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Frank Gehry
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Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is a Pritzker Prize-winning architect based in Los Angeles.
His buildings, including his private residence, have become tourist attractions. Many museums, companies, and cities seek Gehry's services as a badge of distinction, beyond the product he delivers.
His best-known works include the titanium-covered Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles, Experience Music Project in Seattle, Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis, and Dancing House in Prague, Czech Republic.
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Encyclopedia
Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is a Pritzker Prize-winning architect based in Los Angeles.
His buildings, including his private residence, have become tourist attractions. Many museums, companies, and cities seek Gehry's services as a badge of distinction, beyond the product he delivers.
His best-known works include the titanium-covered Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles, Experience Music Project in Seattle, Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis, and Dancing House in Prague, Czech Republic. However, it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, which jump-started his career, lifting it from the status of "paper architecture," a phenomenon that many famous architects have experienced in their formative decades through experimentation almost exclusively on paper before receiving their first major commission in later years.
Personal life
Gehry was born into a Polish-Jewish family in Toronto, Ontario. A creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, Caplan, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood. His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, and other materials was partly inspired by spending Saturday mornings at his grandfather's hardware store. He would spend time drawing with his father and his mother introduced him to the world of art."So the creative genes were there," Gehry says. "But my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasn't gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things. She would push me."
In 1947 Gehry moved to California, got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern California's School of Architecture. After graduation from USC in 1954, he spent time away from the field of architecture in numerous other jobs, including service in the United States Army. He studied city planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design for a year, leaving before completing the program. In 1952, still known as Frank Goldberg, he married Anita Snyder, who he claims was the one who told him to change his name, which he did, to Frank Gehry. In 1966 he divorced Snyder. In 1975 he married Berta Isabel Aguilera, his current wife. He has two daughters from his first marriage, and two sons from his second marriage.
Having grown up in Canada, Gehry is a huge fan of hockey. He began a hockey league in his office, FOG (which stands for Frank Owen Gehry), though he no longer plays with them. In 2004, he designed the trophy for the World Cup of Hockey. He saw the psychoanalyst Milton Wexler and allowed Wexler to give comments to the press about him. Gehry holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada. He lives in Santa Monica, California, and continues to practice out of Los Angeles.
Architectural style
In that sense, DeCon is often referred to as post-structuralist in nature for its ability to go beyond current modalities of structural definition. In architecture, its application tends to depart from modernism in its inherent criticism of culturally inherited givens such as societal goals and functional necessity. Because of this, unlike early modernist structures, DeCon structures are not required to reflect specific social or universal ideas, such as speed or universality of form, and they do not reflect a belief that form follows function. Gehry's own Santa Monica residence is a commonly cited example of deconstructivist architecture, as it was so drastically divorced from its original context, and, in such a manner, as to subvert its original spatial intention.
Gehry is sometimes associated with what is known as the "Los Angeles School," or the "Santa Monica School" of architecture. The
appropriateness of this designation and the existence of such a school, however, remains controversial due to the lack of a unifying
philosophy or theory. This designation stems from the Los Angeles area's producing a group of the most
influential postmodern architects, including such notable Gehry contemporaries as Eric Owen Moss and Pritzker Prize-winner
Thom Mayne of Morphosis, as well as the famous schools of architecture at the Southern California Institute of Architecture
(co-founded by Thom Mayne), UCLA, and the USC.
Gehry’s style at times seems unfinished or even crude, but his work is consistent with the California ‘funk’ art movement in the 1960s
and early 1970s, which featured the use of inexpensive found objects and non-traditional media such as clay to make serious art. Gehry has
been called ‘the apostle of chain-link fencing and corrugated metal siding‘ (B. Adams). However, a retrospective exhibit at the Whitney
Museum (New York) in 1988 revealed that he is also a sophisticated classical artist, who knows European art history and contemporary
sculpture and painting.
Criticism
Gehry's work has its detractors. Among the criticisms:
- The buildings waste structural resources by creating functionless forms.
- The buildings are apparently designed without accounting for the local climate.
- The spectacle of a building often overwhelms its intended use, especially in the case of museums and arenas.
- The buildings do not seem to belong in their surroundings "organically".
Gehry has been described as "the one-trick pony's one-trick pony" and an "auto-plagiarist", referring to the similarity in style nearly all of his buildings share.
Other notable aspects of career
Awards
Gehry was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects (A.I.A.) in 1974, and he
has received many national, regional, and local A.I.A. awards, including A.I.A. Los Angeles Chapter Gold
Medal. He presently serves on the steering committee of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.Frank Gehry was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize at the Todaiji Buddhist Temple in 1989. The Pritzker Prize serves to honor a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture.
Academia
Gehry is a Distinguished Professor of Architecture at Columbia University and also teaches at the Yale School of Architecture. He has received honorary doctoral degrees from the California College of Arts and Crafts, the Technical
University of Nova Scotia, the Rhode Island School of Design, the California Institute of Arts, and the Otis
Art Institute at the Parsons School of Design.In 1982 and 1989, he held the Charlotte Davenport Professorship in Architecture at Yale University. In 1984, he held the Eliot Noyes Chair at Harvard University.
