Goan Catholics

{{Use British English|date=April 2011}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2011}} The '''Goan Catholics''' ({{lang-knn|''Goenche Katholik''}}) are an [[ethno-religious]] community of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] and their descendants from the state of [[Goa]], located on the west coast of [[India]]. They are [[Konkani people]] and speak the [[Konkani language]]. [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] seafarers arrived in Goa in 1510, and Catholic missionary activities soon followed, as [[Pope Nicholas V]] had enacted the [[Papal bull]] ''[[Romanus Pontifex]]'' in 1455, which granted the patronage of the propagation of the [[Christian]] faith in Asia. The Edict of the [[Goa Inquisition]] and the Portuguese–[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] wars are notable events in their history which led to the migration of many Goan Catholics to neighbouring regions. After the Goans converted to [[Christianity]], their new religion came to be superimposed on their ancestral [[Hindu]] customs, beliefs, and caste system. Their [[Fenny|Feni]], a native liquor, and various contributions to music and literature are well-known. The culture of the Goan Catholics is a blend of Indo-Hindu and Luso-Christian cultures. The notion of Goan identity—initially closely linked with Portuguese culture—was forged after the integration of Goa into the [[Indian Union]] in 1961. Contemporary Goan Catholic culture can be best described as an increasingly Anglicised Indo-Latin culture. The Goan Catholic diaspora is concentrated in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], the [[Lusosphere]], and English-speaking countries such as Great Britain, Australia, and the United States. ==Ethnic identity== The [[Roman Catholics]] who originate from the state of [[Goa]], a region on the west coast of [[India]], and their descendants are generally referred as Goan Catholics. After the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese possession]] of Goa in 1510, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] consolidated their power by imposing their own government and cultural institutions. The Goan Catholics were granted Portuguese citizenship, and were Portuguese citizens thereafter. Goan Catholics were given the status of "protected subjects" yet were excluded from the right to vote and from attending government sessions. During the late 1800s, there began a large-scale emigration of Goan Catholics to [[Bombay]] , in search of employment opportunities. At the time [[History of Bombay under British rule|Bombay was governed by the British Empire]]. Émigrés learned of the existence of another native Roman Catholic community, the better-known [[East Indians|East Indian Catholics]], who already resided in Bombay. Because the East Indian, Goan, and [[Mangalorean Catholic]] communities were converted to Christianity by the Portuguese, the British referred them as "Portuguese Christians." As the East Indian Catholics had come from a poor fisher-folk background, the Goan Catholics remained aloof from them and considered themselves to have a superior identity. In present-day Mumbai the cultural differences have diminished. All share the same churches and attend many of the same religious functions. On 3 February 1951, to avert international criticism, Portugal amended her Constitution to declare Goa as an overseas province of Portugal. From that point forward, the Goan Catholics had the official rights as Portuguese citizens. After Goa was integrated into the [[Indian Union]] in 1961, the Goan Catholics, who had identified themselves with Portugal and Portuguese culture, did not fully integrate with Indian culture. Under Portuguese law, Goans born before 1961—when Portugal's rule over Goa ended—and their children and grandchildren are entitled to Portuguese citizenship. During the first post-Liberation years from Portuguese rule, Goans found it difficult to embrace the term "Indian". They called themselves "Goan" deliberately to distinguish themselves. However, the contemporary generation consider themselves culturally "Indian" first, according to the former Goan freedom fighter [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]]. ===Pre-Portuguese era=== No concrete evidence has been found that Christianity prevailed in Goa before the Portuguese arrived, but it is believed that [[Bartholomew the Apostle|St. Bartholomew]], one of the twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, brought the Gospel and spread it in [[Konkan]], including Goa, just as [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] had done in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], in [[South India|Southern India]]. ===Portuguese era=== {{Main|Christianisation of Goa}} [[Image:Afonso de Albuquerque.jpg|thumb|left|[[Afonso de Albuquerque]] was the first Portuguese explorer who landed in Goa on 25 January 1510.]] The Portuguese came to India with the ambition of creating an empire and propagating Christianity. The Portuguese missionaries who accompanied the conquerors were the [[Franciscan]]s, [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]], [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], and [[Augustinians]]. The Portuguese first reached the west coast of India when [[Vasco da Gama]] landed at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in 1498. On 25 November 1510 [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] conquered Goa from the [[Sultan of Bijapur]] and made it their headquarters since 1530. By 1544 the Portuguese conquered the districts of [[Bardez]], [[Tiswadi]], and [[Salcette]]. Around the same time [[Pope Nicholas V]] enacted the [[Papal bull]] ''[[Romanus Pontifex]]''. This bull granted the patronage ("[[Padroado]]") of the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia to the Portuguese and rewarded them a trade monopoly in newly discovered areas. Trade was initiated shortly after Vasco da Gama arrived in India in 1498, but the Portuguese were initially not interested in converting the locals. After four decades, the Catholic Church threatened to open Asia to all Catholics. [[Image:Se cathedral goa.