Flatbush is a community of the Borough of
BrooklynBrooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City, located southwest of Queens on the western tip of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area...
, a part of
New York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment...
, consisting of several neighborhoods.
The name
Flatbush is an Anglicization of the
Dutch languageDutch is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language, and over 5 million people as a second language.
"1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language...
Vlacke bos ("flat woodland" or "wooded plain").
The Flatbush Post Office is assigned postal zone (
ZIP CodeThe ZIP code is the system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service . The letters ZIP, a backronym for Zone Improvement Plan, are properly written in capital letters and were chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly, when senders use the...
) 11226, but the area understood as included in Flatbush extends into other postal zones.
The Flatbush community has been receiving an influx of immigrants from the Caribbean, mostly from Haiti, Trinidad, Jamaica, Grenada, Guyana, Barbados, and Belize since the 1980s, as well as immigrants from India and African countries like Ghana, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, and Kenya. Haitians are the largest ethnic group in Flatbush. Prior to the arrival of these groups, the Flatbush community had already been diverse, with many Italians, African-Americans and Jews. Flatbush is patrolled by the NYPD's 70th Precinct.
Pre-1900
Flatbush was originally chartered as the
DutchThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
Nieuw Nederland colony town of
Midwout in 1651. Both names were used in the Dutch era, and Midwood was an alternative name for Flatbush into the early 20th century.
MidwoodMidwood is a neighborhood in the south central part of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, New York, USA, roughly halfway between Prospect Park and Coney Island. The neighborhood is within Community Board 14...
now describes the area immediately south of Brooklyn College. Midwood's residents predominately feature a mix of
Orthodox JewsOrthodox Judaism is a formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized in the Talmudic texts and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim.Orthodox...
and
Irish AmericanIrish Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their ancestry to Ireland. A total of 36,495,800 Americans reported Irish ancestry in the 2006 American Community Survey. The only self-reported ancestral group larger than Irish Americans are German Americans...
s.
Flatbush and the other towns of what was to become Kings County were surrendered to the
EnglishEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
in 1664. The influence of Dutch
merchantA merchant is a businessman who trades in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to earn a profit.Merchants can be of two types:# A wholesale merchant operates in the chain between producer and retail merchant...
and
farmA farm is an area of land, including various structures, devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food , fibers and, increasingly, fuel. It is the basic production facility in food production. Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, community, corporation...
ing families remained strong in the area until after consolidation into the
City of Greater New YorkThe City of Greater New York was a term commonly used originally to refer to the expanded city created on January 1, 1898 by the incorporation into the city of Richmond County, Kings County, the western part of Queens County, and the eastern part of what is now called The Bronx...
in 1898, after which the development of Flatbush as a
suburbSuburbs are defined in various different ways around the world. They can be the residential areas of a large city, or separate residential communities within commuting distance of a city. Some suburbs have a degree of political autonomy, and most have lower population density than inner city...
, and then an integral part of the larger city, proceeded apace.
Before it was incorporated into the City of Brooklyn in 1894,
Flatbush described both the Town of Flatbush, incorporating a large swath of central Kings County extending east to the
Queens CountyQueens is the largest in area, the second-largest in population, and the easternmost of the Five Boroughs which form New York City. The Borough of Queens' boundaries are identical to those of the County of Queens , a subdivision of the State of New York in the Northeastern United States.Located on...
border, and the Village of Flatbush, formerly the heart of the current community. Many of the remaining early Dutch structures are in the
FlatlandsFlatlands is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 18.One of the original five Dutch towns on Long Island , this neighborhood was originally known as Nieuw Amersfoort, after the Dutch city of Amersfoort, but the name was changed to...
and
Marine ParkMarine Park, Brooklyn is a public park located in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. Its 798 acres surround the westernmost inlet of Jamaica Bay. Most of the land for Marine Park, Brooklyn was donated to New York City to be turned into public park land by the Whitney family in 1920 and by...
neighborhoods.
Post-1900
In the first half of the 20th century, Flatbush had a sizable population of Irish-Americans, Italian-Americans and Jews. Much as it is today, it was a working class neighborhood. A vast portion of Flatbush residents closely followed the Brooklyn Dodgers, which at the time were not only the team of Brooklyn but also of Flatbush in particular.
