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Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (; January 7, 1899 – January 30, 1963) was a French
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 composer
Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music....
 and a member of the French group Les Six
Les Six

Les Six is a name, inspired by The Five, given in 1923 by critic Henri Collet in an article titled ?Les cinq Russes, les six Fran?ais et M. Satie? to a group of six composers working in Montparnasse whose music is often seen as a reaction against Richard Wagner and Impressionist Music....
. He composed music in all major genres, including art song
Art song

An art song is a vocal music Musical composition, usually written for one singer with piano or orchestral accompaniment. By extension, the term "art song" is used to refer to the genre of such songs....
, chamber music
Chamber music

Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber....
, oratorio
Oratorio

An oratorio is a large musical composition including an orchestra, a choir, and solo ists. The oratorio was somewhat modeled after the opera. Their similarities include the use of a choir, soloists, an ensemble, various distinguishable Fictional character, and arias....
, opera
Opera

Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition....
, ballet music, and orchestral music. Critic Claude Rostand, in a July 1950 Paris-Presse article, described Poulenc as "half bad boy, half monk" ("le moine et le voyou"), a tag that was to be attached to his name for the rest of his career.






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Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (; January 7, 1899 – January 30, 1963) was a French
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 composer
Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music....
 and a member of the French group Les Six
Les Six

Les Six is a name, inspired by The Five, given in 1923 by critic Henri Collet in an article titled ?Les cinq Russes, les six Fran?ais et M. Satie? to a group of six composers working in Montparnasse whose music is often seen as a reaction against Richard Wagner and Impressionist Music....
. He composed music in all major genres, including art song
Art song

An art song is a vocal music Musical composition, usually written for one singer with piano or orchestral accompaniment. By extension, the term "art song" is used to refer to the genre of such songs....
, chamber music
Chamber music

Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber....
, oratorio
Oratorio

An oratorio is a large musical composition including an orchestra, a choir, and solo ists. The oratorio was somewhat modeled after the opera. Their similarities include the use of a choir, soloists, an ensemble, various distinguishable Fictional character, and arias....
, opera
Opera

Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition....
, ballet music, and orchestral music. Critic Claude Rostand, in a July 1950 Paris-Presse article, described Poulenc as "half bad boy, half monk" ("le moine et le voyou"), a tag that was to be attached to his name for the rest of his career.

Biography


Early life

Poulenc was born in Paris
Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
 in 1899. His mother, an amateur pianist, taught him to play and music formed a part of family life. He was a capable pianist and the keyboard dominated much of his early compositions. He also, throughout his career, borrowed from his own compositions as well as those of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in Salzburg. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty; at seventeen he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew restless and traveled in search of a better position, always...
 and Camille Saint-Saëns
Camille Saint-Saëns

Charles-Camille Saint-Sa?ns was a French composer, organist, Conductor , and pianist, known especially for The Carnival of the Animals, Danse Macabre , Samson and Delilah , Havanaise , Introduction and Rondo capriccioso , and his Symphony No....
. Later in his life, the loss of some close friends, coupled with a pilgrimage to the Black Madonna
Black Madonna

A Black Madonna or Black Virgin is a statue or painting of Mary in which she is depicted with dark or black skin. This name applies in particular to European statues or pictures of a Madonna which are of special interest because her dark face and hands is thought by some to be the true color....
 of Rocamadour
Rocamadour

Rocamadour is a Communes of France in the Lot Departments of France in southwestern France.It lies in the Provinces of France of Quercy....
, led him to rediscover the Roman Catholic faith and resulted in compositions of a more sombre, austere tone.