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The [[Sé Cathedral]] dedicated to [[St. Catherine of Alexandria]], in [[Old Goa]], was built by the Portuguese in 1510. It is one of the oldest churches in Goa.]] In 1534 the [[Diocese of Goa]] was created from the [[Diocese of Funchal]] to serve as a common diocese for the western coast of India, including Goa and the area in and around Bombay. Missionaries of the newly-founded [[Society of Jesus]] were sent to Goa; the Portuguese colonial government supported the Catholic mission with incentives for baptised Christians. They offered rice donations for the poor, good positions in the Portuguese colonies for the middle class, and military support for local rulers. Many Indians were converted [[Opportunism|opportunistic]] ''[[Rice Christian]]s'' who continued to practise their old religion. The Portuguese, in their efforts to keep Christian purity, insisted the converts should avoid anything [[Hindu]]. Portuguese rulers insisted the natives should adopt foreign food habits and dress. They also gave European names to the natives. But Konkani Christians wanted to preserve their language, culture and manners. At the same time the Portuguese colonizers in Goa imposed excessive taxes on the native Christians. The taxes were so huge that in 1642 some native Goans sent a memorandum to [[Lisbon]], the capital of Portugal. In 1542 [[St. Francis Xavier]] of the Society of Jesus arrived in Goa and noticed the newly converted Christians were practising their old (often pagan) customs and traditions. The Portuguese built various churches; the most notable are [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]] (''Basílica of Child Jesus'') built during the sixteenth century—a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] dedicated to the [[Infant Jesus]]—and the [[Se Cathedral]], the largest church in Asia dedicated to [[St. Catherine of Alexandria]], the construction of which was started in 1562 during the reign of King [[Dom Sebastião]] and completed in 1619. It was [[consecrate]]d in 1640. The [[Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church, Goa|Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church]] (''Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição Igreja'') was built in 1540. The Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi (''Igreja e Convento de São Francisco de Assis''), Church of Lady of Rosary (''Igreja da Senhora do Rosário''), Church of St. Augustine (''Igreja de Santo Agostinho''), and [[St. Michael's Church, Anjuna]] (''Igreja São Miguel em Anjuna''), built in 1613, were also erected during the Portuguese reign. ===Modern era=== {{Main|Invasion of Goa}} In 1787, inspired by the [[French Revolution]], several Goan Catholic priests, unhappy with the process of promotion within the Church and other discriminatory practices of the Portuguese, organised the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos|Pinto Revolt]] against the Portuguese. This unsuccessful action was the first open revolt against the Portuguese from within Goa. Britain gained control of Goa twice, the first time in 1797–1798 and the second time from 1802–1813. In 1843 the capital was moved to [[Panaji|Panjim]] and by the mid 18th century the area under occupation by the Portuguese expanded to Goa's present-day limits. In 1900 there were 262,648 Goan Catholics in Goa and 200,144 Hindus. By 1921 it was estimated that 200,000 out of 670,000 Goans, mostly Christian, resided outside Goa. On 1 May 1928 the Diocese of Goa was renamed and was promoted to the Metropolitan [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]] (''Goa e Damão''). While this status changed in 1976, in 2006 it became the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa and Daman once more. By this time the Portuguese Empire had started declining and further resistance to their occupation in Goa started gaining momentum. When the rest of India gained independence in 1947, Portugal refused to relinquish control of Goa. On 18 December 1961 India moved in with troops and after hostilities that lasted 36 hours the Portuguese administration was forced to surrender. On 30 May 1987 Goa was elevated as India's 25th state. By 1960 Goan Catholics accounted for 2,24,617 (36 percent) of the total population in Goa. During the early 20th century, they started migrating to other parts of India, especially to Bombay and [[Bangalore]] in the 1920s and 1930s. They also started migrating to [[Lusosphere|Portuguese territories]], the United Kingdom, and the United States. Today, Goan Catholics form 30 percent of Goa's total population. During the 1970s coastal communication increased between Bombay and Goa, after introduction of ships by the London-based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Goan Catholics to Bombay. ==Geographical distribution== [[File:Goan Catholic Distribution (India).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Distribution of Goan Catholics in India]] According to the 2001 census there were around 359,568 Christians in Goa, and most of these are Catholics.