Budgets
Gehry has gained a reputation for taking the budgets of his clients seriously. Complex and innovative designs like Gehry's typically go over budget. Sydney Opera House, which has been compared with the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in terms of architectural innovation, had a cost overrun of 1,400 percent. It was therefore duly noted when the Guggenheim Bilbao was constructed on time and budget. In an interview in Harvard Design Magazine Gehry explained how he did it. First, he ensured that what he calls the "organization of the artist" prevailed during construction, in order to prevent political and business interests from interfering with the design. Second, he made sure he had a detailed and realistic cost estimate before proceeding. Third, he used CATIA (Computer-Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) and close collaboration with the individual building trades to control costs during construction.
Celebrity status
Gehry is considered a modern architectural icon and celebrity, a major "Starchitect" — a neologism describing the phenomenon of architects attaining a sort of celebrity status. The term usually refers to architects known for dramatic, influential designs that often achieve fame and notoriety through their spectacular effect. Other notable celebrity architects include Zaha Hadid, Thom Mayne, Michael Graves, Rem Koolhaas, and Norman Foster, all of whose works tend toward the edgy and subversive. Gehry came to the attention of the public in 1972 with his "Easy Edges" cardboard furniture. He has appeared in Apple's black and white "Think Different" pictorial ad campaign that associates offbeat but revered figures with Apple's design philosophy. He even once appeared as himself in The Simpsons in the episode "The Seven-Beer Snitch," where he parodied himself by intimating that his ideas are derived by looking at a crumpled paper ball. He also voiced himself on the TV show Arthur, where he helped Arthur and his friends design a new treehouse. Steve Sample, President of the University of Southern California, told Gehry that, "...After George Lucas, you are our most prominent graduate."
Documentary
In 2005, veteran film director Sydney Pollack, a friend of Gehry's, made the documentary Sketches of Frank Gehry with appreciative comments by Philip Johnson, Ed Ruscha, Julian Schnabel, and Dennis Hopper, and critical ones by Hal Foster supplementing dialogue between Gehry and Pollack about their work in two collaborative art forms with considerable commercial constraints and photography of some buildings Gehry designed. It was released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on August 22, 2006, together with an interview of Sydney Pollack by fellow director Alexander Payne and some audience questions following the premiere of the film.
Fish and Furniture
Gehry is very much inspired by fish. Not only does it appear in his buildings, he created a line of jewelry, household items, and sculptures based on this motif. "It was by accident I got into the fish image," claimed Gehry. One thing that sparked his interest in fish was the fact that his colleagues are recreating Greek temples. He said, "Three hundred million years before man was fish....if you gotta go back, and your insecure about going forward...go back three hundred million years ago. Why are you stopping at the Greeks? So I started drawing fish in my sketchbook, and then I started to realize that there was something in it."
Standing Glass Fish is just one of many works featuring fish which Gehry has created. The gigantic fish is made of glass plates and silicone, with the internal supporting structure of wood and steel clearly visible. It soars above a reflecting pool in a glass building built especially for it, in the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden. Another huge Gehry fish sculpture dominates a public garden in front of the Fishdance Restaurant in Kobe, Japan.
In addition to architecture, Gehry has made a line of furniture, jewelry, various household items, and sculptures. His first line of furniture, produced from 1969-1973, was called "Easy Edges," constructed out of cardboard. Another line of furniture released in the spring of 1992 is "Bentwood Furniture." Each piece is named after a different hockey term. He was first introduced to making furniture In 1954 while serving in the U.S. Army. He designed furniture for the enlisted soldiers. Gehry claims that making furniture is his "quick fix."
Works
Completed
*Ronald Davis Studio/Residence, Malibu, CA, 1971-1972
- Easy Edges furniture series 1972.
- Exhibit Center, Merriweather Post Pavilion, and Rouse Company Headquarters, Columbia, Maryland, USA (1974)
- Harper House, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (1977)
- Gehry Residence, 1978
- Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, California, USA (various buildings, 1978-2002)
- Santa Monica Place, Santa Monica, California, USA (1980)
- Air and Space exhibit building, California Museum of Science and Industry, Los Angeles, California, USA (1982-1984)
- Edgemar Retail Complex, Santa Monica, California, USA (1984)
- Frances Howard Goldwyn Hollywood Regional Library, Hollywood, California, USA (1985)
- Chiat/Day Building, Venice, California, USA (1985-1991)
- Vitra Design Museum, Vitra premises, Weil am Rhein, Germany (1989)
- Frederick Weisman Museum of Art, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA (1993)
- Iowa Advanced Technology Laboratories, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA (1987-1992)
- Disney Village, Disneyland Resort Paris, Paris, France (1992)
- Center for the Visual Arts, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA (1993)
- American Center, Paris, France (1994) (currently Cinémathèque Française)
- Siedlung Goldstein, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (1994) 162 Flats public building society.
