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Francesco di Giorgio
 
 
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Francesco di Giorgio Martini (baptised 23 September 1439 – 1502) was an Italian
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
 painter of the Sienese School
Sienese School

The Sienese School of painting flourished in Siena, Italy between the 13th and 15th centuries and for a time rivaled Florence, though it was more conservative, being inclined towards the decorative beauty and elegant grace of late Gothic art....
, a sculptor, an architect and theorist, and a military engineer who built almost seventy fortifications for the Duke of Urbino.

Born in Siena
Siena

Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena.The historic centre of Siena has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site....
, he apprenticed as a painter with Vecchietta
Vecchietta

Francesco di Giorgio e di Lorenzo , known as Vecchietta or Lorenzo di Pietro, was an Italian Sienese School Painting, sculpture, goldsmith and architect of the Renaissance....
. In panels painted for cassoni
Cassone

Among furniture in Italy, a cassone is a rich and showy type of Chest , which may be inlaid or carved, prepared with gesso ground then painted and gilded....
 he departed from the traditional representations of joyful wedding processions in frieze-like formulas to express visions of ideal, symmetrical, vast and all but empty urban spaces rendered in perspective
Perspective (graphical)

File:Staircase perspective.jpgPerspective in the graphic arts, such as drawing, is an approximate representation, on a flat surface , of an image as it is perceived by the eye....
.






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Francesco di Giorgio Martini (baptised 23 September 1439 – 1502) was an Italian
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
 painter of the Sienese School
Sienese School

The Sienese School of painting flourished in Siena, Italy between the 13th and 15th centuries and for a time rivaled Florence, though it was more conservative, being inclined towards the decorative beauty and elegant grace of late Gothic art....
, a sculptor, an architect and theorist, and a military engineer who built almost seventy fortifications for the Duke of Urbino.

Born in Siena
Siena

Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena.The historic centre of Siena has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site....
, he apprenticed as a painter with Vecchietta
Vecchietta

Francesco di Giorgio e di Lorenzo , known as Vecchietta or Lorenzo di Pietro, was an Italian Sienese School Painting, sculpture, goldsmith and architect of the Renaissance....
. In panels painted for cassoni
Cassone

Among furniture in Italy, a cassone is a rich and showy type of Chest , which may be inlaid or carved, prepared with gesso ground then painted and gilded....
 he departed from the traditional representations of joyful wedding processions in frieze-like formulas to express visions of ideal, symmetrical, vast and all but empty urban spaces rendered in perspective
Perspective (graphical)

File:Staircase perspective.jpgPerspective in the graphic arts, such as drawing, is an approximate representation, on a flat surface , of an image as it is perceived by the eye....
. Francesco di Giorgio is also known for architectural designs and sculptural work for Federico III da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, for whom he built star-shaped fortifications
Star fort

A star fort or trace italienne is a fortification in the style that evolved during the age of black powder, when cannons came to dominate the battlefield, and was first seen in the mid-15th century in Italy....
.

He composed an architectural treatise Trattato di architettura, ingegneria e arte militare that he worked on for decades and finished sometime after 1482; it circulated in manuscript. Its projects were well in advance of completed projects at the time. The third book is preoccupied with the "ideal" city, constrained within star-shaped polygonal geometries reminiscent of the star fort
Star fort

A star fort or trace italienne is a fortification in the style that evolved during the age of black powder, when cannons came to dominate the battlefield, and was first seen in the mid-15th century in Italy....
, whose wedge-shaped bastion
Bastion

A 'bastion' is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall , with the shape of a sharp point, facilitating active defense against assaulting troops....
s are said to have been his innovation.

Francesco di Giorgio finished his career as architect in charge of the works at the Duomo di Siena
Duomo di Siena

The Cathedral of Siena , dedicated from its earliest days as a Roman Catholic Marian church and now to Santa Maria Assunta , is a medieval church in Siena, central Italy....
, where his bronze angels are on the high altar.

Further reading

  • Bertrand Gille
    Bertrand Gille

    Bertrand Gille was a France history of technology.Although best known for his work on technology, Gille also wrote on diverse subjects including the history of French banking and Russian economics....
    , 1978. Les Ingénieurs de la Renaissance, Thèse Histoire, Paris, 1960. Seuil, in series Points Sciences) ISBN 2-02-004913-9


External links