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German-Brazilian
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A German Brazilian (German: Deutschbrasilianer, Portuguese: teuto-brasileiro or germano-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of German ancestry or origin. Although there are German Brazilians in many parts of Brazil, they live mostly in the Southern part of the country, comprising the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina.
German-speaking immigrants first arrived in Brazil starting at the beginning of the 19th century they did not identify themselves so much as an unified German-Brazilian group.
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Encyclopedia
A German Brazilian (German: Deutschbrasilianer, Portuguese: teuto-brasileiro or germano-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of German ancestry or origin. Although there are German Brazilians in many parts of Brazil, they live mostly in the Southern part of the country, comprising the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina.
Immigration
When German-speaking immigrants first arrived in Brazil starting at the beginning of the 19th century they did not identify themselves so much as an unified German-Brazilian group. However, as time went on this common regional identity did emerge for many different geo-socio-political reasons. Germans immigrated mainly from nowadays Germany, but also from other countries where German communities were established. From 1824 to 1969, around 250,000 Germans emigrated to Brazil, being the fourth largest immigrant community to settle in the country, after the Portuguese, Italians and Spaniards. The majority of them arrived between World War I and World War II.
German immigration to Brazil, decenal periods from 1824 to 1969
Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) | | | Decade | | Nationality | 1824-47 | 1848-72 | 1872-79 | 1880-89 | 1890-99 | 1900-09 | 1910-19 | 1920-29 | 1930-39 | 1940-49 | 1950-59 | 1960-69 | | Germans | 8,176 | 19,523 | 14,325 | 18,901 | 17,084 | 13,848 | 25,902 | 75,801 | 27,497 | 6,807 | 16,643 | 5,659 |
First German settlement in Brazil
The first German immigrants to settle Brazil were 165 families who settled in Ilhéus, Bahia, in 1818. One year later, 200 families settled São Jorge, in the same state. Some Germans were brought to work in the Brazilian army after Independence from Portugal, in 1822.
However, the cradle of the German settlement in Brazil was São Leopoldo, in 1824. Southern Brazil, at that time, was a region with a very low population density. Most of its inhabitants were concentrated on the coast and a few in the Pampas. The interior was covered by forests and populated by Indians. This lack of population was a problem, because Southern Brazil could easily be invaded by neighboring countries.
Since Brazil was recently independent from Portugal, it was not possible to bring Portuguese immigrants. Germany was suffering the effects of the wars against Napoleon, overpopulation and poverty in the countryside. Many Germans were willing to immigrate to Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil's Empress, Maria Leopoldina, was Austrian and encouraged the arrival of German immigrants.
The first communities
Major Schaeffer, a German who was living in Brazil, was sent to Germany in order to bring immigrants. From Rhineland-Palatinate, the Major brought the immigrants and soldiers. To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised large tracts of land, where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. In fact, these lands were in the middle of big forests and the first Germans had been abandoned by the Brazilian government. From 1824 to 1829, the Major brought 5,000 Germans to Brazil.
German immigrants in Brazil settled mostly in rural areas, called colonies (colônias in Portuguese). These colonies had been created by the Brazilian government, and the lands were distributed among the immigrants. They had to construct their own houses and cultivate the land.
The first years were not easy. Many Germans died of tropical disease, while others left the colonies to find better living conditions. The German colony of São Leopoldo was a disaster. Nevertheless, in the following years, a further 4,830 Germans arrived at São Leopoldo, and then the colony started to develop, with the immigrants establishing the town of Novo Hamburgo (New Hamburg). From São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, the German immigrants spread into others areas of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly close to sources of rivers. The whole region of Vale dos Sinos was populated by Germans. During the 1830s and part of the 1840s German immigration to Brazil was interrupted due to conflicts in the country (War of the Farrapos).
Waves of immigrants
The immigration restarted after 1845 with the creation of new colonies. The most important ones were Blumenau, in 1850, and Joinville in 1851, both in Santa Catarina state; these attracted thousands of German immigrants to the region. Some of the mass influx was due to the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. Nowadays these areas of German colonization are among the wealthiest ones of Brazil, with the lowest levels of unemployment and illiteracy found in the country, and still retain a strong influence from the German culture.