Career

Poulenc was a member of Les Six
Les Six

Les Six is a name, inspired by The Five, given in 1923 by critic Henri Collet in an article titled ?Les cinq Russes, les six Fran?ais et M. Satie? to a group of six composers working in Montparnasse whose music is often seen as a reaction against Richard Wagner and Impressionist Music....
, a group of young French and Swiss composers (comprising himself along with Milhaud
Darius Milhaud

Darius Milhaud was a French composer and teacher. He was a member of Les Six - also known as the Groupe des Six - and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century....
, Auric
Georges Auric

Georges Auric was a French composer, born in Lod?ve, H?rault, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. He was a child prodigy and at age 15 he had his first compositions published....
, Durey
Louis Durey

Louis Durey was a France composer....
, Honegger
Arthur Honegger

Arthur Honegger was a Swiss composer, who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of Les Six. His most frequently performed work is probably the orchestral work Pacific 231, which is interpreted as imitating the sound of a steam engine locomotive....
 and Tailleferre
Germaine Tailleferre

Germaine Tailleferre was a France composer and the only female member of the famous Group Les Six....
) who also had links with Erik Satie
Erik Satie

Alfred ?ric Leslie Satie was a France composer and pianist. Starting with his first composition in 1884, he signed his name as Erik Satie....
 and Jean Cocteau
Jean Cocteau

Jean Maurice Eug?ne Cl?ment Cocteau was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager, playwright and filmmaker. Along with other Surrealists of his generation Cocteau grappled with the "algebra" of verbal codes old and new, mise en sc?ne language and technologies of modernism to create a paradox: a classical avant-garde....
. He embraced the Dada
Dada

Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Z?rich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature?poetry, art manifestoes, aesthetics?theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art...
 movement's techniques, creating melodies that would have challenged what was considered appropriate for Parisian music halls.

He was already identified with this group before he undertook his first formal musical training, with Charles Koechlin
Charles Koechlin

Charles Louis Eug?ne Koechlin was a French composer, teacher and writer on music....
 in 1921.

Poulenc was a featured pianist in several recordings, including some of his own songs (with Pierre Bernac
Pierre Bernac

Pierre Bernac was a France baritone.Although coming to music relatively late, he became the most renowned interpreter of the French art song, and was also famous as a teacher....
, recorded in 1947; and Rose Dercourt) and the concerto for two pianos (recorded in May 1957). He supervised the 1961 world premiere recording of his Gloria, which was conducted by Georges Prêtre
Georges Prêtre

Georges Pr?tre is a France conducting.He was born in Waziers , and studied harmony under Maurice Durufl? and conducting under Andr? Cluytens among others at the Paris Conservatoire....
. His recordings were released by RCA Victor and EMI
EMI

The EMI Group is a United Kingdom music company comprising the major record label EMI Music ? which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in London, England, United Kingdom ? and EMI Music Publishing, based in New York City....
. Poulenc's Perpetual Motion Nr. 1 (1918) is used in Alfred Hitchcock
Alfred Hitchcock

Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, Order of the British Empire was a British filmmaker and film producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres....
's Rope
Rope (film)

Rope is a film written by Hume Cronyn and Arthur Laurents, produced and directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring James Stewart , John Dall and Farley Granger....
 (1948).

Among Poulenc's last series of major works is a series of works for wind instrument
Wind instrument

A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator , in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into a mouthpiece set at the end of the resonator....
s and piano. He was particularly fond of woodwinds, and planned a set of sonatas for all of them, yet only lived to complete four: sonatas for flute, oboe, clarinet, and the Elégie for horn.

Poulenc died of heart failure in Paris in 1963.

Personal life

Some writers consider Poulenc one of the first openly
Coming out

Coming out, or commonly "coming out of the closet," describes the usually voluntary public revealing of a person's sexual orientation and/or gender identity....
 gay
Gay

The term gay was originally used, until well into the mid-20th century, primarily to refer to feelings of being "carefree," "happy," or "bright and showy"; it had also come to acquire some connotations of "immorality" as early as 1637....
 composers. His first serious relationship was with painter Richard Chanlaire, to whom he dedicated his Concert champêtre
Concert champêtre

Concert champ?tre is a harpsichord concerto by Francis Poulenc, which also exists in a version for piano solo with very slight changes in the solo part....
: "You have changed my life, you are the sunshine of my thirty years, a reason for living and working." He also once said, "You know that I am as sincere in my faith, without any messianic screamings, as I am in my Parisian sexuality." However, Poulenc's life was also one of inner struggle. Having been born and raised a Roman Catholic, he struggled between coming to terms with his unorthodox sexual appetites and maintaining his religious convictions.