Duke SniderEdwin Donald "Duke" Snider , nicknamed "The Silver Fox" and "The Duke of Flatbush", is a former Major League baseball center fielder and left-handed batter who played with the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers , New York Mets , and San Francisco Giants .Snider was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame...
was known as “the Duke of Flatbush”. However, by 1958 the Dodgers left Brooklyn, and
Ebbets FieldEbbets Field was a Major League Baseball park located in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York, USA. It was the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League. It was also a venue for professional football. The first National Football League team in New York City, the New York Brickley...
was eventually torn down. Due to shifting neighborhood boundaries, Ebbets Field today would technically be in
Crown HeightsCrown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway, a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending two miles east-west.Originally, the area was known as Crow Hill....
, as the ballpark was located just north of Empire Boulevard.
Flatbush in the 1970s and early 1980s
experienced a shift in demographicsWhite flight is the sociologic and demographic term denoting the trend wherein white people flee desegregated urban communities, and move to other places like commuter towns; although an American coinage, “white flight” denotes like behavior in other countries. In the U.S. the Brown v...
as it went from being a mostly White, Irish, Italian and Jewish community to a mostly Black, West Indian community. While most sections of Flatbush were working class before the demographic shift, there were a few affluent areas. Prospect Park South had a sizable number of more affluent homeowners, and more than a few doctors resided on a stretch of Parkside Avenue immediately adjacent to Prospect Park. However by the mid-1980s, there were a number of abandoned or semi-abandoned buildings in the community, with a number of apartments falling into a state of disrepair. Many of the affluent residents left Flatbush and were replaced by lower income residents. While crime had generally always been a problem in the community (e.g., a number of stores on Flatbush and Church Avenues were looted during the 1977 blackout), a drug epidemic ravaged Flatbush during the 1980s and early 1990s. The area around the Parade Grounds was particularly notorious for drug turf wars and shootouts. Street gangs were also prevalent in Flatbush.
CBSCBS Broadcasting Inc. is an American television network, one of television's original "big three", which also include NBC and ABC. Like NBC, CBS started out as a radio network. The name is derived from the initials of the network's former name, Columbia Broadcasting System...
aired a short-lived, namesake sitcom in 1979.
Demographics of zip code 11226
The following are U.S. Census Bureau figures for the principal zip code area of Flatbush, 11226.
They exclude major portions of Flatbush that extend into other zip code areas.
As of the 2000 U.S. Census, there were 37,132 housing units with 106,154 people living in zip code 11226. Of those 79.8% were
BlackBlack is the color of objects that do not emit or reflect light in any part of the visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of light...
or African American, 14% were
HispanicHispanic is a term that historically denoted a relationship to the ancient Hispania . During the modern era, it took on a more limited meaning, relating to the contemporary nation of Spain....
or
LatinoThe demonyms Latino and Latina , are defined in English language dictionaries as:* "a person of Latin-American or Spanish-speaking descent."* "A Latin American."...
, 6.5% were White, 2.8% were
AsianAsian people or Asiatic people is a demonym for people from Asia. However, the use of the term varies by country and person, often referring to people from a particular region or subregion of Asia...
, 0.4% Native American, 5.7% were some other race and 4.9% were two or more races. Of the population 25 and older 64.5% are
High SchoolHigh school is the name used in some parts of the world, particularly in Scotland, Northern America and Oceania, to describe an institution that provides all or part of secondary education...
graduates or higher and 12.4% have a
Bachelor's degreeA bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for four years, but can range from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
or higher. 39.9% speak a
languageA language is a system for encoding and decoding information. In its most common use, the term refers to so-called "natural languages" — the forms of communication considered peculiar to humankind. In linguistics the term is extended to refer to the human cognitive facility of creating and using...
other than
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,...
at home. The median
family incomeFamily income is generally considered a primary measure of a nation's financial prosperity.In the United States, political parties perennially disagree over which economic policies are more likely to increase family income. The party in power often takes the credit for any significant changes in...
in zip code 11226 as of 1999 was $30,985, the median
per capita incomePer capita income means how much each individual receives, in monetary terms, of the yearly income generated in the country. This is what each citizen is to receive if the yearly national income is divided equally among everyone. Per capita income is usually reported in units of currency per year...
was $13,052. 23.2% of residents in this area were below the
povertyPoverty is the condition of lacking basic human needs such as nutrition, clean water, health care, clothing, and shelter because of the inability to afford them. This is also referred to as absolute poverty or destitution...
level.
