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Garda SÃochána
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(; Irish for "Guard(ians) of the Peace of Ireland", often rendered as "The Guardians of the Peace (of Ireland)") is the police force of the Republic of Ireland.
The force is headed by the Commissioner who is appointed by the Irish Government. Its headquarters are located in the Phoenix Park in Dublin.
former English language name of the force was the Civic Guard; this is no longer used. In Hiberno-English the force is known (in decreasing order of formality) as ( pronounced ); the ; the (in the preceding names, "guard" is a collective noun, like police); the (; "guards", plural); or the guards.
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Encyclopedia
(; Irish for "Guard(ians) of the Peace of Ireland", often rendered as "The Guardians of the Peace (of Ireland)") is the police force of the Republic of Ireland.
The force is headed by the Commissioner who is appointed by the Irish Government. Its headquarters are located in the Phoenix Park in Dublin.
Terminology
The former English language name of the force was the Civic Guard; this is no longer used. In Hiberno-English the force is known (in decreasing order of formality) as ( pronounced ); the ; the (in the preceding names, "guard" is a collective noun, like police); the (; "guards", plural); or the guards. Police is used infrequently and policeman rarely.
An individual officer is also called a (plural ), or, informally, a guard. A police station is called a station. is also the lowest rank within the force, also used as a title (e.g. " John Murphy", analogous to the British term "constable" or the American "officer" ("deputy/trooper/etc."). "Guard" is the most common form of address used by members of the public speaking to a garda on duty. A female officer was once officially referred to as a (; "female guard"; plural ). This term was abolished in 1990, but is still used colloquially in place of the now gender-neutral .
One United Kingdom politician, the Ulster Unionist party's Lord Laird, has called for a change in the name of the force to / drawing a comparison with the renaming of the Northern Ireland police force from the Royal Ulster Constabulary to the Police Service of Northern Ireland. There is no indication that Lord Laird's proposal is under consideration.
Organisation
| Rank | Number of operatives (2005) |
|---|
| Commissioner | 1 | | Deputy Commissioners/Chief Administrative Officer | 3 | | Assistant Commissioners | 13 | | Chief Superintendents | 50 | | Superintendents | 178 | | Inspectors | 307 | | Sergeants | 2,173 | | 11,821 | | NA |
The force is headed by the Commissioner. His immediate subordinates are two Deputy Commissioners - in charge of "Operations" and "Strategy and Change Management", respectively - and a civilian Chief Administrative Officer with responsibility for resource management (personnel, finance, ICT and accommodation). There are twelve Assistant Commissioners: one for each of the six geographical Regions, and the remainder dealing with various national support functions. At an equivalent or near-equivalent level to the Assistant Commissioners are the civilian positions of Chief Medical Officer, Executive Director of ICT and Executive Director of Finance. The position of Assistant Commissioner (Human Resource Management) is to be civilianised in the near future.
The six geographical "Assistant Commissioners" command the six " Force Regions", which are currently:
- Dublin Metropolitan
- Eastern
- Northern
- Southern
- South-Eastern
- Western
Directly subordinate to the Assistant Commissioners are approximately 50 Chief Superintendents, about half of whom supervise what are called Divisions. Each Division contains a number of Districts, each of which is commanded by a Superintendent, who is assisted by a team of Inspectors. Within each District there are a number of Subdistricts, which are usually commanded by Sergeants.
Typically each Subdistrict contains only one police station. A different number of will be based at each station depending on its importance. Most of these stations employ the basic rank of , which was referred to as the rank of Guard until 1972. The most junior members of the force are students, whose duties can vary depending on their training progress. They are often bestowed with clerical duties, as part of their extra curriculum studies.
The Garda organisation also has over 2,500 civilian support staff encompassing a diverse range of areas such as human resources, finance, IT, photographers, research and analysis, teaching and general administration. The figure also includes industrial staff such as traffic wardens, drivers and cleaners. It is ongoing government policy to bring the level of civilian support in the organisation up to international standards - thus enhancing its capacity and expertise in a range of specialist and administrative functions, and releasing more of its police officers for operational duties.
Reserve
The Act 2005 provided for the establishment of a Garda Reserve, consisting of 4,000, to assist the force in performing its functions, and supplement the work of members of the .