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} Many Goan Catholics live in Mumbai and Bangalore. In the 1960s there were around 100,000 Goan Catholics in Bombay, of which 90,000 were in urban Bombay, and 10,000 in suburban Bombay. Other regions of India which have a small proportion of Goan Catholics are [[Delhi]], [[Calcutta]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nashik|Nasik]], and [[Ranchi]]. Goan Catholics are also found abroad, either as [[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin]] (NRIs) or as official citizens of the new nation, with some people born abroad. They are found in [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]] in the [[Middle East]], including [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Bahrain]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Kuwait]]. Some have migrated to the [[Anglosphere|Anglospheric]] world, including the United States, United Kingdom, [[Portugal]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]. In 1954 there were around 1,000,000 Goan Catholics in India and 1,800,000 Goan Catholics outside Goa. Before the First [[Gulf War]] (1990–1991) there were probably around 150,000 Goans outside India. There are 100,000 Goan Catholics in Portugal. A large number are found in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]. Recent emigrants are found in [[Germany]] and [[Austria]]. In 1999 the Goan Overseas Association, the Canorient Christian Association, and other Goan associations estimated that there were around 23,000 Goan Catholics in Canada, out of which 13,000 were in [[Ontario]]. During 1954 it was estimated that there were 20,000 Goan Catholics in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, while 30,000 were living in Pakistan, out of which 10,000 were settled in Karachi. In 1931 it was estimated that there were around 1,772 Goan Catholics in [[Tanganyika]] and 700 in [[Dar es Salaam]], both locations in [[Tanzania]]. In [[Uganda]] during 1931, there were around 1,124 Goan Catholics, out of which 500 were settled in its capital of [[Kampala]]. Prior to the 1960s it was estimated that there were around 5,000 Goan Catholics in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. By the 20th century there were around 6,000 Goan Catholics in London, while in 2001, 9,000 were present in [[Swindon]], United Kingdom. ===Architecture and cuisine=== {{Main|Architecture of Goan Catholics|Goan Catholic cuisine}} [[Image:India Goa Portuguese Villa.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A traditional Portuguese-influenced villa of a Goan Catholic family]] Houses influenced by [[Indian architecture]] were inward-looking with small windows and roofed with [[Mangalore tile]]. Houses were constructed with walls of wooden planks, mud, [[laterite]] brick, or stone. Most of these houses were rebuilt or refurbished from the mid-18th to the 20th century, and replaced by buildings with a mix of [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-Classic]] and [[neo-Gothic]] styles. Contemporary urban and rural housing shows a variety of laterite brick structures and Mangalore tile-roofed houses with steeply sloped roofs. Somitimes the walls are made of wooden planks, mud, or brick and stone. Inside the house a spacious hall is present, while outside there is a large porch in front. A [[plinth]] that indicates the owner of the house is present in front of the house. Courtyards are present in front of the houses, consisting of a [[grotto]] of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] and a [[Christian cross|Holy Cross]] made of hard laterite clay. [[File:Goan Catholic prawn curry.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Prawn curry]] Coconut, coconut oil, and curry leaves are common ingredients in most curries. [[Sorpotel]]—meat cooked in a spicy sauce—is one of the most popular dishes of the Goan Catholic community. Other popular [[pork]] preparations include ''[[Xacuti]]'', ''[[Chorizo#Goan_chouri.C3.A7o|Chouriço]]'' (pork [[sausages]]), ''[[Vindaloo]]'', ''Pork Indad'', and ''Assado de Leitoã'' (roasted pork). Canja de galinha and Chicken Cafreal are well-known chicken dishes. ''[[Patoleo]]'' is a dish of saffron leaves stuffed with rice, [[dal]], [[jaggery]], coconut, and cardamon. Fish curry and rice form the staple diet of Goan Catholics. Par-boiled rice, also known as red rice (''Ukdem'' in Konkani), is the traditional rice eaten and preferred over raw rice. ''[[Kuswar]]'' are sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas and includes around 22 varieties of sweets. [[Fenny|Feni]], a country [[liquor]] made from [[cashew]] apples, is a popular alcoholic beverage. ===Names and surnames=== {{Main|Goan Catholic names and surnames}} [[Bilingual name]]s, having variants in both Konkani and English, like ''Mingel'' ([[Michael]]) and ''Magdu'' ([[Magdalene (given name)|Magdalene]]) are common among Goan Catholics. [[List of Portuguese surnames|Portuguese surnames]] like [[De Souza|D'Souza]], [[Rodrigues (surname)|Rodrigues]], and [[Pinto]], are common among Goan Catholics. Goan Catholics use the native language Konkani forms of their surnames in Konkani-language contexts, along with their English forms in English-language contexts, such as ''Soz'', ''Rudrig'', and ''Pint'' instead of Sousa, Rodrigues, and Pinto. Some families use their original [[Konkani Brahmins|Konkani Brahmin]] [[:Category:Konkani-language surnames|surnames]] such as [[Prabhu]], [[Kamat]], [[Nayak (title)|Naik]], [[Shett|Shet]], and [[Shenoy]]. {| class="wikitable" |- !Goan Catholic variant !English variant !Portuguese variant !Meaning !Sex |- |Koinsanv |[[Conceição]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}} |''Conceição'' |[[Immaculate Conception]] |Female |- |Foransik |[[Francisco]] |''Francisco'' |French (man) |Male |- |Zuvanv |[[John (first name)|John]] |''João'' |God is gracious |Male |- |Bosteanv |[[Sebastian (name)|Sebastian]] |''Sebastiao'' |Revered |Male |- |Mori |[[Mary (given name)|Mary]] |''Maria'' |Beloved |Female |- |Rakel |[[Rachel]] |''Raquel'' |Ewe or one with purity |Female |- |Anton |[[Anthony (given name)|Anthony]] |''Antonio'' |Flower |Male |- |Isâbel |[[Elizabeth (given name)|Elizabeth]] |''Isâbel'' |My God is my oath |Female |- |Zoze |[[Joseph (name)|Joseph]] |''José'' |The Lord will add |Male |- |colspan=5 align="center"|Source: ''English-Konkani Dictionary'' and ''A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 (2000) |} ===Language and literature=== {{Main|Konkani language|Literature of Goan Catholics}} [[File:Doutrina Christam (book of Stephens, 1622).jpg|thumb|200px|Cover of ''Doutrina Christam'' by [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]], published work in Konkani and other Indian languages]] Goan Catholics speak the [[Konkani language]], which is central to the community's identity. Konkani is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages, which is spoken predominantly on the west coast of India. According to [[linguist]]s this dialect is largely derived from [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] and is similar to [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in terms of pronunciation. This dialect has a significant infusion of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] loanwords. The ''[[Ethnologue]]'' identifies this dialect as the "Goanese" dialect. [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] influence can be seen in the dialect's lexicon and syntax. 1,800 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Goan Catholic dialect. The syntactic patterns adopted from Portuguese include mostly word order patterns, such as the placement of the direct and the indirect object and of the adverb after the verb, the placement of the predicate noun after the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]], and the placement of the relative or reduced relative clause after the head noun. There are, however, some transformations as well among these patterns. Such syntactic modification is most evident in this particular dialect. It is observed only in the written word and in formal speech such as [[sermon]]s. In recent times, more and more periodicals have abandoned the Portuguese syntactic patterns. The dialect is significantly different from the dialect spoken by the Hindu Goans not only with respect to Portuguese influence, but also with respect to grammatical and lexical characteristics. The origin of their literature dates to 1563, when the first Konkani grammar was published by Fr. Andre Vaz at St. Paulo College at [[Goa Velha|Old Goa]]. In 1567 the first ''Konkani-Portuguese dictionary'' was published by missionary priests at [[Rachol]], Goa. In 1622 [[Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)|Thomas Stephens]], an English Jesuit, published ''Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim'' (Christian Doctrines in the Canarese Brahmin Language), which was the first book in Konkani and any Indian language. On 22 December 1821 the first periodical, ''Gazeta de Goa'' (Goa Gazeteer), edited by Antonio Jose de Lima Leitao, was published. On 22 January 1900 the first Portuguese newspaper, ''[[O Heraldo]]'', was started by Prof. Messias Gomes. It was transformed into an English daily in 1987. Periodicals such as ''Amcho Ganv'' (1930) by Luis de Menezes, ''Vauraddeancho Ixxt'' (1933), a weekly by Fr. Arcencio Fernandes and Fr. Gracianco Moraes, ''Aitarachem Vachop'', a Konkani weekly run by the [[Salesians]], and ''Gulab'' by Fr. Freddy J. da Costa were published in Goa. Konkani-Portuguese perodials such as ''O Concani'', a weekly by Sebastiāo Jesus Dias, ''Sanjechem Noketr'' (The Evening Star) (1907) by B.F. Cabral, ''O Goano'' (1907) by Honarato Furtado and Francis Futardo, and ''Ave Maria'' (1919) edited by Antonio D'Cruz were published in Bombay. In February 1899 ''Udentenchem Sallok'' (Lotus of the East) by Eduardo J. Bruno de Souza, the first Konkani periodical, was published as a fortnightly in [[Pune|Poona]]. The first Konkani book in the Devanagri script, ''Kristanv Doton ani Katisism'' by Dr. George Octaviano Pires, was published in [[Sholapur|Sholapore]] in 1894. Fr. Ludovico Pereria's monthly ''Dor Mhoineachi Rotti'' (Monthly Bread) was published in Karachi in 1915. In 1911 the first Konkani novel, ''Kristanv Ghorabo'' (Christian Home), was published. Modern literature is diverse and includes themes such as historical awakening in [[Lambert Mascarenhas]]' ''Sorrowing Lies My Land'', [[feminism]] in [[Maria Aurora Couto]]'s ''Goa: A Daughters' Story'', and [[fantasy]] in [[Nandita da Cunha]]'s ''The Magic of Maya''. On 4 June 2006 the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]] released the first Konkani Bible in [[Konkani in the Roman script|Roman script]]. ===Traditions and festivals=== [[Image:Mangalorean Catholic Ros.