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Flavia Maxima Constantia
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Flavia Maxima Constantia (361/362 - 383) was the first Empress consort of Gratian of the Western Roman Empire.
Early life
On 5 October, 361, Constantius II died of a fever at Mopsucrenae, near Tarsus, Cilicia.
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Flavia Maxima Constantia (361/362 - 383) was the first Empress consort of Gratian of the Western Roman Empire.
Family
According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Constantia was a posthumous child of Constantius II by his third wife Faustina. Her paternal grandparents were Constantine the Great and Fausta.
Her paternal uncles included Crispus, Constantine II and Constans. Her paternal aunts included Constantina, wife of first Hannibalianus and secondly Constantius Gallus, and Helena, wife of Julian the Apostate.
Early life
On 5 October, 361, Constantius II died of a fever at Mopsucrenae, near Tarsus, Cilicia. He was heading west to face a revolt by Julian, his first cousin and brother-in-law. In a reported deathbed decision, Constantius officially acknowledged Julian as his heir. When Constantia was born sometime after, Julian was already firmly established on the throne.
On 26 June, 363, Julian was fatally wounded in the Battle of Samarra against the forces of Shapur II of the Sassanid Empire. He died a few hours following the conclusion of the battle. His death left Constantia the last confirmed descendant of the Constantinian dynasty.
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Constantia and her mother Faustina were present when Procopius received the insignia of the imperial rites in Constantinople. Faustina and her little daughter's presence suggested that Procopius was the rightful heir of the Constantinian dynasty which was still held in reverence. Ammianus Marcellinus tells that Procopius "always bore with him on a litter the little daughter of Constantius and grand daughter of the great Constantine, with her mother Faustina, both when marching and when preparing for battle, thus exciting the soldiers to fight more resolutely for the imperial family, with which, as he told them, he himself was connected." At age four Constantia had become an instrument in another conflict for the Roman throne. On 27 May, 366, Procopius was executed. Faustina does not resurface in sources following this defeat of her faction. Constantia survived the fall of her kinsman.
Empress consort
In 374, Constantia would be about twelve-years-old. She was just reaching marriage-able age when she was sent west to marry Gratian, eldest son and co-ruler of Valentinian I. He was about fourteen. Near Sirmium, Constantia and her escort were attacked by a raiding party including Quadi and Sarmatians. She barely evaded captivity. On 27 June, 374, the dedication of a bath complex in Calabria, first mentions Constantia as an empress alongside her stepmother-in-law Justina.
Within the year following the marriage, Valentinian I moved his headquarters to Aquincum, Pannonia to be better able to coordinate his conflict with the Quadi. Gratian and Constantia were left in charge of Trier, implying that Gratian had started acting as co-ruler in more than name. Gratian soon became the senior Western Emperor, with his younger half-brother Valentinian II proclaimed co-emperor.
In 380, John Chrysostom mentions Constantia still being alive. She is next mentioned in the Chronicon Paschale dating the arrival of her remains in Constantinople to 31 August, 383. She must have died earlier in the same year but the exact date and cause of her death are unknown. She was about twenty-one at the time of her death. Gratian had proceeded to marry Laeta but was himself assassinated on 25 August, 383. The Chronicon gives her burial date as 1 December, 383.
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