Flatbush today
While Flatbush today is predominantly Black and West Indian, there are sizable numbers of Caucasians, Latinos and Arabs living within its borders. While a majority of residents are working class, there are also middle-class and wealthier residents that call Flatbush home. The primary commercial strips are Flatbush, Church and Nostrand Avenues, with Coney Island Avenue also emerging as a major strip. One can find
CaribbeanThe Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands , and the surrounding coasts...
,
Soul foodSoul food is an American cuisine, a selection of foods, and is the traditional cuisine of Black Africans of Africa and among many black communities in other areas of the United States. It is closely related to Southern cuisine of the United States...
,
ChineseChinese cuisine originated in China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world — from Asia to the Americas, Australia, Western Europe and Southern Africa. In recent years, connoisseurs of Chinese cuisine have also sprouted in Eastern Europe and South Asia...
, Mexican and South Asian restaurants. Most of the businesses are small ones, with some larger businesses also present, such as Old Navy, Rite-Aid, and Target.
Flatbush housing varies in character. It generally features apartment buildings, though some rowhouses are also present. Victorian-style (albeit older) housing can be found in Prospect Park South, and brownstones in Prospect-Lefferts Gardens.
Notable institutions
Well-known institutions within Flatbush include
Erasmus Hall High SchoolErasmus Hall Campus High School is a four-year public high school in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, operated by the New York City Department of Education....
, Parade Grounds, the Flatbush Dutch Reformed Church,
Brooklyn CollegeBrooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in Brooklyn, New York.Established in 1930 by the New York City Board of Higher Education, the College had its beginnings as the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College and the City College of New York...
, and
Ebbets FieldEbbets Field was a Major League Baseball park located in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York, USA. It was the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League. It was also a venue for professional football. The first National Football League team in New York City, the New York Brickley...
(demolished in 1960), the last Brooklyn home of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team, as well as
Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim BerlinYeshivas Rabbeinu Chaim Berlin, is a major Haredi yeshiva located in Brooklyn, New York. Established in 1904, it is the oldest yeshiva to be founded in Brooklyn...
and the
Mirrer YeshivaThe Mir yeshiva , commonly known as the Mirrer Yeshiva or The Mir, is officially registered with the College Board as the Mirrer Yeshiva Central Institute. It is a prominent, elite Haredi yeshiva located in Brooklyn, New York known for its excellence in talmudic studies...
. Due to imprecisely defined, shifting boundaries, the Ebbets Field site would be considered today by some to be in Crown Heights.
Location and neighborhoods
Flatbush includes the southernmost portion of Prospect Park.
The neighborhoods of Flatbush extend south from the old Brooklyn City Line north of the southern edges of Prospect Park, the
Brooklyn Botanic GardenBrooklyn Botanic Garden is a botanical garden in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. Located near the Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, and Park Slope neighborhoods, the garden includes a number of specialty "gardens within the Garden," plant collections, and the Steinhardt Conservatory,...
and Empire Boulevard. The southern border of Flatbush neighborhoods is approximately on the line of the
Long Island Rail RoadThe Long Island Rail Road or LIRR is a commuter rail system serving the length of Long Island, New York that has been classified as a Class II railroad by the Surface Transportation Board. It is the busiest commuter railroad in North America, servicing around 81 million passengers each year, and...
's Bay Ridge Line, which runs to the south of Avenue H, the campus of
Brooklyn CollegeBrooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in Brooklyn, New York.Established in 1930 by the New York City Board of Higher Education, the College had its beginnings as the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College and the City College of New York...
, and "The Junction" where
FlatbushFlatbush Avenue is one of the major avenues in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Flatbush Avenue runs from the Manhattan Bridge southeastward to Jamaica Bay, where it becomes Marine Parkway and the Marine Parkway Bridge which connects Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens...
and Nostrand Avenues intersect. "The Junction" is also the location of Brooklyn College–Flatbush Avenue station, the southern terminal of the
IRT Nostrand Avenue LineThe IRT Nostrand Avenue Line is a rapid transit line of the IRT division of the New York City Subway, and is served by the and trains, running under Nostrand Avenue in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn....
of the
New York City SubwayThe New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and also known as MTA New York City Transit...
and the Junction Mall. Flatbush's eastern border is roughly around New York Avenue , while its western border is
Coney Island AvenueConey Island Avenue is a roadway in the New York City borough of Brooklyn that runs for a distance of roughly five miles, almost parallel to Ocean Parkway. It begins at Brighton Beach Avenue, in Coney Island, and goes all the way to Parkside Avenue , where it becomes Prospect Park Southwest...