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A Goan Catholic ''Ros'']] Goan Catholics have retained many Indian customs and traditions. ''Ros'' ([[anointing]]) ceremony, and conducted one or two days before a wedding, involves the parents, relatives, and friends blessing the bride and groom, who are anointed with ''ros'', a mixture of [[coconut juice]] and [[coconut oil]]. Later, it is followed by the ''Resper'' (Nuptial Blessing in Church) and finally the ''Kazar'' (wedding) and ''Vor'' (wedding party). The women at a Goan Catholic wedding generally wear gowns or dresses while the men (including the bridegroom) are attired in western-style suits. Contemporary Goan Catholics typically have a [[White wedding]], with the bride wearing a western-style virgin-white wedding gown. The bridal entourage usually consists of the maid of honour, bridesmaids, best man, groomsmen, ringbearer boys, and flower girls. Ballroom dancing and live western-style band music are an integral part of a Goan Catholic wedding reception. Other traditions include ''Soirik'' ([[betrothal]]), ''Amontron'' ([[wedding invitation]]), and ''Mudi'' ([[engagement]]) ceremony. Indian traditions include adorning the bride with the ''Saddo'' (red dress or [[sari]]), which is to be worn on the first day after the marriage. It is also the name of the ceremony of cutting and sewing the dress. The ''Chuddo'' (a ceremony during which [[bangles]] are worn by the bride), ''Bhuim jevonn'' (a ritual meal in honour of the ancestors) or ''Bikariam jevonn'' (a meal for the poor or beggars), the ''Opsun divnchem'' (giving away the bride formally by the father or the guardian of the bride), the ''Appoune'' or ''Porthopon''' (invitation to the bride's house), and ''Konsachem fest'' ([[harvest festival]]) that involves blessing of new harvests are other Goan Catholic celebrations. [[File:Carnival Goa circa 1980s or 1990s.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Goan Catholics participating at the ''Intruz'' (Goan Carnival), late 20th century]] In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. The ''Zagor'' (nocturnal vigil in Konkani), mainly celebrated in [[Siolim]], in [[Bardez]] [[taluka]], is a festival highlighted by dance, drama and music. The Feast of Saint Francis Xavier, one of the major festivals of the Goan Catholics, is celebrated on 3 December annually to honour the saint's death. ''Monti'' or ''Moti Fest'', which commemorates the [[Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]], is a major festivals celebrated on 8 September, especially in [[Chinchinim]], Goa. The festival derives its name from the [[Monte Mariano Church]] at Farangipet in [[South Canara]], and was initiated by Joachim Miranda, a Goan Catholic missionary priest at Farangipet in 1763. He later introducted the festival in Goa. ''Milagres Saibin'' is the feast of Our Lady of Miracles, celebrated at the [[Mapusa]], Goa. The [[Carnival#Goa|Goa Carnival]] is another major festival in Goa, highlighted with color, songs and music. ===Costumes and ornaments=== In the past, Goan Catholic women wore a ''hol'', a white sheet over their saris, while going to Church. In the early period of Portuguese rule, Goan Catholic women were married in whites saris (''hol'') and changed into a red dress or sari, known as ''saddo'', at home. Women of the upper strata wore the ''Fota-Kimao'' after the Church ceremony. ''Fota'' was a blouse made of red velvet and satin with a black border and embroidered with gold thread. Accessories used along with the ''fota'' included a variety of jewellery worn on the head, ears, neck, and arms. The ''fator'' was an ornament that consisted of a green stone between two corals held by double chains. Together with the ''fator'', women wore a set of five intricate chains known as ''contti'', and other chains. Women wore bangles known as ''nille'' with matching ''carap'' on their ears. They also wore few small chains from the ear to the head, combs made of gold (''dantoni''), silver, or tortoise shell, and rings on every finger. During the later period of Portuguese rule, women got married in Western clothes. The ''Cordao'' (wedding necklace) was a necklace of with two black-beaded chains reminiscent to the Hindu ''[[Mangalsutra]]'', interspersed with roughly twenty gold coins, which formed a gold pendant, often in the shape of Jesus or the cross. A widow had to wear black clothes for the rest of her life and was not allowed to wear ornaments. ===Historical society=== [[File:Christian shrine outside Sarzora Village, Goa, India.jpg‎|thumb|A typical white ''Sant Khuris'' ([[Christian cross|Holy Cross]]) of a Goan Catholic family, constructed using old-style Portuguese architecture]] Goan Catholics retained the same [[caste system]] which their ancestors had followed. A village in Goa was known as ''Ganv'', its freeholder was the Ganvkar, and Ganvkari included the Ganvkars' village associations and co-operatives. Village communities were known as ''Ganvponn'', which the Portuguese referred to as [[Comunidade]]s. The community was divided into five castes: [[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]], [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]], [[Shudra|Sudirs]], Gauddos, Mahars, and Chamars. The Bamonns (the Konkani word for [[Brahmin]]s) were originally members of the priestly caste, and had taken up various occupations like agriculture, trade, commerce, and goldsmithy.{{cn|date=September 2011}} Several sub-castes, such as the [[Goud Saraswat Brahmins]], the [[Padye]]s, the [[Daivadnya]]s, the goldsmiths and some merchants, were lumped into the Christian caste of Bamonn.{{cn|date=September 2011}} The Chardos (the Konkani word for [[Kshatriya]]s) were converts from the Kshatriya (military/ royal class) caste, and included a few members from the [[Vaishya]] caste (merchant class). Those Vaishyas who were not incorporated into the Chardo caste were called Gauddos, and formed the fourth group.