Poulenc also had a number of relationships with women. He fathered a daughter, Marie-Ange, although he never formally admitted that he was indeed her father . He was also a very close friend of the singer Pierre Bernac
Pierre Bernac

Pierre Bernac was a France baritone.Although coming to music relatively late, he became the most renowned interpreter of the French art song, and was also famous as a teacher....
, for whom he wrote many songs; some sources have hinted that this long friendship had sexual undertones. The now-published correspondence between the two men, however, strongly suggests that they were never sex partners.

Poulenc was profoundly affected by the death of friends. First came the death of the young woman he had hoped to marry, Raymonde Linossier. While Poulenc admitted to having no sexual interest in Linossier, they had been lifelong friends. Then, in 1923 he was "unable to do anything" for two days after the death from typhoid fever of his twenty-year-old friend, the novelist Raymond Radiguet
Raymond Radiguet

Raymond Radiguet was a France author.He was born in Saint-Maur-des-Foss?s, Val-de-Marne close to Paris, the son of a caricaturist. In 1917 he moved to the city....
. However, two weeks later he had moved on, joking to Sergei Diaghilev
Sergei Diaghilev

Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev , also referred to as Serge, was a Russian people art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes from which many famous dancers and choreographers would later arise....
 at the rehearsals he was unable to leave, about helping a dancer "warm up". In 1936, Poulenc was profoundly affected by the death of another composer, Pierre-Octave Ferroud, who was decapitated in an automobile accident in Hungary. This led him to his first visit to the shrine of the Black Virgin of Rocamadour
Rocamadour

Rocamadour is a Communes of France in the Lot Departments of France in southwestern France.It lies in the Provinces of France of Quercy....
. Here, before the statue of the Madonna with a young child on her lap, Poulenc experienced a life-changing transformation. Thereafter his work took on more religious themes, beginning with the Litanies à la vierge noire (1936). In 1949, Poulenc experienced the death of another friend, the artist Christian Bérard
Christian Bérard

Christian B?rard , also known as B?b?, was a France artist, fashion illustrator and fashion design.B?rard and his lover Boris Kochno, who directed the Ballets Russes and was also co-founder of the Ballet des Champs-Elys?es, were one of the most prominent openly homosexuality couples in French theater during the 1930s and '40s....
, for whom he composed his Stabat Mater
Stabat Mater (Poulenc)

'Stabat Mater' is a musical setting of the Stabat Mater sequence composed by Francis Poulenc's in 1950. Poulenc composed the piece in response to the death of his friend, artist Christian B?rard; he considered writing a Requiem for B?rard, but, after returning to the shrine of the Black Virgin of Rocamadour, he selected the medieval ...
 (1950). Other sacred works from this period include the Mass in G (1937), Gloria
Gloria (Poulenc)

The Gloria by Francis Poulenc was written between May and December 1959, sets the Roman Catholic Gloria in excelsis Deo text, and is one of his most celebrated works....
 (1959), and Sept répons des ténèbres (1961–2).

Works


Stage


Ballet

  • Les Biches
    Les Biches

    Les Biches is a ballet by Francis Poulenc, premiered by the Ballets Russes in 1924. The composer, who was at the time relatively unknown, was asked by Serge Diaghilev to write a piece based on Alexander Glazunov's Les Sylphides, written seventeen years earlier....
    , ballet (1922/23)
  • Pastourelle (1927; for the children's ballet L'Éventail de Jeanne
    L'Éventail de Jeanne

    L'?ventail de Jeanne is a children's ballet choreographed in 1927 by Alice Bourgat and Yvonne Franck.The music was by ten France composers, each of whom contributed a stylised dance in classic form:...
    , to which ten French composers each contributed a dance; this excerpt became better known in its piano transcription)
  • Les Animaux Modèles, ballet (1941)

