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Fruit tree pollination
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Apple
Most Apples are self incompatible and must be cross pollinated. A few are described as "self-fertile" and are capable of self-pollination although they tend to carry larger crops when pollinated. A relatively small number of species are "Triploid", meaning that they provide no viable pollen for themselves or other apple trees. Apples that can pollinate one another are grouped by the time they usually flower so cross-pollinators are in bloom at the same time.
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Apple
Most Apples are self incompatible and must be cross pollinated. A few are described as "self-fertile" and are capable of self-pollination although they tend to carry larger crops when pollinated. A relatively small number of species are "Triploid", meaning that they provide no viable pollen for themselves or other apple trees. Apples that can pollinate one another are grouped by the time they usually flower so cross-pollinators are in bloom at the same time. Pollination management is an important component of apple culture. Before planting, it is important to arrange for pollenizers - varieties of apple or crabapple that provide plentiful, viable and compatible pollen. Orchard blocks may alternate rows of compatible varieties, or may plant crabapple trees, or graft on limbs of crabapple. Some varieties produce very little pollen, or the pollen is sterile, so these are not good pollenizers. Good-quality nurseries have pollenizer compatibility lists.
Growers with old orchard blocks of single varieties sometimes provide bouquets of crabapple blossoms in drums or pails in the orchard for pollenizers. Home growers with a single tree and no other variety in the neighborhood can do the same on a smaller scale.
During the bloom each season, apple growers usually provide pollinators to carry the pollen. Honeybee hives are most commonly used, and arrangements may be made with a commercial beekeeper who supplies hives for a fee.
| Common name | number of honey bee
hives per acre
for optimal pollination |
|---|
| Apples (normal size) | 1 | | Apples (semi dwarf) | 2 | | Apples (dwarf) | 3 | | Apricots | 1 | | Pears | 1 | | Plums | 1 |
Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Home growers may find these more acceptable in suburban locations because they do not sting. Some wild bees such as carpenter bees and other solitary bees may help. Bumble bee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators.
Symptoms of inadequate pollination are small and misshapen apples, and slowness to ripen. The seeds can be counted to evaluate pollination. Well-pollinated apples are the best quality, and will have seven to ten seeds. Apples with fewer than three seeds will usually not mature and will drop from the trees in the early summer. Inadequate pollination can result from either a lack of pollinators or pollenizers, or from poor pollinating weather at bloom time. It generally requires multiple bee visits to deliver sufficient grains of pollen to accomplish complete pollination.
This is a list of Apple Tree Flowering Groups for the UK. You can use it as a reference for the purposes of ensuring you have the correct pollinator(s) available for your Apple trees. There are too many varieties for it to be inclusive, so please add as appropriate.
Early Flowering Group
These trees will pollinate one another and any tree in the Mid Season Flowering Group (see) below:
Beauty of Bath, Discovery, Egremont Russet
Mid Season Flowering Group
These trees will pollinate one another and any tree in either the Early or Late Season Flowering Groups:
Arthur Turner, Charles Ross, Cox's Orange Pippin, Cox's Self-Fertile, Grenadier, James Grieve, Lord Lambourne, Revd W. Wilkes, Sunset, Winter Gem, Worcester Permain.
Triploids in this group (that need pollination but cannot pollinate other trees) are:
Blenheim Orange, Bramley's Seedling
Late Season Flowering Group
These trees will pollinate one another and any tree in the Mid Season Flowering Group:
Ellisons Orange, Falstaff, Howgate Wonder, Laxton's Superb, Spartan
Triploids in this group (that need pollination but cannot pollinate other trees) are:
Crispin, Jupiter
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Pear
Pears are similar to apples, with the notable exception that pear blossoms are much less attractive to bees, due to lower sugar content than apple or contemporaneous wildflower nectar. Bees may abandon the pear blossoms to visit dandelions or a nearby apple orchard. There are two possible methods used to compensate. One is saturation pollination, that is to stock so many bees that all area blossoms are worked regardless of the attractiveness to the bees. The other is to delay the movement of the beehives into the orchards until there is about 30 per cent bloom. The bees are moved into the orchard during the night and will usually visit the pear blossoms for a few hours until they discover the richer nectar sources. The recommended number of hives per acre is 1.
Citrus
Many citrus varieties are seedless and are produced parthenocarpically without pollination. Some varieties may be capable of producing fruit either way, having seeds in the segments, if pollinated, and no seeds if not.
Citrus that requires pollination may be self compatible, thus pollen must be moved only a short distance from the anther to the stigma by a pollinator. Some citrus, such as Meyer Lemons, are popular container plants. When these bloom indoors, they often suffer from blossom drop because no pollinators have access. Hand pollinate by a human pollinator is a solution, though it is important to learn whether the variety is self fertile or self incompatible.
A few citrus varieties, including some tangelos and tangerines are self incompatible, and require cross pollination. Pollenizers must be planned when groves are planted. This last group generally requires the addition of managed honeybee hives at bloom time for adequate pollination.
See also for more extensive and specific information on citrus pollination.
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