.
Neighborhoods within Flatbush include the planned communities of Prospect Park South, Beverley Square West, Beverley Square East,
Prospect-Lefferts GardensProspect-Lefferts Gardens is the name given to a neighborhood in Flatbush in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The area is bounded by Empire Boulevard to the north, Clarkson Avenue to the south, New York Avenue to the east, and Ocean Avenue/Prospect Park to the west...
,
Ditmas ParkDitmas Park is a neighborhood in western Flatbush in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, east of Kensington, and is one of three Flatbush neighborhoods which have been officially designated Historic Districts. Located on land that remained rural until the early 20th century, the neighborhood...
and
Fiske TerraceFiske Terrace is a planned community and neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn.Fiske Terrace is located in south central Brooklyn, south of the community of Flatbush, and north of the community of Midwood...
. Bordering Flatbush on the north are the community of
Crown HeightsCrown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway, a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending two miles east-west.Originally, the area was known as Crow Hill....
and the former neighborhood of
PigtownPigtown formerly described a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, existing as such until approximately the end of the 19th century.Pigtown was at the southern periphery of the then City of Brooklyn where it bordered the Town of Flatbush...
. On the east, within the old town of Flatbush, is
East FlatbushEast Flatbush is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 17 Though the borders of East Flatbush are highly subjective, its northern border is roughly at Empire Boulevard and East New York Avenue east of East 91st Street, its southern...
, on the west are
KensingtonKensington is a neighborhood in the center of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is the area south of Prospect Park and the Green-Wood Cemetery. It is bordered by Coney Island Avenue to the east, Caton Avenue/ Ft. Hamilton Parkway to the north, Dahill Road and 36th St to the west, and...
and Parkville (formerly Greenfield), and on the south is Midwood. Many consider Midwood to be a part of Flatbush, but historically it was part of the neighboring former towns of
New UtrechtNew Utrecht is a neighborhood in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City, named after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands. It was first settled in 1652 by Cornelius van Werckhoven, a surveyor born in Utrecht. In 1655 Jacques Cortelyou received permission to sell lots of the land to create a town...
,
GravesendGravesend is a neighborhood in the south-central section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, USA....
and
FlatlandsFlatlands is a type of terrain similar to savanna and grassland....
.
Transportation
Flatbush is well served by public transportation. The Brighton Line, with its and trains, has a number of stops within the community. The stretch of stations from Prospect Park to Avenue H is in Flatbush. Service to Manhattan can take as little as half an hour. All stations of the Nostrand Avenue Line ( and trains) south of President Street are also within Flatbush.
Several bus routes run through Flatbush. The B6, B8, B35, B41, B44 and B49 are major routes that serve the neighborhood. The Q35 connects Flatbush with
Rockaway BeachRockaway Beach is a neighborhood on the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It is located on the South Shore of Long Island. The community stretches between the Atlantic Ocean and Jamaica Bay, running from approximately Beach 79th Street to Beach 102nd Street. The...
, while the B103 provides a relatively rapid connection to Downtown Brooklyn.
Education
In addition to a number of elementary and intermediate schools, Flatbush has one high school within its borders.
Erasmus Hall High SchoolErasmus Hall Campus High School is a four-year public high school in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, operated by the New York City Department of Education....
, located near the intersection of Flatbush and Church Avenues, is one of the oldest high schools in the city. With its relatively unique architecture and long list of famous alumni, Erasmus Hall has been a mainstay in Flatbush for centuries.
Additionally, Flatbush shares
Brooklyn CollegeBrooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in Brooklyn, New York.Established in 1930 by the New York City Board of Higher Education, the College had its beginnings as the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College and the City College of New York...
with Midwood. While located in what traditionally has been considered Midwood, shifting neighborhood boundaries have caused at least part of the institution to be located in Flatbush. Brooklyn College is a member of the CUNY system.
