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The garden city movement is an approach to urban planning
Urban planning

Urban, city, and town planning is the integration of the disciplines of land use planning and transport planning, to explore a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments of urbanized municipalities and communities....
 that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard
Ebenezer Howard

File:Ebenezer Howard.jpgFile:Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpgSir Ebenezer Howard was a prominent British urban planner....
 in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, and containing carefully balanced areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.

Inspired by the Utopian novel Looking Backward
Looking Backward

Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is a utopian novel by Edward Bellamy, a lawyer and writer from Western Massachusetts, and was first published in 1888 in literature....
, Howard published To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow), organized the Garden City Association
Town and Country Planning Association

The Town and Country Planning Association is England oldest environmental charity. It was founded as the Garden Cities Association in 1899 by Ebenezer Howard, initially to promote the development of Garden city movement....
 in 1899.






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Howard Three Magnets
The garden city movement is an approach to urban planning
Urban planning

Urban, city, and town planning is the integration of the disciplines of land use planning and transport planning, to explore a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments of urbanized municipalities and communities....
 that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard
Ebenezer Howard

File:Ebenezer Howard.jpgFile:Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpgSir Ebenezer Howard was a prominent British urban planner....
 in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, and containing carefully balanced areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.

Inspired by the Utopian novel Looking Backward
Looking Backward

Looking Backward: 2000-1887 is a utopian novel by Edward Bellamy, a lawyer and writer from Western Massachusetts, and was first published in 1888 in literature....
, Howard published To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow), organized the Garden City Association
Town and Country Planning Association

The Town and Country Planning Association is England oldest environmental charity. It was founded as the Garden Cities Association in 1899 by Ebenezer Howard, initially to promote the development of Garden city movement....
 in 1899. Two garden cities (technically towns) were founded based on Howard's ideas: Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City
Welwyn Garden City

Welwyn Garden City is a town in Hertfordshire, England. Welwyn Garden City is also referred to as WGC or, less correctly, as "Welwyn" ....
, both in England.

Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association was Sir Frederic Osborn
Frederic Osborn

Sir Frederic James Osborn was a leading member of the Garden city movement and was chairman of the Town and Country Planning Association. He lived in Welwyn Garden City, the garden city he helped create, and a local school is named after him....
, who extended the movement into regional planning.

The idea of the garden city was influential in the United States (in Norris, Tennessee
Norris, Tennessee

Norris is a city in Anderson County, Tennessee, Tennessee, United States. Its population was 1,446 at the United States Census 2000. It is included in the Knoxville, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area....
; Newport News, Virginia's
Newport News, Virginia

Newport News is an independent city in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia. It is at the south-western end of the Virginia Peninsula, on the north shore of the James River extending southeast from Skiffe's Creek along many miles of waterfront to the river's mouth at Newport News Point on the harbor of Hampton Roads....
 Hilton Village
Hilton Village

Hilton Village is a planned, English-village-style neighborhood in Newport News, Virginia. Recognized as a pioneering development in urban planning, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places The neighborhood was built between 1918 and 1921 in response to the need for housing during World War I for employees of Newport News S...
; Pittsburgh's Chatham Village
Chatham Village

Chatham Village is a community within the larger Mount Washington neighborhood of the City of Pittsburgh and an internationally acclaimed model of community design....
; Sunnyside, Queens
Sunnyside, Queens

Sunnyside is a neighborhood in the western portion of the New York City borough of Queens, in New York, in the United States. It shares borders with Hunters Point, Queens and Long Island City, Queens to the west, Astoria, Queens to the north, Woodside, Queens to the east and Maspeth, Queens to the south....
; Radburn, New Jersey
Radburn, New Jersey

Radburn is an unincorporated area new town located within Fair Lawn, New Jersey, in Bergen County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States.Radburn was founded in 1929 as "a town for the motor age"....
; Jackson Heights, Queens
Jackson Heights, Queens

Jackson Heights is a neighborhood in north-western portion of the borough of Queens in New York City, United States. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 3....
; the Woodbourne neighborhood of Boston; Garden City, New York
Garden City, New York

Garden City is a Political subdivisions of New York State#Village in central Nassau County, New York, New York, in the United States, which was founded by multi-millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart in 1869....
; Forest Hills, NY, and Baldwin Hills Village in Los Angeles
Los Ángeles

Los ?ngeles is the Capital of the Biob?o Province, in the municipality of the same name, in Regions of Chile VIII , in the center-south of Chile....
), in Canada (in Kapuskasing, Ontario
Ontario

Ontario is a Provinces and territories of Canada located in the Central Canada part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area....
 and Walkerville, Ontario
Walkerville, Ontario

Walkerville Ontario, Canada is an area of Windsor, Ontario Ontario, Canada that was founded and developed by Hiram Walker, maker of Canadian Club Whisky....
) and in Argentina
Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
 (in ciudad jardín de Lomas del Palomar
Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar

Ciudad Jard?n Lomas del Palomar is a planned community, part of the partido Tres de Febrero Partido in Greater Buenos Aires and located adjacent to the city of El Palomar, Buenos Aires....
). The first German garden city, Hellerau
Hellerau

Hellerau is a quarter in the City of Dresden, Germany. It was the first garden city movement in Germany.Based on the ideas of Ebenezer Howard, businessman Karl Schmidt-Hellerau founded Hellerau near Dresden in 1909....
, a suburb of Dresden
Dresden

Dresden is the capital city of the Germany Federal Free state of Saxony. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon triangle metropolitan area....
, was founded in 1909. The concept was drawn upon for German worker housing built during the Weimar years, and again in England after World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
 when the New Towns Act
New Towns Act