{{cn|date=September 2011}} The artisan converts formed the third-biggest group and were known as Sudirs (labour class). The [[Dalit]]s or "Untouchables" who converted to Christianity became Mahars and Chamars, who formed the fifth group. They were later merged to the Sudirs. The Christian converts of the aboriginal stock known as Gavddis were termed Kunbi. Although they still obeserve the caste system, they consider it the unhappiest heritage of their pre-Christian past. After conversion, the most preferable occupation of Goan Catholic men was that of working on a ship, while others served as officers to the Portuguese, became doctors, architects, lawyers, or businessmen. Agriculture was mainly done by orthodox women, since they were skilled farmers, while orthodox men practised carpentry, constructing Churches and other structures for the Portuguese. In the late seventeenth century, many women had received education and became employed as teachers or factory workers. Other crafts and industries were nonexistent. The [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|mass]] was celebrated in Latin; the [[Homily]] was delivered to the congregation in Konkani. ===Performing arts=== [[Image:Amchem Noxib.jpg|thumb|200px|A still from [[Frank Fernand]]'s [[Monochrome photography|monochrome]] Konkani film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'']] On 24 April 1950, ''Mogacho Aunddo'' (Desire of Love), the first Konkani film by Al Jerry Braganza, was released at [[Mapusa]], Goa. Frank Fernandes, whose stage name was [[Frank Fernand]] (1919–2007; born in [[Curchorem]], Goa), was a renowned film maker and musician and is remembered for his movies like ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (Our Luck) in 1963 and ''[[Nirmonn]]'' (Destiny) in 1966. Other films produced in Goa include ''Bhunyarantlo Monis'' (Cave Man) and ''Padri'' (Priest). [[Remo Fernandes]], a singer and musician, was the first person to introduce [[fusion music]] in India. The Konkani hymn ''Asli Mata Dukhest'', which was translated into Konkani from the [[Latin language|Latin]] hymn ''[[Stabat Mater]]'', is sung during [[Lent]]. Jocachim Miranda, a Goan Catholic priest, composed ''Riglo Jezu Molliant'' (Jesus entered the Garden of Gethsemene) during his Canara mission. ''Diptivonti, Sulokinni'', an eighteenth-century Konkani hymn, was performed at a concert held in the Holy Spirit Church, Margao, Goa. Other hymns composed by Goan Catholics include Dona Barrete's ''Papeanchi Saratinni'' (Sinners Repent), Carlos Jrindade Dias' ''Sam Jose Bogta Bagvionta'', and Fr. Pascal Baylon Dias' ''San Francisco Xaveria''. Konkani [[pop (music)|pop music]] became popular after [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence]]. [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] and [[Lorna Cordeiro]] are known for the ''[[Bebdo]]'' (Drunkard) in 1976 and ''Pisso'' (Mad) in the 1970s, while [[Frank Fernand]]'s Konkani ballad ''Claudia'' from 1966 is popular. The [[Mando (music)|Mando]], a contemporary form of dance music, evolved in [[Salcette]] in the first half of the nineteenth century out of [[wedding music]], specifically the ''[[Ovi (music)|Ovi]]''. The songs in this style are serene and sedate, generally a monologue in the Bramhin Konkani dialects of the South Goan villages of [[Loutolim]], Raia, [[Curtorim]], and [[Benaulim]]. They are traditionally sung during the ''Shim'' (bridal departure) ceremony. Early composers of the ''Mando'' were Ligorio de Costa of Courtarim (1851–1919) and Carlos Trindade Dias. [[Deknni]] is a [[ballet|semi-classical dance]] form. One woman starts the dance and is later accompanied by other dancers. The [[Mussoll]] ([[pestle]] dance), believed to be first performed by the Kshatriyas of [[Chandor]], commemorates the victory of King [[Harihara II]] (son of King [[Bukka I]] of the [[Vijaynagar Empire]]) over the [[Chola Empire]] at [[Chandrapur]] fortification in the fourteenth century. Other dances are the Portuguese [[Corridinho]] and Marcha. [[Dulpod]] is dance music with a quick rhythm and themes from everyday Goan life. [[Fell (music)|Fell]] is a music genre performed by men and women during the [[Carnival#Goa|Goa Carnival]]. Other dances performed at the Goan Carnival are Fulwali, Nistekaram, Vauradi, and Kunbi. The [[Ghumot]] is a musical instrument played, especially during weddings, and is used while performing a Mando. The instrument has the form of an earthen pot that is open at both sides. One end is covered with the skin of some wild animal, and the other is left open. Konkani [[Play (theatre)|Plays]], known as [[Tiatr]], a form of classic stage performance with live singing and acting, were written and staged in Goa. The form evolved in the 20th century with pioneer tiatrists such as Jao Agostinho Fernandes (1871–1941). Tiatr's themes include melodramas about family and domestic life, with each lyricist offering his own explanation for life's varied problems. Tiatrists include [[Prince Jacob]] and [[Roseferns]], and in the past [[M. Boyer]], [[C. Alvares]], and [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]]. On 17 April 1982 the first tiatr ''Italian Bhurgo'' by Lucasinho Ribeiro was staged in Mumbai. In 2007, the [[Government of Goa]] started the Tiatr Academy to facilitate the development of the Tiart. The tradition Of ''Voviyo'', ancient folk songs that were sung by women during a ''Ros'', began prior to 1510 A.D. The tradition had to be discarded due to Portuguese procecution, and the songs now live in the form of archives. The few which still prevail are recited to this day at weddings, expressing lofty sentiments that give vent to the feelings of the people about the marriage partners and their families and invoke the blessing of God on them. {{cquote|'''''Adeus Korchu Vellu Paulu'''''
("The Farewell Hour is here")
''Adeus korchu vellu paulo.''
