Fort Nashborough
Encyclopedia
Fort Nashborough was the stockade
Stockade
A stockade is an enclosure of palisades and tall walls made of logs placed side by side vertically with the tops sharpened to provide security.-Stockade as a security fence:...

 for the settlement that became the city of Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in Davidson County, in the north-central part of the state. The city is a center for the health care, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and is home...

. A reconstruction, maintained by Nashville Parks and Recreation
Nashville Board of Parks and Recreation
The Nashville Metropolitan Board of Parks and Recreation is the municipal board that is responsible for maintaining the parks system of Nashville, Tennessee, and furnishing recreational opportunities for city's residents. The board maintains over of park space...

 today stands on the banks of the Cumberland River
Cumberland River
The Cumberland River is a waterway in the Southern United States. It is long. It starts in Harlan County in far southeastern Kentucky between Pine and Cumberland mountains, flows through southern Kentucky, crosses into northern Tennessee, and then curves back up into western Kentucky before...

 near the site of the original fort.

Preparations

No attempt had been made to permanently settle the area known as French Lickhttp://www.middle-tennessee.com/French-Lick-History on the banks of the Cumberland River
Cumberland River
The Cumberland River is a waterway in the Southern United States. It is long. It starts in Harlan County in far southeastern Kentucky between Pine and Cumberland mountains, flows through southern Kentucky, crosses into northern Tennessee, and then curves back up into western Kentucky before...

 in Middle Tennessee
Middle Tennessee
Middle Tennessee is a distinct portion of the state of Tennessee, delineated according to state law as the 41 counties in the Middle Grand Division of Tennessee....

 until 1779, when John Buchanan Sr., migrated with his family from Cumberland Co., Pa., to North Carolina then to the Watauga settlements
Watauga Association
The Watauga Association was a semi-autonomous government created in 1772 by frontier settlers living along the Watauga River in what is now present day Elizabethton, Tennessee...

, up to Kentucky to leave his women, and down to the Cumberland settlements. He and others built a station at French Lick (later called Fort Nashborough), in early 1779. In February of that year, Wataugan leader James Robertson
James Robertson (early American)
James Robertson was an explorer and pioneer active primarily in what is now the State of Tennessee during the second half of the 18th century. An early companion of explorer Daniel Boone, Robertson helped establish the Watauga Association in the early 1770s, and helped defend Fort Watauga from an...

 set out with a nine-man exploration party to the site. Soon after their arrival, fellow pioneer Kasper Mansker joined the group. A 3,000 acre (12 km²) land grant was negotiated with Richard Henderson
Richard Henderson (American pioneer)
Richard Henderson was an American pioneer and merchant who attempted to create a colony called Transylvania just as the American Revolutionary War was starting.-Early life:Henderson was born in Hanover County, Virginia...

 and arrangements were made for the movement of these families who were prepared to risk all to start a new life in a far-distant rugged wilderness. Robertson charged three of his men with staying behind and planting some corn to prepare for the arrival of a much larger group, whilst he returned to Watauga to prepare them to make the journey westward.

James Robertson did not immediately return to Watauga, but detoured to Illinois
Illinois
Illinois is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal,...

 to see General George Rogers Clark
George Rogers Clark
George Rogers Clark was a soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Kentucky militia throughout much of the war...

, who, as the agent of Virginia
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...

 was dispensing "cabin rights
Cabin Rights
At an early period in the settlement of the American Frontier, pioneers asserted their claims to parts of wild lands by blazing trees around the desired boundary, and later comers customarily recognized the claims: tomahawk rights, they were called...

" on very favorable terms. Robertson, whose Watauga Association was in opposition to the control of the government of North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina is a state located in the southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte...

 (which held claim to the land) thought it possible that the yet-to-be established border between the Virginia and North Carolina frontiers would throw the new Cumberland River settlement in Virginia. Thus he wished to get secure titles and eliminate any future complications over ownership. After making provisional arrangements with General Clark, Robertson returned to his family to prepare for the pending relocation to the Cumberland country.

Robertson by land

On November 1, 1779, Robertson led some 200 "movers", some on horseback and some on foot, from Fort Patrick Henry at Watauga toward the western frontier to prepare for the later arrival of the party's women and children, to be led over waterways by John Donelson
John Donelson
Col. John Donelson , explorer and adventurer, was, with James Robertson, co-founder of Fort Nashborough in 1780, which would eventually become the city of Nashville, Tennessee. Donelson was the father of Rachel Jackson, the wife of seventh President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. His...

. Robertson's brothers, Mark and John, were in the party, as well as his oldest son, 11-year-old Jonathan, who drove the sheep. The men were joined en route by John Rains and a number of his friends, who then decided to settle at French Lick, rather than in Kentucky
Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state, more specifically in the East South Central region. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth...

. The end of the journey was not reached until Christmas Day, due to delays caused by the winter described as the coldest one any of them had ever known. http://www.wnfoundersmuseum.org/foundfamilies.htm

The settlement occurred at a time of great unrest on the western frontier
Frontier
A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary. 'Frontier' was absorbed into English from French in the 15th century, with the meaning "borderland"--the region of a country that fronts on another country .The use of "frontier" to mean "a region at the...

 of the thirteen colonies
Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were English and later British colonies established on the Atlantic coast of North America between 1607 and 1733. They declared their independence in the American Revolution and formed the United States of America...