The intent of the Reserve is "to be a source of local strength and knowledge". Reserve members are to carry out duties defined by the Commissioner and sanctioned by the Minister for Justice. With reduced training, these duties and powers must be operated under the supervision of regular members of the Force, and are also limited from those of regular members.
As of December 2006 more than 7,000 had applied to join the Reserve, and the first 36 graduated on 15 December 2006 at the Garda College, in Templemore.
Sections
An unarmed force
Uniformed members of do not routinely carry firearms. It is a tradition of the service that standard policing should be carried out in both rural and urban areas by uniformed officers equipped only with a wooden truncheon. From March 2007 all new Gardaí have been issued with ASP extendable batons, with existing members to be trained in their use as training allows. In addition, the Garda Commissioner announced in October 2008 that all Gardaí are to be issued with Pepper Spray. A timescale for the implementation of this measure has not yet been announced.
The force when originally created was armed, but the Provisional Government decided to reverse the decision and reconstitute the force as an unarmed police force, in contrast to the attitude of the British Dublin Castle administration which had refused appeals from the Royal Irish Constabulary that that force be disarmed. In the words of first Commissioner, Michael Staines, TD:
According to Garvin such a decision gave the new force a cultural ace: "the taboo on killing unarmed men and women who could not reasonably be seen as spies and informers."
According to a recent government report, 3,000 (out of 12,000) members of the force are armedthis includes the Emergency Response Unit and Special Detective Unit (SDU) as well as most detectives. All officers are trained in the use of firearms while undergoing police training.
On the 2nd of September 2008, Garda Commissioner Fachtna Murphy announced the establishment of the Regional Support Unit (RSU). The RSU is an elite armed unit. The officers wear uniform, however it is designed so that it is distinctly different from regular unarmed officers eg. Baseball caps, combat trousers etc. The RSU is available to provide support to other Garda units engaged in front-line policing in the event of a hostile situation. The Gardai involved receive intensive training in firearms and less lethal weapons, the training also includes a Tactical driving course.
They will patrol unarmed with their weapons in a gun safe in the vehicle until an incident arises, upon which they change into protective body armour. They deal with the incident as best they can, pending the arrival of the Emergency Response Unit, which is centralised in Dublin.
It is expected that there may be up to 30 units based around the country in the near future.
Vehicles
patrol cars are mainly white, with yellow and blue fluorescent livery whereas traffic unit vehicles adopt the battenburg pattern. The crest is also present on vehicles. patrol cars are usually standard civilian vehicles in particular the Ford Focus, Ford Mondeo and Ford Fiesta, with the latter being used mainly as the equivalent of a British Panda Car. Certain other specific-purpose vehicles are also used such as 4x4s and high-performance cars. The Gardaí are also involved in the operation of presidential and ministerial transport.
History
The Civic Guard was formed by the Provisional Government in February 1922 to take over the responsibility of policing the fledgling Irish Free State. It replaced the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and the Irish Republican Police of 1919-1922. In August 1922 the force accompanied Michael Collins when he met the Lord Lieutenant in Dublin Castle.
The Garda Síochána (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923 enacted after the creation of the Irish Free State on 8 August 1923, provided for the creation of "a force of police to be called and known as 'The '". Under section 22, The Civic Guard were deemed to have been established under and to be governed by the Act. The law therefore effectively renamed the existing force.
During the Civil War of 1922-23, the new Free State set up the Criminal Investigation Department as an armed, plain-clothed counter-insurgency unit. It was disbanded after the end of the war in October 1923 and elements of it were absorbed into the Dublin Metropolitan Police.
In Dublin, policing remained the responsibility of the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP, founded 1836) until it merged with the in 1925. Since then the has been the only police force in the state now known as the Republic of Ireland, with the exception of the Military Police within the Irish Defence Forces, the Airport Police, and Dublin Port and Dun Laoghaire Harbour police forces.
Scott Medal
First established in 1925, the Scott Medal for Bravery is the highest honour for bravery and valour which can be awarded to a member of the Garda Síochána. The first medals were funded by Colonel Walter Scott, an honorary Commissioner of the New York Police Department. The first recipient of the Scott Medal was Pat Malone of St. Luke's Cork City who - as an unarmed - disarmed Tomás Óg Mac Curtain (the son of Tomás Mac Curtain).