The time of farewell is now here ''Ai mhojem kalliz rê fapsota.''
Oh! my heart begins to fear (Repeat previous two lines) ''Dispediru korchea vellar,''
At this moment of saying farewell, ''Ho sonvsar naka-so disota.''
In this world I no longer wish to dwell. (Repeat previous two lines) |author=Torquato de Figuerio (1876–1948), [[Mando (music)|Mando]] taken from the book ''Greatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1'', arranged by Francis Rodrigues, p. 24}} Goan catholics have also played an important role in [[Bollywood songs|Bollywood music]]. (See [[Goans in Hindi film music composition]]) ==Organisations== ''Goenkaranchi Ekvot'' is a registered organisation of Goan Catholics residing in [[Delhi]]. In Bangalore, associations such as the Karnataka Goan Association serve the community. The Kuwait Konknni Kendr is a well-known Goan Catholic organisation in [[Kuwait]]. The Goan Overseas Association in [[Toronto]], Indian Catholic Association of Central Texas, the Indo-Pakistani Christian Association, and the Canorient Christian Association are popular organisations in North America. In the United Kingdom, the Goan Voice UK, Goan Community Association, and Soilim Association, based in London, are popular organisations. In the Middle East, the Goan Community of Oman is well known. ==In popular culture== Goan Catholics have been a part of many [[Bollywood]] (Hindi cinema) films owing to their musical skills. They are seen in many films playing Goan Catholic families and speak [[Hindi language|Hindi]] with a Goan accent. *In 1977, [[Amitabh Bachchan]] portrayed an orphan child ([[Anthony Gonzalves]]) adopted by a Goan Catholic priest in the Bollywood film ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''. ''[[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (song)|My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves]]'', a song from the film featuring [[Kishore Kumar]], became a hit. The character was based on Anthony Gonsalves, a Goan Catholic musical composer and teacher from the village of Majorda (near [[Margao]] in Goa) who, during the mid-1950s, attempted to merge the symphonies of the Goan Catholic heritage with the [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] melodies and rhythms in films of the day. *[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s film ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' (1996) centred on the tragedy of a Goan Catholic family of deaf-and-mute parents with a normal daughter who falls in love with a Hindu boy. *''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]'' (1988): Johnny ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]), a Goan Catholic, loves Julie ([[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]), who is also a Goan Catholic. *''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'' (1994): Sunil ([[Shahrukh Khan]]) falls in love with Anna ([[Suchitra Krishnamoorthy]]), a Goan Catholic girl from Goa. *''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]'' (2000): Set against the backdrop of Goa and Goan Catholic culture, ''Josh'' is a story about energy, youth, love, and the zest for life. Max ([[ShahRukh Khan]]), a cool Goan Catholic ''dada'' (gangster), is the leader of the Eagle gang, which is constantly up in arms with the new inhabitants of the town of [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]], Prakash ([[Sharad Kapoor]]), and his gang. The two gangs revel in this enmity and love to show off their strength to each other. Max's twin sister is Shirley ([[Aishwarya Rai]]), who is also a Goan Catholic. *''[[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)]]'' (2008): Many characters in this movie are of Goan Catholic lineage; there is the hero himself (Anthony), an orphan taken in by mobster Sikander (Malhotra), and Anthony's friend Mike, a petty thief. *In the film ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' (2007), [[Boman Irani]] plays Oscar Fernandez, a Goan Catholic. He and his wife Naheed ([[Shabana Azmi]]) have recently married. They are middle-aged and the target of constant mocking from everyone. They intend to have a great journey and not be bothered by their difficult pasts. This is their second marriage. *In the film ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008), Gopal ([[Ajay Devgan]]) ends up getting stuck on a yacht after saving a woman named Meera ([[Celina Jaitley]]) from some gangsters. When he returns home his wife Ekta ([[Kareena Kapoor]]) begins to suspect him. He lies and says that he was stuck with a