By the end of the 19th century, 122 German communities had been created in Rio Grande do Sul, and many others in Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Germans helped to establish a middle-class population in Brazil, in a country divided between slaves and their masters.
Urban Germans in Brazil
Not all Germans who settled in Brazil became farmers. In the early 20th century, very few rural areas of Southern Brazil were empty. Most of them had been settled by German, Italian and Polish immigrants during the 19th century. Given this situation, most Germans who immigrated to Brazil during the 20th century settled in big towns, although many of them also settled in the old rural German colonies. German immigration to Brazil peaked during the 1920s, after World War I. These Germans were mostly middle-class laborers from urban areas of Germany, different from the poor peasants who had settled in the colonies of Brazil during the 19th century.
During the 1920s and 1930s, Brazil also attracted a significant number of German Jews, who settled mostly in São Paulo.
Germans actively participated in the industrialization and development of big cities in Brazil, such as Curitiba and Porto Alegre.
After World War II, the nationalist Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas forbade the use of the German language in Brazil, and German immigration became very low.
Culture
Language
Most German-Brazilians speak only Portuguese nowadays. This is mainly due to the prohibition of German teaching in schools and the publication of German newspapers (together with Italian and Japanese) during World War II, when Brazil broke off diplomatic relations with Germany (and also with the other Axis Powers, Italy and Japan). However, German is still spoken by over 600,000 Brazilians as a first or second language.
Riograndenser Hunsrückisch is the Brazilian variety of the Hunsrückisch dialect (a German dialect) that best represents, at least in terms of total numbers, the German speaking regional culture of southern Brazil. Notably, other German dialects became part of the southern Brazilian cultural/regionalist landscape, including Plautdietsch, Pommersch, and Swabian German, amongst many others.
German as a regionalism in the south of Brazil is mostly a spoken, family and community language today. People tend to avoid speaking it in public and with persons outside of their closest social circles.
Religion
Most of the German-Brazilians are Roman Catholics or Lutherans (Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil), but with significant Jewish, Mennonite and Adventist German communities. Germans were the first people to estabilish a Protestant church in Brazil.
The forced assimilation
When Germans first arrived in Southern Brazil in 1824, they found a country with a climate, vegetation and culture very different from those of Germany. Southern Brazil was a land of gauchos, cattle herders who lived, and still live, in the Pampas region of the Southern Cone. In the following decades, however, waves of Germanic immigrants arrived, to the point that in many areas of Southern Brazil the vast majority of the inhabitants were Germans and even after three or four generations born in Brazil, these people used to consider themselves Germans.
Between 1937 and 1945 a significant portion of the Brazilian population suffered interference in daily life produced by a "campaign of nationalization". This population -- called by the Brazilian government as "alien" -- was composed of immigrants and their descendants. Both the Brazilian Empire and the early Republic allowed groups of immigrants to settle isolated communities, mainly in Southern Brazil, and to some extent in other parts, such as Espírito Santo, in the Southeast. These people remained non-assimilated in the major Brazilian society, a fact that worried the government of President Getúlio Vargas. The army had an important role during this process of forced assimilation of these areas of "foreign colonization" that created "ethnic cysts" in Brazil. German Brazilians saw themselves as part of a pluralist society, so that the Deutschtum conception (of being part of a community with the same ancestry, in this case German) seemed compatible with the fact that they were also Brazilian citizens. However, the Brazilian government only accepted the idea of the jus soli, so that all people born in Brazil should see themselves as Brazilians, and leave other ethnic associations behind. The Brazilian view contrasted with the jus sanguinis conception of most German Brazilians of that time, who were still conected to the ancestral homeland.