To mark the United States link, the American English spelling of valor is used on the medal. The Commissioner chooses the recipients of the medal, which is presented by the Minister for Justice.
In 2000, Anne McCabe - widow of Garda Jerry McCabe, who was killed by armed Provisional IRA bank robbers, accepted the Scott Medal for Bravery that had been awarded posthumously to her husband.
The Irish Republican Police had at least one member killed by the RIC 21 July 1920.
The Civic Guard had one killed by accident 22 September 1922. Likewise 4 members of the Oriel House Criminal Investigation Department were killed/Died of wounds during the Irish Civil War
The Roll of Honor lists 31 members of the killed between 1922 and 1999.
Commissioners | Name | From | Until | Reason |
|---|
| Michael Staines | February 1922 | September 1922 | resigned | | Eoin O'Duffy | September 1922 | February 1933 | dismissed for
encouraging military coup | | Eamon Broy | February 1933 | June 1938 | retired | | Michael Kinnane | June 1938 | July 1952 | died | | Daniel Costigan | July 1952 | February 1965 | resigned | | William P Quinn | February 1965 | March 1967 | retired | | Patrick Carroll | March 1967 | September 1968 | retired | | Michael Wymes | September 1968 | January 1973 | retired | | Patrick Malone | January 1973 | September 1975 | retired | | Edmund Garvey | September 1975 | January 1978 | replaced (lost
government confidence) | | Patrick McLaughlin | January 1978 | January 1983 | retired (wiretap
scandal) | | Lawrence Wren | February 1983 | November 1987 | retired | | Eamonn Doherty | November 1987 | December 1988 | retired | | Eugene Crowley | December 1988 | January 1991 | retired | | Patrick Culligan | January 1991 | July 1996 | retired | | Patrick Byrne | July 1996 | July 2003 | retired | | Noel Conroy | July 2003 | November 2007 | retired | | Fachtna Murphy | November 2007 | Present | current |
Commissioners
The first Commissioner, Michael Staines, who was a Pro-Treaty member of , held office for only eight months. It was his successors, Eoin O'Duffy and Éamon Broy, who played a central role in the development of the force. O’Duffy was Commissioner in the early years of the force when to many people’s surprise the viability of an unarmed police force was established. O'Duffy later became a short-lived political leader of the quasi-fascist Blueshirts before heading to Spain to fight alongside Francisco Franco's Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. Broy had greatly assisted the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Anglo-Irish War, while serving with the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP). Broy's fame grew in the 1990s when he featured in the film Michael Collins, in which it was misleadingly suggested that he had been murdered by the British during the War of Independence, when in reality he lived for decades and headed the from 1933 to 1938.
One later Commissioner, Edmund Garvey, was sacked by the government of Jack Lynch in 1978 after it had lost confidence in him. Garvey won 'unfair dismissal' legal proceedings against the government. The case made its way to the Supreme Court which found the action of the government improper. This outcome required the passing of the Act 1979 to retrospectively validate the actions of Garvey's successor since he had become Commissioner. His successor in turn, Patrick McLaughlin, was forced to resign along with his deputy in 1983 over his peripheral involvement in a political scandal. The current Commissioner, since November 2007, is Fachtna Murphy.
Past reserve forces
During the Emergency there were two reserve forces to the , and the Local Security Force.
had the power of arrest and wore uniform, and were allowed to leave the reserve or sign-up as full members of the at the end of the war before the reserve was disbanded. The reserve was established by the Emergency Powers (Temporary Special Police Force) Order, 1939.
The Local Security Force (LSF) did not have the power of arrest, and part of the reserve was soon absorbed into the Irish Army Reserve under the command of the Irish Army.
Policing abroad
Since 1989, the has undertaken United Nations peace-keeping duties. Its first such mission was a 50 strong contingent sent to Namibia. Since then the force has acted in Angola, Cambodia, Cyprus, Mozambique, South Africa and the former Yugoslavia. The force's first fatality whilst working abroad was Sergeant Paul M. Reid, who was fatally injured while on duty with the United Nations UNPROFOR at "Sniper's Alley" in Sarajevo on 18 May 1995.