Opera

  • Les mamelles de Tirésias
    Les mamelles de Tirésias

    Les Mamelles de Tir?sias is a Surrealism two act Comic opera by Francis Poulenc, based on The Breasts of Tiresias by Guillaume Apollinaire, which was written in 1903 but first performed in 1917....
    , opera (1947)
  • Dialogues of the Carmelites
    Dialogues of the Carmelites

    Dialogues of the Carmelites , is an opera in three acts by Francis Poulenc. In 1953, M. Valcarenghi approached Poulenc to commission a ballet for La Scala in Milan; when Poulenc found the proposed subject uninspiring, Valcarenghi suggested instead the screenplay by Georges Bernanos, based on the novella Die Letzte am Schafott , by Ge...
    , opera (1957)
  • La voix humaine
    La voix humaine

    La Voix humaine is a one-act opera for one character, with music by Francis Poulenc to a libretto by Jean Cocteau, based on his 1932 play....
    , opera (1959)


Orchestral

  • Sinfonietta (1947)


Concertante

  • Concert Champêtre
    Concert champêtre

    Concert champ?tre is a harpsichord concerto by Francis Poulenc, which also exists in a version for piano solo with very slight changes in the solo part....
    , for harpsichord
    Harpsichord

    A harpsichord is a musical instrument played by means of a musical keyboard. It produces sound by plucking a string when each Key is pressed....
     and orchestra, (1927–1928)
  • Aubade, a "Concerto Choréographique" for piano and 18 instruments (1930)
  • Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra in D minor (1932)
  • Concerto for Organ, Strings and Timpani in G minor (1938)
  • Piano Concerto (1949)


Vocal/Choral Orchestral

  • Litanies à la vierge noire (SSA, org) (1936), orchestrated (1947)
  • Stabat Mater
    Stabat Mater (Poulenc)

    'Stabat Mater' is a musical setting of the Stabat Mater sequence composed by Francis Poulenc's in 1950. Poulenc composed the piece in response to the death of his friend, artist Christian B?rard; he considered writing a Requiem for B?rard, but, after returning to the shrine of the Black Virgin of Rocamadour, he selected the medieval ...
     (Soprano solo, SATB divisi, orchestra )(1950)
  • Gloria
    Gloria (Poulenc)

    The Gloria by Francis Poulenc was written between May and December 1959, sets the Roman Catholic Gloria in excelsis Deo text, and is one of his most celebrated works....
     (Soprano solo, SATB divisi, orchestra) (1959)
  • Sept répons des ténèbres (Child Soprano, Men's Chorus, Children's Chorus, orchestra (1961-2)
  • La Dame de Monte-Carlo (Soprano solo, orchestra) (1961)


Chamber/Instrumental

  • Sonata for 2 Clarinets, op. 7 (1918/1945)
  • Sonata for Violin and Piano, op. 12 (1918)
  • Sonata for Clarinet and Bassoon, op. 32 (1922/1945)
  • Sonata for Horn, Trumpet and Trombone, op. 33 (1922/1945)
  • Trio for Oboe, Bassoon and Piano, op. 43 (1926)
  • Villanelle for Pipe (pipeau) and Piano, op. 74 (1934)
  • Suite française for 2 Oboes, 2 Bassoons, 2 Trumpets, 3 Trombones, Percussion and Harpsichord, op. 80 (1935)
  • Sextet for Piano and Wind Quintet
    Wind quintet

    A wind quintet, also sometimes known as a woodwind quintet, is a group of five wind players . The term also applies to a composition for such a group....
    , op. 100 (1932–9)
  • Sonata for Violin and Piano, op. 119 (1942–3/1949)
  • Sonata for Cello and Piano. op. 143 (1940–48)
  • Trois mouvements perpétuels for 9 Instruments, op. 14 (1946)
  • Flute Sonata
    Flute Sonata (Poulenc)

    The Flute Sonata by Francis Poulenc, or Sonata for Flute and Piano, was written in 1957. Poulenc composed it for the flautist Jean-Pierre Rampal, and he and Rampal gave the premi?re in June 1957 at the Strasbourg Festival....
    , op. 164 (1956–7)
  • Elégie for Horn and Piano, op. 168 (1957) In memory of Dennis Brain
    Dennis Brain