New Towns Act could refer to the*New Towns Act 1946*New Towns Act 1964*New Towns Act 1971*New Towns Act 1980*New Towns Act 1981*New Towns Act 1982...
 triggered the development of many new communities based on Howard's egalitarian vision. Scandinavian examples include the garden city of Bromma
Bromma borough

Bromma is a so called Boroughs of Stockholm in the western part of Stockholm, Sweden, forming part of the Stockholm Municipality. Bromma is primarily made up of the parish with the same name, and the parish of V?sterled....
 in Stockholm
Stockholm

is the capital and largest city of Sweden. It is the site of the national Swedish Government of Sweden, the Parliament of Sweden, and the official residence of the Swedish Monarchy of Sweden....
, built 1910-1940, including the internationally acclaimed functionalist
Functionalism (architecture)

Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. This statement is less self-evident than it first appears, and is a matter of confusion and controversy within the profession, particularly in regard to modern architecture....
 garden city area of Södra Ängby
Södra Ängby

S?dra ?ngby is a residential area blending Functionalism with Garden city movement ideals, located in western Stockholm, Sweden, forming part of the Bromma borough....
.

The garden city movement also influenced the Scottish urbanist Sir Patrick Geddes
Patrick Geddes

Sir Patrick Geddes was a Scotland biologist and botanist, known also as an innovative thinker in the fields of urban planning and education. He was responsible for introducing the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and is also known to have coined the term conurbation ....
 in the planning of Tel-Aviv, Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
 development in the 1920s, during the British Mandate. Geddes started his Tel Aviv plan in 1925 and submitted the final version in 1927, so all growth in this garden city during the 1930s was merely "based" on the Geddes Plan. Changes were inevitable.

Contemporary town planning charters like New Urbanism
New urbanism

New Urbanism is an urban design movement that arose in the United States in the early 1980s. Its goal is to reform many aspects of real estate development and urban planning, from urban retrofits to suburban infill....
 and Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism

Principles of Intelligent Urbanism is a theory of urban planning composed of a set of ten axioms intended to guide the formulation of city plans and urban designs....
 find their origins in this movement. Today, there are many garden cities in the world. Most of them, however, exist as just dormitory suburbs, which completely differ from what Howard wanted to create.

The Town and Country Planning Association
Town and Country Planning Association

The Town and Country Planning Association is England oldest environmental charity. It was founded as the Garden Cities Association in 1899 by Ebenezer Howard, initially to promote the development of Garden city movement....
 recently marked its 108th anniversary by calling for Garden City and Garden Suburb principles to be applied to today's New Towns and Eco-towns
Eco-towns (UK)

Eco-towns are a proposed programme of exemplar sustainable new towns to be built in England. In 2007, Communities and Local Government announced a competition to build up to 10 eco-towns....
.

See also

  • Car culture
  • Colonel Light Gardens, South Australia
    Colonel Light Gardens, South Australia

    Colonel Light Gardens is a model garden suburb, featuring wide, tree-lined streets, rounded street corners, and lots of open space, located within the City of Mitcham in the greater City of Adelaide, capital of South Australia....
  • Ebenezer Howard
    Ebenezer Howard

    File:Ebenezer Howard.jpgFile:Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpgSir Ebenezer Howard was a prominent British urban planner....
  • New Urbanism
    New urbanism

    New Urbanism is an urban design movement that arose in the United States in the early 1980s. Its goal is to reform many aspects of real estate development and urban planning, from urban retrofits to suburban infill....
  • Bedford Park, London
    Bedford Park, London

    Bedford Park is a suburban development in Chiswick in London, England. It forms a conservation area that is mostly within the London Borough of Ealing, with a small part to the east within the London Borough of Hounslow....
  • Milton Keynes
    Milton Keynes

    Milton Keynes , often abbreviated to MK, is a large town in South East England, about north-west of London. It is also the principal town of the Milton Keynes , within the ceremonial counties of England of Buckinghamshire....
  • Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar, Buenos Aires
    Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar

    Ciudad Jard?n Lomas del Palomar is a planned community, part of the partido Tres de Febrero Partido in Greater Buenos Aires and located adjacent to the city of El Palomar, Buenos Aires....
  • Charles Reade (town planner)
    Charles Reade (town planner)

    Charles Compton Reade was a town planner who supported the garden city movement of the early twentieth century.Born in Invercargill, New Zealand in 1880, Reade became the major figure in disseminating Garden City ideas in Australia....
  • Transit Oriented Development
  • Tapiola
    Tapiola

    Tapiola is a district of Espoo on the south coast of Finland, and is one of the major urban centres of Espoo. The name Tapiola is derived from Tapio, who is the forest god of Finnish mythology, especially as expressed in the Kalevala, the national epic of Finland....
  • Telford
    Telford

    Telford is a large new towns in the United Kingdom in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial counties of England of Shropshire, England, approximately east of Shrewsbury, and west of Birmingham....
  • Transition Towns
    Transition Towns

    Transition Towns is a movement that was created by Louise Rooney and popularized by Rob Hopkins. It was founded in Kinsale, Ireland and was then spread to Totnes, England by environmentalist Rob Hopkins during 2005 and 2006....
  • European Urban Renaissance
    European Urban Renaissance

    The European Urban Renaissance is an architecture movement aiming at developing the European cities according to the principles of the Traditional City and the New Urbanism....
  • Hellerau
    Hellerau

    Hellerau is a quarter in the City of Dresden, Germany. It was the first garden city movement in Germany.Based on the ideas of Ebenezer Howard, businessman Karl Schmidt-Hellerau founded Hellerau near Dresden in 1909....
  • Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
    Principles of Intelligent Urbanism

    Principles of Intelligent Urbanism is a theory of urban planning composed of a set of ten axioms intended to guide the formulation of city plans and urban designs....