|
|
|
|
Geometrization conjecture
|
| |
|
| |
Thurston's geometrization conjecture states that compact 3-manifolds can be decomposed into submanifolds that have geometric structures. The geometrization conjecture is an analogue for 3-manifolds of the uniformization theorem for surfaces. It was proposed by William Thurston in 1982, and implies several other conjectures, such as the Poincaré conjecture and Thurston's elliptization conjecture.
Thurston's geometrization theorem, or hyperbolization theorem, states that Haken manifolds satisfy the conclusion of geometrization conjecture.
Discussion
Ask a question about 'Geometrization conjecture' Start a new discussion about 'Geometrization conjecture' Answer questions from other users |
Encyclopedia
Thurston's geometrization conjecture states that compact 3-manifolds can be decomposed into submanifolds that have geometric structures. The geometrization conjecture is an analogue for 3-manifolds of the uniformization theorem for surfaces. It was proposed by William Thurston in 1982, and implies several other conjectures, such as the Poincaré conjecture and Thurston's elliptization conjecture.
Thurston's geometrization theorem, or hyperbolization theorem, states that Haken manifolds satisfy the conclusion of geometrization conjecture. Thurston announced a proof in the 1980s and since then several complete proofs have appeared in print. Grigori Perelman sketched a proof of the full geometrization conjecture in 2003 using Ricci flow with surgery.
There are now four different manuscripts (see below) with details of the proof. The Poincare conjecture and the spherical
space form conjecture are corollaries of Geometrization, although there are shorter proofs of the former that do not
lead to Geometrization.
The conjecture
A 3-manifold is called closed if it is compact and has no boundary.
Every closed 3-manifold has a prime decomposition: this means it is the connected sum of prime three-manifolds (this decomposition is essentially unique except for a small problem in the case of non-orientable manifolds). This reduces much of the study of 3-manifolds to the case of prime 3-manifolds: those that cannot be written as a non-trivial connected sum.
Here is a statement of Thurston's conjecture:
- Every oriented prime closed 3-manifold can be cut along tori, so that the interior of each of the resulting manifolds has a geometric structure with finite volume.
There are 8 possible geometric structures in 3 dimensions, described in the next section.
There is a unique minimal way of cutting an irreducible oriented 3-manifold along tori into pieces that are Seifert manifolds or atoroidal called the JSJ decomposition, which is not quite the same as the decomposition in the geometrization conjecture, because some of the pieces in the JSJ decomposition might not have finite volume geometric structures. (For example, the mapping torus of an Anosov map of a torus has a finite volume sol structure, but its JSJ decomposition cuts it open along one torus to produce a product of a torus and a unit interval, and the interior of this has no finite volume geometric structure.)
For non-oriented manifolds the easiest way to state a geometrization conjecture is to first take the oriented double cover. It is also possible to work directly with non-orientable manifolds, but this gives some extra complications: it may be necessary to cut along projective planes and Klein bottles as well as spheres and tori, and manifolds with a projective plane boundary component usually have no geometric structure so this gives a minor extra complication.
In 2 dimensions the analogous statement says that every surface (without boundary) has a geometric structure consisting of a metric with constant curvature; it is not necessary to cut the manifold up first.
The eight Thurston geometries
A model geometry is a simply connected smooth manifold X together with a transitive action of a Lie group G on X with compact stabilizers.
A model geometry is called maximal if
G is maximal among groups acting smoothly and transitively on X with compact stabilizers. Sometimes this condition is included in the definition of a model geometry.
A geometric structure on a manifold M is a diffeomorphism from M to X/G for some model geometry X, where G is a discrete subgroup of G acting freely on X. If a given manifold admits a geometric structure, then it admits one whose model is maximal.
A 3-dimensional model geometry X is relevant to the geometrization conjecture if it is maximal and if there is at least one compact manifold with a geometric structure modelled on X. Thurston classified the 8 model geometries satisfying these conditions; they are listed below and are sometimes called Thurston geometries. (There are also uncountably many model geometries without compact quotients.)
There is some connection with the Bianchi groups: the 3-dimensional Lie groups. Most Thurston geometries can be realized as a left invariant metric on a Bianchi group. However S2×R cannot be, Euclidean space corresponds to two different Bianchi groups, and there are an uncountable number of solvable non-unimodular Bianchi groups, most of which give model geometries with no compact representatives.
The point stabilizer is O3(R), and the group G is the 6-dimensional Lie group O4(R), with 2 components. The corresponding manifolds are exactly the closed 3-manifolds with finite fundamental group. Examples include the 3-sphere, the Poincaré homology sphere, Lens spaces.
This geometry can be modeled as a left invariant metric on the Bianchi group of type IX.
Manifolds with this geometry are all compact, orientable, and have the structure of a Seifert fiber space (often in several ways). The complete list of such manifolds is given in the article on Spherical 3-manifolds.
Under Ricci flow manifolds with this geometry collapse to a point in finite time.