    Dennis Brain was a United Kingdom virtuoso Horn player and was largely responsible for popularizing the horn as a solo classical instrument with the post-war British public....
  • Sarabande for Guitar, op. 179 (1960)
  • Sonata for Clarinet and Piano
    Clarinet Sonata (Poulenc)

    Francis Poulenc's Clarinet Sonata for clarinet and piano dates from 1962 and is one of the last pieces he completed. Because Poulenc died before the piece was published, editors have had to guess as to the identity of some notes, as well as missing dynamics and articulations....
    , op. 184 (1962)
  • Oboe Sonata
    Oboe Sonata (Poulenc)

    Francis Poulenc's Oboe Sonata for oboe and piano dates from 1962. According to many oboists, the last movement "D?ploration" was the last piece he wrote before he died....
    , op. 185 (1962)


Piano


for one piano

for four hands

  • Capriccio for 2 pianos (after Le bal Masqué), FP 155


for two pianos

  • Concerto for 2 pianos & orchestra in D minor, FP 61
  • Sonata for 2 pianos, FP 156
  • Sonata for piano, 4 hands, FP 8
  • L'embarquement pour Cythère, valse-musette for 2 pianos (from film, Le voyage en Amérique), FP 150
  • Élégie (en accords alternés), for 2 pianos, FP 175


Choral

  • Chanson à boire (TTBB) (1922)
  • Sept chansons (SATB) (1936)
  • Litanies à la vierge noire (SSA, org) (1936), orchestrated (1947)
  • Petites voix (SSA) (1936)
  • Mass in G (SATB) (1937)
  • Sécheresses (chorus, orchestra) (1937)
  • Quatre motets pour un temps de pénitence (SATB): "Vinea mea electa", (1938); "Tenebrae factae sunt", (1938); "Tristis est anima mea", (1938); "Timor et tremor", (1939)
  • Exultate Deo (SATB) (1941)
  • Salve regina (SATB) (1941)
  • Figure humaine (12 voices) (1943)
  • Un soir de neige (6 voices) (1944)
  • Chansons françaises: "Margoton va t'a l'iau", (SATB)(1945); "La belle se sied au pied de la tour" (SATBarB) (1945); "Pilons l'orge" (SATBarB) (1945); "Clic, clac, dansez sabots" (TBB) (1945); "C'est la petit' fill' du prince" (SATBarB) (1946); "La belle si nous étions" (TBB) (1946); "Ah! Mon beau laboureur" (SATB) (1945); "Les tisserands" (SATBarB) (1946)
  • Quatre petites prières de Saint François d'Assise (Men's chorus) (1948)
  • Quatre motets pour le temps de Noël (Mixed chorus): "O magnum mysterium" (1952); "Quem vidistis pastores?" (1951); "Videntes stellam" (1951); "Hodie Christus natus est" (1952)
  • Ave verum corpus (SMezA) (1952)
  • Laudes de Saint Antoine de Padoue (Men's Chorus): "O Jésu perpetua lux" (1957); "O proles hispaniae" (1958); "Laus regi plena gaudio" (1959); "Si quaeris" (1959)


Vocal

  • Le Portrait (poem by Colette
    Colette

    Colette was the pen name of the France novelist Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette . She is best known, at least in the English-speaking world, for her novel Gigi, which provided the plot for a Lerner & Loewe musical film and Musical theatre....
    ) (1937)
  • La Grenouillère (poem by Apollinaire
    Guillaume Apollinaire

    Wilhelm Albert Wlodzimierz Apolinary de Waz-Kostrowicki, known as Guillaume Apollinaire was a France poet, writer, and art critic born in Italy to a Polish mother....
    ) (1938)
  • Deux poèmes d'Apollinaire (poems by Apollinaire: I: "Dans le jardin d'Anna", II: "Allons plus vite") (1939)
  • Bleuet (poem by Apollinaire) (1939)
  • Banalités (poems by Apollinaire: I: "Chanson d'Orkenise", II: "Hôtel", III: "Fagnes de Wallonie", IV: "Voyage à Paris", V: "Sanglots") (1940)
  • The Story of Babar the Elephant
    Babar the Elephant