. The American Revolution
American Revolution
The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America...

 broke out one month after the Henderson's Purchase treaty was signed. Most Cherokee towns tried to stay neutral, but Cherokee
Cherokee
The Cherokee are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States . Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian language family...

 chief Dragging Canoe
Dragging Canoe
Tsiyu Gansini , "He is dragging his canoe", known to whites as Dragging Canoe, was a Cherokee war chief who led a band of Cherokee against colonists and United States settlers...

 considered the war an opportunity to resist the white encroachment on Cherokee territory. American raids against his towns in East Tennessee forced Dragging Canoe to move them farther to the southwest. In 1779 they settled on Chickamauga Creek near Chattanooga
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Chattanooga is the fourth-largest city in the US state of Tennessee , with a population of 169,887. It is the seat of Hamilton County...

, and became known as the Chickamauga band of Cherokees; later they moved west and southwest to the "Five Lower Towns" and were more often referred to as the Lower Cherokee. Dragging Canoe had promised to make the settlers pay a "heavy price" if they moved to the Cumberland River
Cumberland River
The Cumberland River is a waterway in the Southern United States. It is long. It starts in Harlan County in far southeastern Kentucky between Pine and Cumberland mountains, flows through southern Kentucky, crosses into northern Tennessee, and then curves back up into western Kentucky before...

, and he made good his word. http://www.nativenashville.com/History/fort.htm

Donelson by river

After only three miles the river voyage was halted; ice and snow and cold had set in and the frozen river made progress impossible. There was no movement until mid-February, and when the boats were eventually cut loose, they were hampered again by the swell of the river due to incessant heavy rain. Donelson's group suffered greatly from Dragging Canoe's promise of vengeance. On their way to French Lick they had to pass the Chickamauga towns on the Tennessee River
Tennessee River
The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. It is approximately 652 miles long and is located in the southeastern United States in the Tennessee Valley. The river was once popularly known as the Cherokee River, among other names...

. Headed north on the Tennessee river past the "Big Bend" in what is today Hardin County, Tennessee
Hardin County, Tennessee
Hardin County is a county located in the U.S. State of Tennessee. As of 2010, the population was 26,026. The Hardin County seat is Savannah. The county was named posthumously for Col. Joseph Hardin, a Revolutionary War soldier and a legislative representative for the Province of North Carolina and...

, the natives attacked the Donelson party and managed to capture one boat with 28 people on board. They had come that way because Donelson and Robertson had mistakenly assumed the Cumberland to be a tributary of the Tennessee River. The Cumberland is, in fact, like the Tennessee, a tributary of the Ohio River
Ohio River
The Ohio River is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River. At the confluence, the Ohio is even bigger than the Mississippi and, thus, is hydrologically the main stream of the whole river system, including the Allegheny River further upstream...

, and the journey by river was much more difficult — and took three months longer — than they had expected. On March 20, they arrived at the mouth of the Tennessee River and went into camp on the lowland which is now the site of Paducah, Kentucky
Paducah, Kentucky
Paducah is the largest city in Kentucky's Jackson Purchase Region and the county seat of McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. It is located at the confluence of the Tennessee River and the Ohio River, halfway between the metropolitan areas of St. Louis, Missouri, to the west and Nashville,...

. Weary, hungry and low on provisions, they were confronted by new difficulties. Having been constructed to float downstream, their boats were scarcely able to ascend the rapid current of the Ohio, which due to heavy spring rains was particularly high and fast. They were also ignorant of the distance yet to be traveled, and the length of time required to reach their destination. Some of the company here decided to abandon the journey to French Lick; a part of them floating down the Ohio and Mississippi
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States, this river rises in western Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains...

 to Natchez
Natchez, Mississippi
Natchez is the county seat of Adams County, Mississippi, United States. With a total population of 18,464 , it is the largest community and the only incorporated municipality within Adams County...

, the rest going to points in Illinois
Illinois
Illinois is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal,...

. Among the latter were John Caffrey
John Caffrey
John Caffrey VC , born in Birr, Kings County, was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.He was 24 years old, and a private in the 2nd Battalion, York and...

 and his wife, who was Donelson's daughter.

This loss of companionship made a continuation of the voyage doubly trying on those who were left behind. However, nothing daunted, they determined to pursue their course up the Ohio from Paducah to the mouth of the Cumberland, a distance of fifteen miles (24 km). Upon seeing it, they were unsure it was even the Cumberland, because it was very much smaller in volume than they had expected to find. Probably their three days of incessant toil against the swift current of the Ohio had much to do with their reaction to the appearance of the river whose banks would become their home. However, they had heard of no stream flowing into the Ohio between the Tennessee and Cumberland, and, therefore, decided to make the ascent. They were soon assured by the widening channel that they were correct in their conjectures. In order to make progress upstream, Donelson rigged his boat, the Adventure, with a small sail made out of a sheet. To prevent ill effects from any sudden gust of wind, a man was stationed at each lower corner of this sail with instructions to loosen it when the breeze became too strong.

