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George of Podebrady
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George of Kunštát and Podebrady (April 23, 1420 - March 22, 1471), also known as Podebrad or Podiebrad (; ), was King of Bohemia (1458-1471).
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George of Kunštát and Podebrady (April 23, 1420 - March 22, 1471), also known as Podebrad or Podiebrad (; ), was King of Bohemia (1458-1471). He was leader of the Hussites.
Life
Early life
George was the son of Victor of Kunštát and Podebrady, a Bohemian nobleman, one of the leaders of the Orphans or Utraquists, the more moderate faction of the Hussites during the Hussite Wars. At the age of fourteen, George himself took part in the Battle of Lipany, which marked the downfall of the more radical Taborites.
Early in life, as one of the leaders of the Hussite party, he defeated the Austrian troops of the King Albert II, who had succeeded King Sigismund as King of Bohemia, Germany and Hungary. George soon became a prominent member of the Hussite party, and after the death of Ptacek of Pirkstein its leader.
King Albert was succeeded by his posthumously born son Ladislaus, during whose reign Bohemia was divided into two parties: the party faithful to Rome, led by Oldrich of Rosenberg (1403-1462), and the Hussite party, led by George.
After various attempts at reconciliation, George sought a military decision. He gradually raised an armed force in north-eastern Bohemia, where the Hussites were strong and where his ancestral castle Litice was situated. In 1448, he marched this army, about 9000 strong, from Kutná Hora to Prague, and obtained possession of the capital almost without resistance.
Civil war, however, broke out, but George succeeded in defeating the nobles who remained faithful to Rome. In 1451 the emperor Frederick III, as guardian of the young king Ladislas, entrusted Podebrad with the administration of Bohemia. In the same year a diet assembled at Prague also conferred the regency on George.
Ruler of Bohemia
The struggle of the Hussites against the papal party continued uninterruptedly, and the position of George became a very difficult one when the young king Ladislaus, who was crowned in 1453, expressed his pro-Roman sympathies, though he had recognized the compacts and the ancient privileges of Bohemia. In 1457 King Ladislaus died suddenly and some voices accused George of having poisoned him. (Research in 1985 gave acute leukemia as the cause of death.)
On February 27, 1458 the estates of Bohemia unanimously chose George as king. Even the adherents of the papal party voted for him, some in honour of his moderate policies, some out in deferences to popular feeling, which opposed the election of a foreign ruler.
George attempted to rule in a moderate manner based on the Compacta of Prague. He won the loyalty of some Catholics, but had to contend with the opposition of Pius II, which proved one of the most serious obstacles to Podebrad's rule. Pius declared the Compacta null and void in 1462 and wished George to consent to this. George rejected this demand but endeavoured to curry favour with the Roman See by punishing the more extreme Hussites.
George attempted to secure peace with Rome by a radical suggestion, which some consider to have been a proposal before its time of a European Union. He proposed a treaty among all Christian powers, with Germany (including, then, Bohemia), France, and Italy and its princes the founding members, but others, especially the Hispanic powers, joining later. The member states would pledge to settle all differences by exclusively peaceful means. There was to be a common parliament and other common institutions and supranational insignia. George couched the proposal in Christian terms ("Europe" is not explicitly mentioned) as a way to stop the "abominable Turk" who had conquered Constantinople in 1453. He sent Leo of Rozmital on a tour of European courts with a draft treaty to promote this idea. George hoped that the treaty would come into effect in 1464.
That did not happen. All George's endeavours to establish peace with Rome proved ineffectual, although Pius II's plan of a crusade against Bohemia remained unexecuted.
After Pius' death in 1464, George attempted to negotiate with the new Pope, Paul II but Paul proved to be an equally determined opponent.
George made enemies among the nobles of the papal party, who assembled at Zelená hora (Grüneberg) on November 28, 1465 to voice their grievances and conclude an alliance against the king. The confederacy was from its beginning supported by Pope Paul and on December 23, 1466 the Pope excommunicated George and pronounced his deposition as king of Bohemia, releasing all subjects of the Bohemian crown from their oaths of allegiance to George. Emperor Frederick III, and King Matthias of Hungary, George's former ally, joined the insurgent Bohemian nobles. King Matthias conquered a large part of Moravia, and was crowned King by the papal party in the Moravian ecclesiastical metropolis Olomouc, as king of Bohemia on May 3, 1469.
George was successful against Matthias but, contrary to the wishes of his followers, came to an agreement with the Hungarian king in 1470.
He died on March 22, 1471 and his followers chose Vladislaus II, the son of the Polish King, as his successor to continue the fight against Matthias.
Bibliography
"Chrétienté et Europe : le projet de Georges de Podiebrad au xve sičcle," Chrétiens et sociétés, 1 | 1994, [online], uploaded 08 July, 2008. URL : http://chretienssocietes.revues.org//index68.html (French).
Frederick G. Heymann. George of Bohemia. King of Heretics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965.
Otakar Odložilík. The Hussite King. Bohemia in European Affairs 1440-1471. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1965.
Josef Macek. Jirí z Podebrad. Praha: Svobodné slovo, 1967.
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