Members of the also serve in the Embassies of Ireland in London, The Hague, Madrid and Paris. Members are also seconded to Europol in The Hague, Holland and Interpol in Lyon, France. There are also many members working directly for UN and European agencies such as the War Crimes Tribunal.
officers also co-operate with members of the Police Service of Northern Ireland in order to combat cross-border crime. They have also accompanied politicians from the Republic, such as the President on visits to Northern Ireland.
Under an agreement with the British Government and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the and the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland are allowed to inspect the Sellafield nuclear facility in Cumbria, England.
Controversy and allegations involving the force
Like most police forces there have been many allegations of discourtesy, harassment, confiscating a person's property but using it for their own purposes, aggressive interrogation techniques, perjury, etc. While most allegations have not been proven, many out-of-court settlements have been made. A total of 1,173 complaints were made by the public against the in 2005. Some incidents involving the have attracted wide scale attention - such as those which resulted in the Morris and Barr Tribunal's - and have resulted in broad reform initiatives.
The force has also attracted scrutiny in how it deals with existing and prospective members. For example, in 2007, there was some debate when a Sikh recruit was not allowed to wear a turban while on duty.
Shell to Sea controversy
The 's handling of the Shell to Sea protests in Erris has attracted criticism for using excessive force. No arrests were made as the did not want to make "martyrs" of the protesters. The former Green Party leader Trevor Sargent condemned the 's handling of the protest at the time, saying it displayed "...the worst signs of law and order...It is a disgrace for people to be manhandled and beaten in the way that the community has been in that area." Several complaints were made to the Garda Complaints board, relating to incidents occurring in late 2006. A section of road used by the protesters has been dubbed the Golden Mile by Gardaí because of the overtime opportunities.
Allegations involving mishandling of cases and complaints
The Kerry Babies case was one of the first public inquiries into mishandling of a investigation. Later in the 1980s, the Ferns Report (an inquiry into allegations of clerical sexual abuse) described as 'wholly inadequate' the handling of one of eight formal complaints made to Wexford gardaí , but noted that the remaining formal complaints were handled in an effective, professional and sensitive manner.
Other more recent reports (including one released by gay rights organisation Johnny) suggest that people who frequent gay and lesbian establishments feel that the are not doing enough to tackle reported homophobic crime in Ireland, and that should be sent for training in anti-homophobia and heterosexism.
Allegations resulting in Tribunals of Inquiry
In the 1990s and early 2000s the faced a series of allegations, including suggestions of corrupt and dishonest policing in County Donegal. This became the subject of a judicial inquiry: the Morris Tribunal. The tribunal found that some County Donegal gardaí had invented an Provisional IRA (IRA) informer, made bombs and claimed credit for locating them, and attempted to frame Raphoe publican Frank McBrearty Junior for murder the latter case was recently settled in a €1.5m settlement with the State. In a report to the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform the Morris Tribunal expressed grave concern about "organised insubordination" within the force that "proper discipline has been lost from ", suggesting that a few mischief-makers have abused their positions within the and used the disciplinary process to damage the force. The tribunal also expressed concern that recruits are brought into an undisciplined culture that has the potential to do great damage to them in the longer term, and warned that a "terrible and costly" waste of talent will occur if the situation continues.
On 20 April 2000, members of the Emergency Response Unit shot dead, from behind, 27-year-old John Carthy at the end of a 25-hour siege as he left his home in Toneymore, Abbeylara, County Longford with a loaded shotgun in his hands. There were allegations made of inappropriate handling of the situation and of the overuse of armed force by the ; a "shoot to kill" policy. This led to a inquiry, and subsequently, a Tribunal of Inquiry under the Chairmanship of Mr Justice Robert Barr.
This inquiry (into the facts and circumstances surrounding the fatal shooting - in which four bullets were fired; two by McCabe and two by Sgt Jackson) was established on 1 July 2002, and the hearing of evidence was completed on 7 December 2004. It was expected to report its findings within six months, but publication of its Report was delayed until 20 July 2006. The official findings of the Barr Tribunal were that Sgt Michael Jackson made 14 mistakes in his role as negotiator during the siege, and that he failed to make real efforts to achieve resolution during the armed stand-off. It further stated however that Sgt Jackson was limited by lack of experience and resources (psychologists, solicitors, dogs). The tribunal recommended that there be an urgent review of command structures, and that the ERU be equipped with stun guns and other non-lethal options, including "non-compliant firearms support police dogs". (Non-compliant dogs are 'attack' dogs that will bite or bring a person to the ground on command.)