The point stabilizer is O3(R), and the group G is the 6-dimensional Lie group R3.O3(R), with 2 components. Examples are the 3-torus, and more generally the
mapping torus
of a finite order automorphism of the 2-torus; see torus bundle. There are exactly 10 finite closed 3-manifolds with this geometry, 6 orientable and 4 non-orientable.
This geometry can be modeled as a left invariant metric on the Bianchi groups of type I or VII0.
Finite volume manifolds with this geometry are all compact, and have the structure of a Seifert fiber space (sometimes in two ways). The complete list of such manifolds is given in the article on Seifert fiber spaces.
Under Ricci flow manifolds with Euclidean geometry remain invariant.
The point stabilizer is O3(R), and the group G is the 6-dimensional Lie group O1,3(R)+, with 2 components. There are enormous numbers of examples of these, and their classification is not completely understood. The example with smallest known volume is the Weeks manifold. Other examples are given by the Seifert-Weber space, or "sufficiently complicated" Dehn sugeries on links, or most Haken manifolds. The geometrization conjecture implies that a closed 3-manifold is hyperbolic if and only if it is irreducible, atoroidal, and has infinite fundamental group.
This geometry can be modeled as a left invariant metric on the Bianchi group of type V.
Under Ricci flow manifolds with hyperbolic geometry expand.
The geometry of S2×R
The point stabilizer is O2(R)×Z/2Z, and the group G is O3(R)×R.Z/2Z, with 4 components. The four finite volume manifolds with this geometry are: S2×S1, the mapping torus of the antipode map of S2, the connected sum of two copies of 3 dimensional projective space, and the product of S1 with two-dimensional projective space. The first two are mapping tori of the identity map and antipode map of the 2-sphere, and are the only examples of 3-manifolds that are prime but not irreducible. The third is the only example of a non-trivial connected sum with a geometric structure. This is the only model geometry that cannot be realized as a left invariant metric on a 3-dimensional Lie group.
Finite volume manifolds with this geometry are all compact and have the structure of a Seifert fiber space (often in several ways). Under normalized Ricci flow manifolds with this geometry converge to a 1-dimensional manifold.
The geometry of H2×R
The point stabilizer is O2(R) × Z/2Z, and the group G is O1,2(R)+ × R.Z/2Z, with 4 components. Examples include the product of a hyperbolic surface with a circle, or more generally the mapping torus of an isometry of a hyperbolic surface. Finite volume manifolds with this geometry have the structure of a Seifert fiber space if they are orientable. (If they are not orientable the natural fibration by circles is not necessarily a Seifert fibration: the problem is that some fibers may "reverse orientation"; in other words their neighborhoods look like fibered solid Klein bottles rather than solid tori.) The classification of such (oriented) manifolds is given in the article on Seifert fiber spaces.
This geometry can be modeled as a left invariant metric on the Bianchi group of type III.
Under normalized Ricci flow manifolds with this geometry converge to a 2-dimensional manifold.
The geometry of the universal cover of SL2(R)
is the universal cover of SL2(R), which fibers over . The point stabilizer is O2(R). The group G has 2 components. Its identity component has the structure . Examples of these manifolds include: the manifold of unit vectors of the tangent bundle of a hyperbolic surface, and more generally the Brieskorn homology spheres (excepting the 3-sphere and the Poincare dodecahedral space). This geometry can be modeled as a left invariant metric on the Bianchi group of type VIII. Finite volume manifolds with this geometry are orientable and have the structure of a Seifert fiber space. The classification of such manifolds is given in the article on Seifert fiber spaces. Under normalized Ricci flow manifolds with this geometry converge to a 2-dimensional manifold.
Nil geometry
This fibers over E2, and is the geometry of the Heisenberg group. The point stabilizer is O2(R). The group G has 2 components, and is a semidirect product of the 3-dimensional Heisenberg group by the group O2(R) of isometries of a circle. Compact manifolds with this geometry include the mapping torus of a Dehn twist of a 2-torus, or the quotient of the Heisenberg group by the "integral Heisenberg group".
This geometry can be modeled as a left invariant metric on the Bianchi group of type II.
Finite volume manifolds with this geometry are compact and orientable and have the structure of a Seifert fiber space. The classification of such manifolds is given in the article on Seifert fiber spaces.
Under normalized Ricci flow compact manifolds with this geometry converge to R2 with the flat metric.
Sol geometry
This geometry fibers over the line with fiber the plane, and is the geometry of the identity component of the group G. The point stabilizer is the dihedral group of order 8. The group G has 8 components, and is the group of maps from 2-dimensional Minkowski space to itself that are either isometries or multiply the metric by −1. The identity component has a normal subgroup R2 with quotient R, where R acts on R2 with 2 (real) eigenspaces, with distinct real eigenvalues of product 1. This is the Bianchi group of type VI0 and the geometry can be modeled as a left invariant metric on this group. All finite volume manifolds with sol geometry are compact. The compact manifolds with sol geometry are either the mapping torus of an Anosov map of the 2-torus (an automorphism of the 2-torus given by an invertible 2 by 2 matrix whose eigenvalues are real and distinct, such as ), or quotients of these by groups of order at most 8. The eigenvalues of the automorphism of the torus generate an order of a real quadratic field, and the sol manifolds could in principle be classified in terms of the units and ideal classes of this order, though the details do not seem to be written down anywhere.
