- Karol Marcinkowski , Polish physician, social activist, founder of the Poznan Bazar
- Wladyslaw Marcinkowski , Polish sculptor who created a monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Miloslaw
- Teofil Matecki , Polish physician, social activist, member of PTPN, founder of the Adam Mickiewicz monument of Poznan
- Maciej Mielzynski
- Ludwik Mycielski, Polish political, president of the National Council in 1913
- Andrzej Niegolewski , Polish colonel during the Napoleonic Wars, member of parliament, shareholder of the Poznan Bazar
- Wladyslaw Niegolewski , Polish liberal politician and member of parliament, insurgent in 1846, 1848 and 1863, cofounder of TCL and CTG
- Wladyslaw Oleszczynski , Polish sculptor, who created a monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznan
- Gustaw Potworowski , Polish activist, founder of the Kasyno in Gostyn, activist of the Polish League
- Edward Raczynski , Polish conservative politician, protector of arts, founder of the Raczynski Library in Poznan
- Antoni Radziwill , Polish duke, composer, and politician, governor-general of the Grand Duchy of Poznan
- Cyryl Ratajski
... , president of Poznan 1922-34 - Karol Rzepecki , Polish bookseller, social and political activist, editor of Sokól magazine
- Walenty Stefanski , Polish bookseller, political activist, co-founder of the Polish League
- Florian Stablewski , Polish priest archbishop of Poznan and Gniezno, Polish member of Prussian parliament
- Antoni Stychel , Polish priest, member of parliament, president of the Union of the Catholic Societies of Polish Workers
- Roman Szymanski , Polish political activist, publicist, editor of Oredownik magazine
- Heinrich Tiedemann , Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society
- Aniela Tulodziecka , Polish educational activist of the Warta Society
- Teofil Walicki
- Piotr Wawrzyniak , Polish priest, economic and educational activist, patron of the Union of the Earnings and Economic Societies
- Leon Wegner , Polish economist and historian, co-founder of PTPN
- Richard Witting , Prussian politician, over-president of Poznan City 1891-1902
See also References - Gazeta Wielkiego Ksiestwa Poznanskiego
- Konstanty Koscinski, Przewodnik pod Poznaniu i Wielkim Ksiestwie Poznanskiem, Poznan 1909
- T. Dohnalowa, Z dziejów postepu technicznego w Wielkopolsce w pierwszej polowie XIX wieku, in: S.Kubiak, L.Trzeciakowski , Rola Wielkopolski w dziejach narodu polskiego
- F. Genzen, Z.Grot, F.Paprocki, Zabór pruski w Powstaniu Styczniowym. Materialy i dokumenty, Wroclaw-Warszawa-Kraków 1968
- B. Grzes, J.Kozlowski, A.Kramarski, Niemcy w Poznanskiem wobec polityki germanizacyjnej 1815-1920, Poznan 1976
- Witold Jakóbczyk, Przetrwac nad Warta 1815-1914. Dzieje narodu i panstwa polskiego, vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989
- Witold Jakóbczyk , Studia nad dziejami Wielkopolski w XIX w., vol.I-III, Poznan 1951-1967
- Witold Jakóbczyk , Wielkopolanie XIX w., Poznan 1969
- Witold Jakóbczyk , Wielkopolska. Wybór zródel, t. I 1815-1850, Wroclaw 1952
- Witold Jakóbczyk , Wielkopolska. Wybór zródel, t. II 1851-1914, Wroclaw 1954
- T. Klanowski, Germanizacja gimnazjów w Wielkim Ksiestwie Poznanskim i opór mlodziezy polskiej w latach 1870-1814, Poznan 1962
- Czeslaw Luczak, Zycie spoleczno-gospodarcze w Poznaniu 1815-1918, Poznan 1965
- K. Malinowski , X wieków Poznania, Poznan-Warszawa 1956
- Witold Molik, Ksztaltowanie sie inteligencji wielkopolskiej w Wielkim Ksiestwie Poznanskim 1840-1870, Warszawa-Poznan 1979
- F. Paprocki, Wielkie Ksiestwo Poznanskie w okresie rzadów Flottwella , Poznan 1970
- L. Plater, Opisanie historyczno-statystyczne Wielkiego Ksiestwa Poznanskiego, wyd. J. N. Bobrowicz, Lipsk 1846
- B. Plesniarski, Poglady Wielkopolan na sprawy wychowawcze i oswiatowe w swietle prasy Ksiestwa Poznanskiego 1814-1847,
- A. Skalkowski, Bazar Poznanski. Zarys stuletnich dziejów , Poznan 1938
- L. Slowinski, Nie damy pogrzesc mowy. Wizerunki pedagogów poznanskich XIX wieku, Poznan 1982
- J. Stoinski, Szkolnictwo srednie w Wielkim Ksiestwie Poznanskim w I polowie XIX wieku , Poznan 1972
- J. Topolski , Wielkopolska przez wieki, Poznan 1973
- S. Truchim, Geneza szkól realnych w Wielkim Ksiestwie Poznanskim, Warszawa 1936
- S. Truchim, Historia szkolnictwa i oswiaty polskiej w Wielkim Ksiestwie Poznanskim 1815-1915, Lódz 1967
- Lech Trzeciakowski, Kulturkampf w zaborze pruskim, Poznan 1970
- Lech Trzeciakowski, Pod pruskim zaborem 1850-1914, Warszawa 1973
- Lech Trzeciakowski, Walka o polskosc miast Poznanskiego na przelomie XIX i XX wieku, Poznan 1964
- Lech Trzeciakowski, W dziewietnastowiecznym Poznaniu, Poznan 1987
- Wielkopolski Slownik Biograficzny, 2nd edition, Warszawa-Poznan 1983
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