fictitious friend, "Anthony Gonsalves". Trouble comes when the actual Anthony Gonsalves (Vrajesh Hirjee) and his wife Julie (Rakhi Tandon), a Goan Catholic couple, turn up. *In the movie ''[[King Uncle]]'' (1993), Ashok Bansal's (Jackie Shroff) girlfriend and secretary Fenni ([[Anu Agarwal]]) is of Goan Catholic origin. *In the movie ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008), ''[[Arjun Rampal]]'' plays Joseph Mascarenhas, lead guitarist for the band 'Magick', who is of Goan Catholic origin. *In the movie ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' (2009), ''Jenny'' ([[Katrina Kaif]]) and her family is of Goan Catholic origin. ==Notable Goan Catholics== {| class="wikitable" |- !Notable Goan Catholics !Achievements |- |[[Adeodato Barreto]] |Indo-Portuguese poet and writer |- |[[Abbé Faria]] |19th century priest |- |[[Bruno Coutinho]] |Indian [[Arjuna Award]] winning footballer |- |[[Claude Moraes]] |[[Member of the European Parliament]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] representing [[London (European Parliament constituency)|London]] elected in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and 2009 |- |[[Dinesh D'Souza]] |American writer and [[public speaker]] |- |[[Dom Moraes]] |Indian poet, writer and [[columnist]] |- |[[Eduardo Faleiro]] |Former member of [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] |- |[[Eunice de Souza]] |Indian poet and novelist |- |[[Evarist Pinto]] |Archbishop of [[Karachi]], Pakistan |- |[[Eve D'Souza]] |[[Kenyan]] radio and TV presenter.Currently works for Capital FM radio and presents Vibe City on the [[Kenya Television Network]] |- |[[Francisco Luís Gomes]] |Indo-Portuguese physician, politician, writer, historian, and economist |- |[[Francisco Sardinha]] |Ex-Chief Minister of Goa |- |[[Ileana D'Cruz]] |Indian actress |- |[[Ivan Dias]] |Archbishop of Bombay from 8 November 1996 – 20 May 2006, Prefect of [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]], Rome |- |[[Keith Vaz]] |British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician, [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Leicester East (UK Parliament constituency)|Leicester East]] |- |[[Luís de Menezes Bragança]] |Journalist, writer and anti-colonial activist |- |[[Oswald Gracias]] |[[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Archbishop]] of [[Mumbai]] |- |[[Pio Gama Pinto]] |[[Kenyan]] independence-era journalist and politician. He was assassinated on 25 February 1965 |- |[[Leander Paes]] |International tennis player |- |[[Maria Aurora Couto]] |Indian writer |- |[[Lorna Cordeiro]] |Goan Konkani language singer and [[tiatr]]ist |- |[[Nicole Faria]] |First woman from India to win [[Miss Earth]] |- |[[Oscar Lobo]] |First Goan elected Councillor in Australia. |- |[[Remo Fernandes]] |Indian singer and musician |- |[[José Gerson da Cunha]] |Indo-Portuguese physician, orientalist, historian and numismatist |- |[[Froilano de Mello]] |Indo-Portuguese microbiologist, medical scientist, professor, author and independent [[Member of Parliament|MP]] in the [[Assembly of the Republic|Portuguese parliament]] |- |[[Teotonio R. de Souza]] |Goan historian and writer |- |[[Wendell Rodricks]] |Indian fashion designer | |- |[[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]] |[[Indian independence activists|Indian freedom fighter]] |- |[[Wallis Mathias]] |Pakistani ex-[[cricketer]] |- |[[Ian D'Sa]] |Guitarist for the [[Canadian]] band [[Billy Talent]] |- |} ==See also== {{Portal box|Christianity in India|Catholicism|Goa}} *[[Christianity in Goa]] *[[Mangalorean Catholics]] *[[Portuguese India]] {{-}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Goan Catholics}} *[http://www.kinnigoli.com/?app=article&mode=view&uid=11 Sarasvati's Children] by Joe Lobo *[http://www.catholic-goan-network.net/index.shtml Catholic Goan Network] *[http://www.archgoadaman.org/ Archdiocese of Goa and Daman website] *[http://sportygoans.blogspot.com Goans on the International Sporting Stage] *[http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2006-November/thread&post_id=050978 Great Men of Goa] *[http://www.goatoronto.com/ Goan Overseas Association (G.O.A.)] *[http://www.goansinoman.com/ Goan community of Oman] *[http://canorientmontreal.org/aboutus.htm Canorient Christian Association] *[http://www.melgoans.com/ Melgoans]
{{Goan Catholics}} {{Communities in Goa|uncollapsed}} {{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and Konkan}} {{Christianityfooter}} {{Catholicism}} {{Asia in topic|Roman Catholicism in}} {{coord missing|Goa}}