Not only the people of German origin were considered "alien": almost all descendants of immigrants, in some degree, were "non-assimilated", in the opinion of Bethlem and other participants of the campaign. However, evidence of greater resistance to "abrasileiramento" were found in those areas considered "redoubt of Germanism", a situation considered of risk to the cultural, racial and territorial integrities of the nation. One of the areas that were considered a "non-patriotic" region was the Vale do Itajaí, where the population was composed mostly by Germans, Italians and Poles. In the 1930s, the Vale do Itajaí appears as a place of "strange costumes, full of non-national Brazilians (on the principle of jus soli), contaminated by ideals of a nation that collapsed Brazil, a place of disintegration of national spirit". During this nationalization context, the Germans were considered the most "alien", the Italians were the closest to the Brazilians, and the Poles occupied an intermediary place, but none of them could bear the unmistakable identity of Brazilian culture in their design and race. The threat of secession is not a novelty in regard to the definition of the nation-state: long before 1939, Brazilian nationalists feared the collapse of the south, considering it "too Germanized". Many members of the Brazilian army participated during this process, such as Nogueira:
Nogueira also compared the German Brazilians to "an octopus who extended the tentacles" in Southern Brazil. Nogueira used the image of the occupation of the most fertile areas of southern territory by foreigners, who had no intention to be integrated to the new country, but to be segregated since the beggining of their settlement. The record of the first impressions about the city of Blumenau in the book received the subtitle of "One Weird City", arguing that "the German language is spoken without constraints, including in public offices". Silvio Romero (1906) compared the German immigration to the Barbarian Invasions which culminated at the end of the Roman Empire. Diverse texts of different authors against the German settlement in Brazil showed clear xenophobia (against the so-called "German threat"). The Portuguese language appears as a fundamental criterion of nationality and it justified the nationalization of education and the closing of ethnic schools. Most German Brazilians could barely speak Portuguese, and when the German language was forbidden from being spoken in the country, they faced many difficulties due to this language barrier.
From this perspective, the human element representative of the "more legitimate" national formation had the task of incorporating immigrants and their descendants to the imagined myth of the amalgam of the three races that makes up the nation (the Brazilian people as a result of the mixing of whites, blacks and Indians).
In the 1930s, Brazil was home to one of the largest German populations outside of Germany, with 100,000 German born people and a community of 1 million people of German descent, whose ancestors had been settling the country since 1824. Brazil also had the largest number of members of the Nazi Party outside of Germany, with 2,822 members. The large number of people with German roots and a notable number of Nazi members were used by the Brazilian government to keep their programs of nationalization. During World War II, in 1942, Brazilian ships were attacked by Nazi Germany and Brazil declared war against Germany. Then, President Getúlio Vargas initiated a strict program of forced cultural assimilation - Nacionalismo- that worked quite efficiently, if not initially.
He forbade any manifestation of German culture in Brazil. German schools were closed, houses with German architecture were destroyed and the use of the German language in Brazil was also forbidden. Members of the Brazilian army were sent to areas of "foreign colonization" to "monitor" the local population. There are records of arrest or moral coercion motivated by the use of foreign languages.
Since then, the southern Brazilian German regional language/culture has been in decline. Some decried it as a tragic loss for the country while others felt that this meant national progress, saying assimilation would ultimately lead to a feeling of "getting together".
However, German influence can still be seen all across the southern states, be it in architecture, shops, town names or the way of life. Many German schools re-opened during the 1950s and are regarded as some of the best places where to send children.
German influence in Brazil
Germans are regarded as good industrialists in Brazil, manufacturing shoes, leather goods, furniture, textiles, charcoal, mechanical devices, etc., as well as good farmers. Many Brazilian towns were built using German architecture.
Many aspects of Brazil's culture were influenced by Germans. Today Brazil hosts Oktoberfests in Blumenau, in Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz do Sul and Igrejinha, in Rio Grande do Sul and Marechal Cândido Rondon, in Paraná, along many other cities. Beer itself is said to have been brought by German immigrants, and today it is Brazil's most popular alcoholic beverage.
They spread the Protestant faith (especially Lutheranism) and were the first people to cultivate wheat and to raise swine in Brazil. The regions heavily settled by Germans in Brazil still retain a strong German influence.