- Energie Forum Innovation, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany 1995 http://www.energie-forum.de/
- Dancing House ("Fred and Ginger"), Prague, Czech Republic (1995) ,
- Anaheim ICE (formerly Disney ICE), Anaheim, California (1995)
- Team Disney Anaheim, Anaheim, California (1995)
- Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain (1997)
- Der Neue Zollhof, Düsseldorf, Germany (1999)
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (1999)
- , fourth floor of the Condé Nast Publishing Headquarters at Four Times Square in New York City, USA (2000)
- DZ Bank building, Pariser Platz 3, Berlin, Germany (2000)
- Experience Music Project, Seattle, Washington, USA (2000)
- Gehry Tower, Hanover, Germany (2001)
- Issey Miyake, Flagship Store, New York, New York, USA (2001)
- Peter B. Lewis Building, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA (2002)
- Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, USA (2003)
- Maggie's centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland (2003)
- Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, California, USA (2003)
- Ray and Maria Stata Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. (2004)
- Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Millennium Park, Chicago, Illinois, USA (2004)
- MARTa, Herford, Germany (2005) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARTa_Herford
- IAC/InterActiveCorp West Coast Headquarters, Sunset Strip, West Hollywood, California, USA (2005)
- The house currently owned by Brian Transeau, Los Angeles, California, USA
- , Elciego (Rioja (wine) region), Spain (2006).
- IAC/InterActiveCorp Headquarters, in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, USA, (2007)
- A stage for Mariza's show, at Walt Disney Concert Hall, USA (2007)
- Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Art Gallery of Ontario renovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2008)
- Peter B. Lewis Library, Princeton University (2008)
Works in progress
- at the Pasadena Playhouse, in Pasadena, California
- Atlantic Yards, New York City
- Performing arts complex at the World Trade Center site, New York City
- Beekman Tower, New York City
- Grand Avenue Project, Los Angeles, California
- Museum of Tolerance, Jerusalem, Israel (expected completion in 2008)
- Ohr-O'Keefe Museum, Biloxi, Mississippi, U.S. (open 2005; all buildings expected to be complete by 2007)
- Panama: Bridge of Life Museum of Biodiversity, Panama City, Panama
- Guggenheim Abu Dhabi (GAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (expected completion in 2011).
- Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia Pennsylvania (Announced October 19 2006)
- Louis Vuitton Foundation for Creation, Paris, France (Announced October 2006)
- Untitled Five Star Hotel & Event Center ("The Point") Lehi, Utah (Announced January 19 2007)
- Le Clos Jordan Winery, Lincoln, Ontario, Canada
- Luxury Hotel, apartments and Offices, Sønderborg, Denmark
- Frank Gehry Visitor Center at Hall Napa Valley, Saint Helena, California Napa (Announced July 1 2007)
- The Lou Ruvo Brain Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada
- King Alfred Development Hove (Permission granted March 2007)
- Suna Kiraç Cultural Center, Istanbul, Turkey (It will start in newyear)
- Cultural Center, Lodz, Poland.
- New World Symphony campus, Miami Beach, Florida (expected completion in 2010)
- Temporary Pavilion for the Serpentine Gallery (Summer 2008).
- Le Parc des Ateliers SNCF - Arles-France
Awards
- On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Frank Gehry into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
- On November 3, 2004, Gehry was awarded the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award for public service by the Woodrow Wilson Center of the Smithsonian Institution in New York City.
- In 1989, Gehry was the recipient of the Pritzker Prize for architecture.
Honorary doctorates
- Visual Arts; California Institute of the Arts (Valencia, California, USA—1987)
- Fine Arts; Rhode Island School of Design (Providence, Rhode Island, USA—1987)
- Engineering; Technical University of Nova Scotia (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada—1989)
- Fine Arts; Otis Arts Institute (Los Angeles, California, USA—1989)
- Humanities; Occidental College (Los Angeles, California, USA—1993)
- Whittier College (Whittier, California, USA—1995)
- Architecture; Southern California Institute of Architecture (Los Angeles, California, USA—1997)
- Laws; University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario, Canada—1998)
- University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom—2000)
- University of Southern California (Los Angeles, California, USA —2000)
- Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut, USA—2000)
- Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA—2000)
- City College of New York (New York, New York, USA—2002)
- The School of The Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, Illinois, USA—2004)
Additional images
See also
Bibliography
- Sketches of Frank Gehry - Documentary
- Frank Gehry Architect - Guggenheim Publications 2001
- El Croquis 74/75 1995
- Architects Today - Laurence King Publishers
- Dal Co, Francesco and Forster, Kurt. W. "Frank O. Gehry: The Complete Works." Published in the United States of America in 1998 by The Monacelli Press, Inc. Copyright 1998 by The Monacelli Press, Inc.
- The Pritzker Architecture Prize- www.pritzkerprize.com
External links
- Video about the making of the Superlight chair
- , QTVR MARTa by Tolomeus
- , Gehry's architecture firm
- , Gehry's technology firm
- , the small BIM services company who first introduced Gehry's practice to digital design and the practical application of CATIA to challenging modern architecture
- (with drawings)
- (with slideshow)
- by Akhil Sharma
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