Construction and fort life

The colonists agreed to pay Henderson 26 pounds of silver per hundred acres, which was an expensive price of approximately $6.20 an acre. The log stockade was square in shape and covered 2 acres (8,093.7 m²). It contained 20 log cabins and was protection for the settlers against wild animals and Indians. Buffalo, black bear, wild turkeys, white tail deer, beaver, raccoon, fox, elk, wolf, cougar, mink, and otter were abundant in the untamed forests.

A family's most treasured possessions were their guns for hunting, axes for wood-cutting, seeds, and hoes for cultivating. Frontier life was a constant struggle, and without these necessities, survival was at risk. Corn
Maize
Maize known in many English-speaking countries as corn or mielie/mealie, is a grain domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times. The leafy stalk produces ears which contain seeds called kernels. Though technically a grain, maize kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable...

 was the most important crop for their daily diet, and corn whiskey was the remedy for all health problems. Henderson, ever the profiteer, arranged to have corn shipped from Kentucky
Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state, more specifically in the East South Central region. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth...

 at a cost of $200 a bushel for that first winter in Nashville. Linen
Linen
Linen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant, Linum usitatissimum. Linen is labor-intensive to manufacture, but when it is made into garments, it is valued for its exceptional coolness and freshness in hot weather....

, made from flax
Flax
Flax is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean to India and was probably first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent...

, or cotton
Cotton
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. The botanical purpose of cotton fiber is to aid in seed dispersal....

 was used for clothes. Animal skins and hides supplemented their wardrobes. The first white child
First white child
The birth of the first white child was a celebrated occasion across many parts of the New World. Such births are a matter of pride for many townships, and they are commemorated with plaques and monuments at the location of the event. The birth was seen as such an honor that it was at times...

 born in the new settlement was James Robertson's son, Felix, on January 11, 1781. He eventually became one of the most influential physicians of the era.

The Land Grab Act of 1783 offered Tennessee lots in 100 acre (0.404686 km²) tracts for the price of about five dollars. Much property was awarded for honorable military service. Native American lands reserved by treaties and previous claims were not legally available, but in the haste, confusion and greed, there were many squatters and boundary disputes. The flood of colonists wanting land of their own was unstoppable.

Political significance

Upon reaching their destination, Donelson reunited with Robertson. They cleared the land and built a log stockade they called Fort Nashborough in honor of General Francis Nash
Francis Nash
Francis Nash was a brigadier general killed in the American Revolutionary War.Nash was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia. At an early age he became prominent as a North Carolina merchant, attorney, and justice of the peace; experiences which eventually led to a seat in the North Carolina...

, who won acclaim in the American Revolution. Together they built other fortified "stations" in the area, named for members of the party: Eaton's Station on the east side of the Cumberland; Clover Bottom, the Donelson plantation on the Stones River; Freeland's Station, Mansker's Station, Thompson's Station
Thompson's Station, Tennessee
Thompson's Station is a town in Williamson County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,283 at the 2000 census. It is the location of two places listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places: the Jacob Critz House and the Thomas L. Critz House.-Geography:Thompson's Station is...

, Buchanan's Station and others which are still remembered as neighborhood or town names in the modern Nashville area although the original settlements have long since been destroyed.

Robertson drew up a constitution, called the Cumberland Compact
Cumberland Compact
The Cumberland Compact was a forerunner of the Tennessee State Constitution, signed on May 13, 1780, by settlers when they arrived on the Cumberland River and settled Fort Nashborough, which would become Nashville, Tennessee...

, and began a new phase of autonomy from the government of North Carolina. Robertson had been a leader of the Watauga Association
Watauga Association
The Watauga Association was a semi-autonomous government created in 1772 by frontier settlers living along the Watauga River in what is now present day Elizabethton, Tennessee...

 as well as a member of the Regulator Movement
War of the Regulation
The War of the Regulation was a North Carolina uprising, lasting from approximately 1760 to 1771, in which citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials...

.

Native American attacks

The largest and most numerous tribes were the Cherokee
Cherokee
The Cherokee are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States . Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian language family...

, who were civilized and originally peaceful to the eastern colonists. But from the beginning, the Cumberland settlement had very little peace, and was continually attacked. The tribes resented past concessions, broken treaties and further encroachment on their hunting grounds.

On April 2, 1781, a force of Chickamauga Cherokee led by Dragging Canoe attacked the fort at the bluffs. The Indians succeeded in luring most of the men out of the fort and then cutting them off from the entrance. But the settlers managed to escape back to the fort while the Cherokee captured their horses. They also had help from the fort's dogs, turned loose by the women. The Chickasaw attacks decreased the following year. Because of their political situation, they decided to make peace with the settlers. Piomingo, an influential Chickasaw leader, considered the Cumberland settlers to be less of a threat than the Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

government.

The Dragging Canoe's Cherokee and their Muscogee allies continued attacks on the settlements for the next fourteen years. The "settlers" had to be on guard against Indian attacks at all times.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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