The Barr tribunal further recommended a formal working arrangement between Gardaí and State psychologists, and improvements in Garda training (especially in the context of ERU in siege situations, including those with mental illness as a factor). This included a recommendation that local superintendents undergo refresher training for one week every year as scene commanders and a similar refresher course for ERU officers of the rank of inspector or superintendent. Commissioner Conroy, in a letter to the family of John Carthy, stated that the force was 'truly apologetic' for his death.
Former Superintendent Joe Shelley, whose failure to interview John Carthy was cited in The Barr Tribunal Report as "extraordinary", and who was also severely criticised in the Report of the Morris Tribunal into the controversial death of Richie Barron, was awarded a top-up bonus of €110,000 when he took early retirement in July 2005. Mr Justice Morris described Shelleys probe as "prejudiced, tendentious, utterly negligent in the highest degree".
Allegations involving abuse of powers
One of the first charges of serious impropriety against the force rose out of the handling of the Sallins Train Robbery in 1976; this case eventually led to a serious miscarriage of justice and accusations of a "Heavy Gang" operating within the force which intimidated and tortured the accused. This eventually led to a Presidential pardon for one of the accused.
In 2004, an RTÉ Prime Time documentary accused elements within the of abusing their powers by physically assaulting people arrested. A retired Circuit Court judge (W. A. Murphy) suggested that some members of the force had committed perjury in criminal trials before him but later stated that he was misquoted, while a Minister of State (Dick Roche) (junior government minister) accused Gardaí in one instance of "torture". The Commissioner accused the television programme of lacking balance.
The Prime Time documentary followed footage published by the Independent Media Centre Ireland showing scuffles between and Reclaim the Streets demonstrators. One shown in this footage was later convicted of common assault which is a summary matter, while several other were acquitted of all offences.
Allegations involving cross-border policing
The family of Eddie Fullerton, a Buncrana councillor killed in his home by members of the Ulster Defence Association in 1991, have criticised the 's handling of the investigation and in 2005 they started a campaign for an inquiry.
The Smithwick Tribunal is also investigating allegations of collusion following the deaths of two Royal Ulster Constabulary officers killed by the Provisional IRA as they returned from a meeting with the in the Republic of Ireland following a recommendation from the Cory Collusion Inquiry.
Reform initiatives
Arising from some of the above incidents, the has undergone a number of reform initiatives in recent years. The Morris tribunal in particular identified areas that required redress, and highlighted that reforms were required in order to effect such a redress.
It was also stated by the tribunal Chairman, Mr Justice Morris, that the code of discipline was extremely complex and, at times, "cynically manipulated" to promote indiscipline across the force. Judicial reviews, for example, were cited as a means by which disciplinary action could be delayed.
The Act 2005 was the key vehicle put in place to facilitate change, the provisions for which arise from the fall out and findings of the tribunal and from the events in Donegal and elsewhere.
While fifteen members of the force were sacked between 2001 and 2006, and a further 42 resigned in lieu of dismissal in the same period, Commissioner Conroy stated that he was constrained in the responses available to deal with members whose misbehaviour is cited in public inquiries.
New procedures and code of discipline
With strong support from opposition parties, and reflecting widespread political consensus, the Minister for Justice, Equality & Law Reform responded to many of these issues by announcing a new draft code of discipline on 17 August 2006. The new streamlined code introduced new procedures to enable the Commissioner to summarily dismiss a alleged to have brought the force into disrepute, abandoned duties, compromised the security of the State or unjustifiably infringed the rights of other persons.
In addition, a four member "civilian management advisory team" was appointed on 2 August 2006 to advise on implementing change options and addressing management and leadership challenges facing the . The advisers are also mandated to promote a culture of performance management; succession planning; with the recruitment of civilians with specialist expertise and improving training. The advisory team include Senator Maurice Hayes, Emer Daly (former director of strategic planning and risk management at Axa Insurance), Maurice Keane (former group chief executive at Bank of Ireland), Michael Flahive (Assistant Secretary at the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform and Dr Michael Mulreany (assistant director general at the Institute of Public Administration).
