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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
 
 
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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathway
Metabolic pathway

In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemistry reactions occurring within a cell . In each pathway, a principal chemical is modified by chemical reactions....
s of all organisms. It is a phosphate ester
Phosphoric acids and Phosphates

This article compares various kinds of phosphoric acids and phosphates....
 of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula Carbon3Hydrogen6Oxygen3. It is the simplest of all common aldoses....
 and has chemical formula
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
 C
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
3H
Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
7O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
6P
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals....
.

The CAS number of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is 142-10-9 and that of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (one of the two optical isomers
Chirality (chemistry)

The term chiral is used to describe an object that is non-Superposition on its mirror image.Human hands are perhaps the most universally recognized example of chirality: The left hand is a non-superposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands...
 of the compound and the one most often occurring in living organisms) is 591-57-1.

yceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed from the following three compounds in reversible reactions:





The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate.







D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is also of some importance since this is how glycerol
Glycerol

Glycerol is a chemical compound also commonly called glycerin or glycerine. It is a colorless, odorless, Viscosity liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations....
 (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenetic pathways.






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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathway
Metabolic pathway

In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemistry reactions occurring within a cell . In each pathway, a principal chemical is modified by chemical reactions....
s of all organisms. It is a phosphate ester
Phosphoric acids and Phosphates

This article compares various kinds of phosphoric acids and phosphates....
 of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula Carbon3Hydrogen6Oxygen3. It is the simplest of all common aldoses....
 and has chemical formula
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
 C
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
3H
Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
7O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
6P
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals....
.

The CAS number of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is 142-10-9 and that of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (one of the two optical isomers
Chirality (chemistry)

The term chiral is used to describe an object that is non-Superposition on its mirror image.Human hands are perhaps the most universally recognized example of chirality: The left hand is a non-superposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands...
 of the compound and the one most often occurring in living organisms) is 591-57-1.

An intermediate in both glycolysis
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....
 and gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactic acid, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids....


Formation

D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed from the following three compounds in reversible reactions:

  • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP), catalyzed by aldolase
    Aldolase

    Aldolase A is an enzyme which catalyses one of the aldol reactions: The substrate , fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is broken down into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate ....
    .




The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate.

  • Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP
    Dhap

    Dhap is a Village Development Committee in Darchula District in the Mahakali Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4092 people residing in 694 individual households....
    ), catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase.


  • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
    Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

    Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules....
    .


As a substrate

  • To produce 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate in glycolysis
    Glycolysis

    Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....
    .


D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is also of some importance since this is how glycerol
Glycerol

Glycerol is a chemical compound also commonly called glycerin or glycerine. It is a colorless, odorless, Viscosity liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations....
 (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenetic pathways. Furthermore, it is a participant in and a product of the pentose phosphate pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway is a process that serves to generate NADPH and the synthesis of pentose sugars. There are two distinct phases in the pathway....
.

An intermediate in photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....

During plant photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
, two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate
Glycerate 3-phosphate

3-Phosphoglyceric acid , or glycerate 3-phosphate , is a biochemistry significant 3-carbon molecule that is a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle....
 (GP) are produced by the first step of the light-independent reaction
Light-independent reaction

Photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions, are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other Chemical compounds into glucose. They occur in the stroma, the fluid filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes....
s when ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
 are catalysed by the rubisco
RuBisCO

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, most commonly known by the shorter name RuBisCO, is an enzyme that is used in the Calvin cycle to catalyze the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to organisms in the form of fuel molecules such as sucrose....
 enzyme. The GP is converted to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate using the energy in ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 and the reducing power of NADPH as part of the Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemistry reactions that take place in the Stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthesis organisms. It was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley ....
. This returns ADP
Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine....
, phosphate ions Pi, and NADP+ to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis for their continued functioning. RuBP is regenerated for the Calvin cycle to continue.

G3P is generally considered the prime end-product of photosynthesis and it can be used as an immediate food nutrient, combined and rearranged to form monosaccharide sugars, such as glucose
Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
, which can be transported to other cells, or packaged for storage as insoluble polysaccharide
Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates. They are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. They are therefore very large, often branched, macromolecules....
s such as starch
Starch

File:Amylose2.svgFile:Amylopektin Sessel.svgStarch or amylum is a polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds....
.

Balance sheet

6 CO2 + 6 RuBP (+ energy from 12 ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 and 12 NADPH) ? 12 G3P (3-carbon)

10 G3P (+ energy from 6 ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
) ? 6 RuBP (ie starting material regenerated)

2 G3P ? glucose
Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
 (6-carbon).

In tryptophan
Tryptophan

Tryptophan is one of the 20 List of standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG....
 biosynthesis

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs as a byproduct in the biosynthesis pathway of tryptophan
Tryptophan

Tryptophan is one of the 20 List of standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG....
, an essential amino acid
Amino acid

In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. These molecules are particularly important in biochemistry, where this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent....
 that cannot be produced by the human body.

In thiamine
Thiamine

'Thiamine', or 'thiamin', sometimes called aneurin, is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex , whose phosphate derivatives are involved in many cellular processes....
 biosynthesis

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs as a reactant in the biosynthesis pathway of thiamine
Thiamine

'Thiamine', or 'thiamin', sometimes called aneurin, is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex , whose phosphate derivatives are involved in many cellular processes....
 (Vitamin B1), another substance that cannot be produced by the human body.

See also


External links

  • , from the KEGG PATHWAY Database
    KEGG PATHWAY Database

    KEGG is a collection of online databases dealing with genomes, enzymatic pathways, and biological chemicals. The PATHWAY database records networks of molecular interactions in the cells, and variants of them specific to particular organisms....
  • , from the KEGG PATHWAY Database