    Babar the Elephant is a very popular French children's fictional character who first appeared in L'Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff in 1931 and enjoyed immediate success....
     for Piano and Narrator (1940 – orchestrated by Jean Françaix
    Jean Françaix

    Jean Ren? D?sir? Fran?aix was a French neoclassicism composer, piano, and orchestration, known for his prolific output and vibrant style....
     1945)
  • Deux poèmes d'Apollinaire (poems by Apollinaire: I: "Montparnasse", II: "Hyde Park") (1941-1945))
  • Deux poèmes d'Apollinaire (poems by Apollinaire: I: "Le pont", II: "Un poème") (1946)
  • Paul et Virginie (poem by Raymond Radiguet
    Raymond Radiguet

    Raymond Radiguet was a France author.He was born in Saint-Maur-des-Foss?s, Val-de-Marne close to Paris, the son of a caricaturist. In 1917 he moved to the city....
    ) (1946)
  • Rosemonde (poem by Apollinaire) (1954)
  • Parisiana (poems by Max Jacob
    Max Jacob

    Max Jacob was a French poet, Painting, writer, and critic....
    : I: "Jouer du Bugle", II: "Vous n'écrivez plus?") (1954)
  • Dernier Poème (poem by Robert Desnos
    Robert Desnos

    Robert Desnos , was a French surrealist poet who played a key role in the surrealistic movement of his day....
    ) (1956)
  • La courte Paille (poems by Maurice Carême
    Maurice Carême

    Maurice Car?me was a Belgian francophone poet, best known for his simple writing style and children's poetry....
    , I: "Le sommeil", II: "Quelle aventure!", III: "La Reine de Coeur", IV: "Ba, be, bi, bo, bu", V: "Les anges musiciens", VI: "Le Carafon", VII: "Lune d'Avril") (1960)


Books

  • Francis Poulenc Echo and Source. Selected Correspondence 1915-1963, translated and edited by Sidney Buckland, London, Gollancz, 1991, 448 p.
  • Francis Poulenc, Correspondence 1910-1963, éditée par Myriam Chimènes, Paris, Fayard, 1994, 1128 p.
  • Francis Poulenc, Journal de mes mélodies, Cicero, 1993, 160 p.
  • Francis Poulenc, À bâtons rompus (écrits radiophoniques, Journal de vacances, Feuilles américaines), écrits édités par Lucie Kayas, Arles, Actes Sud, 1999.
  • Francis Poulenc, Moi et mes amis, confidences recueillies par Stéphane Audel, Paris, La Palatine Ligugé, 1963, 206 p.
  • Renaud Machart, Poulenc, Paris, Seuil, 1995, 252 p.
  • Henri Hell, Francis Poulenc, Paris, Fayard, 1978, 391 p.
  • Jean Roy, Francis Poulenc, Paris, Seghers, 1964, 191 p.
  • Carl B. Schmidt, Entrancing Muse: A Documented Biography of Francis Poulenc, London, Pendragon Pr, 2001, 621 p.
  • Benjamin Ivry, Francis Poulenc, Londres, Phaidon Press Limited, 1996.
  • Simon Basinger, Les Cahiers de Francis Poulenc, Paris/collectif de l'Association F.Poulenc, Paris, 2008.
  • Pierre Bernac, Francis Poulenc et ses mélodies, Paris, Buchet-Chastel, 1978, 220 p.
  • Richard Burton, Francis Poulenc, Absolute Press, 2002, 114 p.
  • Francine Bloch, Phonographie de Francis Poulenc. Paris / Bibliothèque Nationale (1984)
  • Poulenc: Music, Art and Literature, sous la direction de Sidney Buckland et Myriam Chimènes, Ashgate, 1999, 409 p.
  • Alban Ramaut, Francis Poulenc et la voix, Lyon, Symétrie, 2005, 336 p.


External links