Enhanced civilian support
Civilian clerical and administrative support has been significantly enhanced in recent times. In the two-year period from December 2006 to December 2008 civilian staffing levels were increased by over 60% (from under 1,300 to approximately 2,100 in whole-time equivalent terms), in furtherance of government policies to release more desk-bound for operational duties and to bring the level of civilian support in line with international norms. A new tier of senior civilian management is also being introduced in a range of administrative and technical/professional support areas such as human resources, training, information technology, research and analysis, legal affairs, finance and procurement, accommodation and fleet management, and communications/public relations. A civilian Chief Administrative Officer at Deputy Commissioner level was appointed in October 2007 to oversee many of these key support functions, which in time will be largely if not completely managed by civilian staff.
Inspectorate
In accordance with Section 115 of the Act, the Inspectorate consists of three members who are appointed by the Irish Government. The functions of the Inspectorate, inter alia, are as follows:
- carry out, at the request or with the consent of the Minister, inspections or inquiries in relation to any particular aspects of the operation and administration of the ,
- submit to the Minister (1) a report on those inspections or inquiries, and (2) if required by the Minister, a report on the operation and administration of the Garda Síochána during a specified period and on any significant developments in that regard during that period, and any such reports will contain recommendations for any action that the Inspectorate considers necessary.
- provide advice to the Minister with regard to best policing practice.
The first Chief Inspector (since July 2006), is former Commissioner of Boston Police , Kathleen M. O'Toole, who reports to the Minister for Justice.
The two other inspectors are Robert Olsen and Gwen M. Boniface. Olsen was Chief of Police for 8 years of the Minneapolis Police Department. Boniface is a former Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police, and was one of 3 female police commissioners in Canada when appointed in May 1998. She recently suggested that rank and file Gardaí are not equipped to perform their duties or protect themselves properly. She also suggested routine arming may become a reality but dismissed the suggestion that this was currently being considered.
Ombudsman Commission
Also newly instrumented, the replaces the earlier system of complaints (the Complaints Board). Becoming fully operational on 9 May 2007, the Commission is empowered to:
- Directly and independently investigate complaints against members of the Garda Síochána
- Investigate any matter, even where no complaint has been made, where it appears that a Garda may have committed an offence or behaved in a way that would justify disciplinary proceedings
- Investigate any practise, policy or procedure of the with a view to reducing the incidence of related complaints
The are: Justice Kevin Haugh (High Court Judge and Chairman of the Commission), Carmel Foley (former Director of Consumer Affairs), and Conor Brady (former Editor of The Irish Times and author of a book on the history of the ).
Public Attitudes to An Garda Siochana
The Garda Public Attitudes Survey 2008, showed 81% of the population were satisfied with the , although 72% believed the service needed improvement, 91% described their local as being approachable.
The poll showed 8% of people believed a Garda has acted unacceptably towards them, the rate was highest in Dublin South Central at 14%, lowest in Mayo at 2%. The most common complaint was of being disrespectful or impolite.
Band
The Band is a public relations branch of the , and was formed shortly after the foundation of the force. It gave its first public performance on Dún Laoghaire Pier on Easter Monday, 1923. The first Band Master was Superintendent D.J. Delaney and he formed a céilí and pipe band within the Band. In 1938, the Dublin Metropolitan Band (based at Kevin Street) and the Band amalgamated and were based at the Headquarters in Phoenix Park.
The band was disbanded in 1965. However to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the it was reformed in 1972.
Besides providing music for official functions (such as Graduation Ceremonies at the Garda College) the band undertakes a community orientated programme each year performing at schools, festivals and sporting events. It has a long association with Lansdowne Road for Rugby union and Soccer Internationals, the St. Patrick's Day Parade in Dublin and the Rose of Tralee Festival.
In 1964 the band toured America and Canada under Superintendent J. Moloney, and has also traveled to international events and represented the country at police festivals and concerts in Switzerland, Germany and Northern Ireland.
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