Number of German Brazilians and ethnicity
In the southern states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Germans were 20% of their population in the 1930s. According to the German Consulate in Porto Alegre, there are 3 million people of German descent living in these two states, and 5 million in the entire Brazil, though another source claims 10% of Brazilians have at least one German ancestor, then the number would be as high as 18 million.
The percentages are higher in some cities. For example, in the town of Pomerode, Santa Catarina, 90% of the population are Brazilians of German descent, and the main local language is a Pomeranian dialect. It is considerated the most "German" city in Brazil. Many towns in Southern Brazil have a majority of German-descended people, such as São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo, Nova Petrópolis, São Bento do Sul, Blumenau, Joinville, Santa Isabel, Gramado, Canela, Santa Cruz do Sul, Estância Velha, Ivoti, Dois Irmãos, Morro Reuter, Santa Maria do Herval, Presidente Lucena, Picada Café, Santo Ângelo, Teutônia, Ibirubá, Victor Graeff, Brusque and many others.
German communities
| Place | Date | Place of origin of the settlers |
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| Nova Friburgo (RJ) | 1823 | Schweiz, Rheinland, Sachsen, Böhmen | | São Leopoldo (RS) | 1824 | Hunsrück, Sachsen, Württemberg, Sachsen-Coburg | | Petrópolis (RJ) | 1837 | Kastellaun, Mosel, Bingen, Nassau, Ingelheim, Wörrstadt, Darmstadt, Rheinland | | Santa Cruz (RS) | 1849 | Rheinland, Pommern, Schlesien | | Santo Ângelo (RS) | 1857 | Rheinland, Sachsen, Pommern | | Nova Petrópolis (RS) | 1859 | Pommern, Sachsen, Böhmen | | Teutônia (RS) | 1868 | Westfalen | | São Lourenço do Sul (RS) | 1857 | Pommern, Rheinland | | Blumenau (SC) | 1850 | Pommern, Holstein, Hannover, Braunschweig, Sachsen | | Brusque (SC) | 1860 | Baden, Oldenburg, Rheinland, Pommern, Schleswig-Holstein, Braunschweig | | Pomerode (SC) | 1861 | Pommern | | Joinville (SC) | 1851 | Pommern, Preußen, Oldenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Hannover, Schweiz | | Curitiba (PR) | 1851 | Wolgadeutsche | | Santa Isabel (ES) | 1847 | Hunsrück, Pommern, Rheinland, Preußen, Sachsen | | Santa Leopoldina (ES) | 1857 | Pommern, Rheinland, Preußen, Sachsen, Schweiz, Tirol | | Santa Maria de Jetibá (ES) | 1857 | Pommern |
Female models of German origin
Brazilian female models of German origin have achieved fame for their beauty and class in the fashion world and in beauty contests. Many are world-class top models or supermodels and seem to be proportionally better represented in these areas than models of other ethnic origins. The small cities of the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul are ideal grounds for talent hunters from all over the world. The best known is Gisele Bündchen as well as Ana Claudia Michels, Ana Hickmann, Mariana Weickert and Letícia Birkheuer, Raquel Zimmermann, Cintia Dicker, Solange Wilvert, Monique Olsen, Carol Trentini, Jeísa Chiminazzo and Bruna Erhardt.
Winners of the Miss Brazil beauty pageant have included Vera Fischer (1969), Ingrid Budag (1975), Eveline Schroeter (1980), Maria Carolina Portella Otto (1990), Leila Cristine Schuster (1993), Thaisa Thomsen (2002), Carina Beduschi (2005) and Rafaela Zanella (2006).
The Miss Brasil 2007 pageant broke all records regarding the participation of misses of German descent. They were: Jakeline Lemke (state of Espírito Santo), Priscilla Riker (Amazonas), Liandra Schmidt (Goiás), Rafaela Studart (Brasília), Sabrina Rhoden (São Paulo) and Manoella Heiderscheidt (Santa Catarina).