Under normalized Ricci flow compact manifolds with this geometry converge (rather slowly) to R1.
Uniqueness
A closed 3-manifold has a geometric structure of at most one of the 8 types above, but finite volume non-compact 3-manifolds can occasionally have more than one type of geometric structure. (However a manifold can have many different geometric structures of the same type; for example, a surface of genus at least 2 has a continuum of different hyperbolic metrics.) More precisely, if M is a manifold with a finite volume geometric structure, then the type of geometric structure is almost determined as follows, in terms of the fundamental group p1(M):
- If p1(M) is finite then the geometric structure on M is spherical, and M is compact.
- If p1(M) is virtually cyclic but not finite then the geometric structure on M is S2×R, and M is compact.
- If p1(M) is virtually abelian but not virtually cyclic then the geometric structure on M is Euclidean, and M is compact.
- If p1(M) is virtually nilpotent but not virtually abelian then the geometric structure on M is nil geometry, and M is compact.
- If p1(M) is virtually solvable but not virtually nilpotent then the geometric structure on M is sol geometry, and M is compact.
- If p1(M) has an infinite normal cyclic subgroup but is not virtually solvable then the geometric structure on M is either H2×R or the universal cover of SL2(R). The manifold M may be either compact or non-compact. If it is compact, then the 2 geometries can be distinguished by whether or not p1(M) has a finite index subgroup that splits as a semidirect product of the normal cyclic subgroup and something else. If the manifold is non-compact, then the fundamental group cannot distinguish the two geometries, and there are examples (such as the complement of a trefoil knot) where a manifold may have a finite volume geometric structure of either type.
- If p1(M) has no infinite normal cyclic subgroup and is not virtually solvable then the geometric structure on M is hyperbolic, and M may be either compact or non-compact.
Infinite volume manifolds can have many different types of geometric structure: for example, R3 can have 6 of the different geometric structures listed above, as 6 of the 8 model geometries are homeomorphic to it. Moreover if the volume does not have to be finite there are an infinite number of new geometric structures with no compact models; for example, the geometry of almost any non-unimodular 3-dimensional Lie group.
There can be more than one way to decompose a closed 3-manifold into pieces with geometric structures. For example:
- Taking connected sums with several copies of S3 does not change a manifold.
- The connected sum of two projective 3-spaces has a S2×R geometry, and is also the connected sum of two pieces with S3 geometry.
- The product of a surface negative curvature and a circle has a geometric structure, but can also be cut along tori to produce smaller pieces that also have geometric structures. There are many similar examples for Seifert fiber spaces.
It is possible to choose a "canonical" decomposition into pieces with geometric structure, for example by first cutting the manifold into prime pieces in a minimal way, then cutting these up using the smallest possible number of tori. However this minimal decomposition is not necessarily the one produced by Ricci flow; if fact, the Ricci flow can cut up a manifold into geometric pieces in many inequivalent ways, depending on the choice of initial metric.
History
The Fields Medal was awarded to Thurston in 1982 partially for his proof of the geometrization conjecture for Haken manifolds.
The case of 3-manifolds that should be spherical has been slower, but provided the spark needed for Richard Hamilton to develop his Ricci flow. In 1982, Hamilton showed that given a closed 3-manifold with a metric of positive Ricci curvature, the Ricci flow would collapse the manifold to a point in finite time, which proves the geometrization conjecture for this case as the metric becomes "almost round" just before the collapse. He later developed a program to prove the geometrization conjecture by Ricci flow with surgery. The idea is that the Ricci flow will in general produce singularities, but one may be able to continue the Ricci flow past the singularity by using surgery to change the topology of the manifold. Roughly speaking, the Ricci flow contracts positive curvature regions and expands negative curvature regions, so it should kill off the pieces of the manifold with the "positive curvature" geometries S3 and S2×R, while what is left at large times should have a thick-thin decomposition into a "thick" piece with hyperbolic geometry and a "thin" graph manifold.
In 2003 Grigori Perelman sketched a proof of the geometrization conjecture by showing that the Ricci flow can indeed be continued past the singularities, and has the behavior described above. The main difficulty in verifying Perelman's proof of the Geometrization conjecture was a critical use of his Theorem 7.4 in Perelman's 'Ricci flow with surgery' preprint. This theorem was stated by Perelman without proof. There are now three different proofs of Perelman's Theorem 7.4. There is the method of Shioya and Yamaguchi that
uses Perelman's stability theorem and a fibration theorem for Alexandrov spaces . This method, with full details leading to the proof of
Geometrization, can be found in the exposition by B. Kleiner and J. Lott
in 'Notes on Perelman's papers' in the journal Geometry & Topology .
A second route to Geometrization is the method of Bessieres et al. , which uses Thurston's hyperbolization theorem for Haken manifolds and Gromov's norm for 3-manifolds . Finally there is the method of Morgan and Tian that only uses Ricci flow. From Perelman's Theorem 7.4, the Geometrization conjecture "quickly" follows.
|
| |
|
|