Notable German Brazilians
 - Adolfo Lutz, physician
- Aloisio Cardinal Lorscheider, Catholic prelate, former Archbishop of Aparecida
- Ana Claudia Michels, fashion model
- Ana Hickmann, fashion top model
- Andreas Kisser, musician, guitarist of rock band Sepultura
- Arthur Friedenreich, football (soccer) player
- Astrud Gilberto, singer
- Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald, Navy admiral and member of military ruling junta
- Bob Falkenburg, Wimbledon Champion and businessman
- Bruna Erhardt, fashion model
- Carina Beduschi, model and Miss Brazil
- Carl August Wilhelm Schwacke
- Carlos Alberto Kirmayr, tennis player
- Carolina Dieckman, actress
- Carolina Solberg Salgado, beach volleyball player
- Caroline Trentini, top fashion model
- Cintia Dicker, top fashion model
- Cláudio Cardinal Hummes, Catholic prelate, Archbishop of São Paulo
- Cláudio Heinrich, actor
- Cláudio Taffarel, former football player
- Dunga, former football player and current coach of the Brazil national football team
- Eduardo Krieger, scientist, physician and president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
- Emílio Henrique Baumgart, civil engineer and businessman in the building industry
- Eric Leme Walther Maleson, Eric Maleson , Bobsled pilot, 2002 Olympian, President of the Brazilian Ice Sports Federation
- Ernesto Geisel, Army general and former president of the Republic
- Ernst W. Hamburger, physicist
- Eusébio Cardinal Scheid, Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro
- Fabiano Scherner, mixed martial arts fighter
- Fernando Scherer, swimmer
- Florian Haiss, fine artist
- Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, writer and historian
- Fritz Müller, naturalist
- Gisele Bündchen, top model
- Gustavo Kuerten, tennis player
- Guy Ecker, actor
- Hans-Joachim Koellreutter, composer and musician
- Hans Staden explorer
- Heinrich Meyerfreund, founder of Garoto
- Helmut Sick, ornithologist
- Henrique Adriano Buss, soccer player
- Hermann von Ihering, zoologist
- Hilda Hilst, writer
- Humberto Gessinger, composer and musician of Engenheiros do Hawaii band.
- Ingo Hoffmann, stock car driver
- Jeisa Chiminazzo, fashion model
- João Weber Griebeler, writer
- Jorge Bornhausen, businessman and politician
- Jose Lutzenberger, biologist and ecologist
- Kevin Kuranyi, soccer player
- Lauro Müller, politician
- Letícia Birkheuer, top model and actress
- Louise Wischermann
- Ludwig August Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Navy officer and member of Brazilian royal family
- Ludwig Riedel, German-born naturalist
- Lya Luft, writer
- Marianne Steinbrecher volleyball player
- Norberto Odebrecht, civil engineer
- Olga Benário Prestes, German-born wife of Antonio Carlos Prestes, Brazilian leader of the Brazilian Communist Party
- Oscar Schmidt, ace basketball player
- Paulo Evaristo Cardinal Arns, Catholic prelate, former Archbishop of São Paulo
- Paulo Rink, soccer player
- Queen Silvia of Sweden, a.k.a. Silvia Sommerlath
- Rafaela Zanella, model and Miss Brazil
- Raquel Zimmermann, fashion model
- Renê Weber, soccer player
- Robert Scheidt, yachtsman
- Roberto Burle Marx, landscape architect
- Rodrigo Hilbert, actor
- Ruth Volgl Cardoso, Chess Player
- Sérgio Augustin, judge
- Thomas Koch, tennis player
- Tiago Splitter, NBA player
- Urda Alice Klueger, writer and historian
- Vera Fischer, former Miss Brazil and actress
- Walther Sommerlath, businessman, father of Queen Silvia of Sweden
- Willy Zumblick, painter
- Xuxa Meneghel, model, actress and TV personality
See also
External links
- (toll-free, registration necessary, in German)
- (Blumenau, Santa Catarina)
- (a German article: "We German-Brazilians" (PDF))
- (an Internet magazine published both in German and in Portuguese)
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