Notable residents
Notable current and former residents of Flatbush include:
- Michael Badalucco
Michael Badalucco is an American actor most famous for his role as lawyer Jimmy Berluti on the ABC legal drama The Practice...
, actor
- Joseph Barbera
Joseph Roland "Joe" Barbera ; was an influential American animator, director, producer, storyboard artist, and cartoon artist, whose movie and television cartoon characters entertained millions of fans worldwide for much of the twentieth century...
- Red Cafe
Red Cafe , born to Afro-Guyanese parents, is an American rapper signed to Rapper Akon's Konvict Muzik, Diddy's Bad Boy Records and DJ Clue's Desert Storm.-Biography:...
- Al Davis
Allen "Al" Davis is an American football executive, who currently serves as the principal owner of the NFL's Oakland Raiders.-Early life:Davis was born in Brockton, Massachusetts...
- David Draiman
David Michael Draiman is a songwriter and the lead singer for the band Disturbed, from Chicago, Illinois.-Education and personal life:...
- East Flatbush Project
East Flatbush Project is the alias of Brooklyn producer Spencer Bellamy. He has released six singles to date, the most famous of which is Tried By 12. Each single was released on his record label, 10/30 Uproar Records. The East Flatbush Project has released an EP in July 2008 titled "First Born"...
- Patrick Fitzgerald
Patrick J. Fitzgerald is the current United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois and a member of the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel...
- Sonia Greene
Sonia Haft Greene Davis was a one-time pulp fiction writer and amateur publisher, a single mother, business woman and successful milliner who bankrolled several fanzines in the early twentieth century. She is perhaps best known for being president of the Amateur Press Association, and her two-year...
, writer and H.P. Lovecraft's wife
- Susan Hayward
Susan Hayward was an American actress.After working as a fashion model in New York, Hayward travelled to Hollywood in 1937 in the hope of playing the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind . Although she was not selected, she secured a film contract, and played several small supporting...
- Leona Helmsley
Leona Mindy Roberts Helmsley was a billionaire New York City hotel operator and real estate investor. She was a flamboyant personality and had a reputation for tyrannical behavior that earned her the nickname "Queen of Mean". That image of Helmsley was sealed when a former housekeeper testified...
- Eric Kaplan
Eric Kaplan is an American television writer, producer, and story editor. His work has included such shows as The Late Show with David Letterman, Andy Richter Controls the Universe, Malcolm in the Middle, and most notably Futurama...
- Talib Kweli
Talib Kweli Greene , better known as Talib Kweli, is an American MC from Brooklyn, New York. He is one of the most critically, if not commercially, successful rappers in Hip hop music. His first name in Arabic means "student" or "seeker"; his middle name in Swahili means "true"...
- Chris Mullin
Christopher Paul Mullin is a retired American basketball player and former general manager of the NBA's Golden State Warriors....
- Joe Paterno
Joseph Vincent "Joe" Paterno , is an American football coach and the current head coach of the Penn State Nittany Lions, a position he has held since 1966...
- JTG, WWE entertainer
- Moise Paul
- Busta Rhymes
Trevor Tahiem Smith, Jr., better known as Busta Rhymes , is a Grammy-nominated Jamaican-American rapper, songwriter, and actor...
- Chubb Rock
Chubb Rock is a New York-based rapper who released several commercially successful hip hop albums in the early 1990s. His stage name is thought to be a clever play on words. A former National Merit Scholar, Chubb Rock was a pre-med student who dropped out of Brown University to pursue his musical...
- Shaggy
Orville Richard Burrell , better known by his stage name Shaggy, is a Grammy-nominated Jamaican-American reggae singer who takes his nickname from Scooby-Doo's companion—a nickname given to him by his friends during his teenage years because his name bore a similarity to the Scooby Doo character...
, reggae musician
- Michael Showalter
Michael English Showalter is an American comedian, actor, writer, and director. He is one third of the sketch comedy trio Stella. Showalter first came to recognition as a cast member on MTV's The State, which aired from 1993 to 1995...
- Shyne
Moses Michael Leviy , better known as Shyne, is a Belizean born rapper.-Background:Shyne was born in Belize City, Belize, the son of Imeon Myvette and Dean Barrow, the current Prime Minister of Belize. Shyne has denied acknowledging him as his father, due to his father publicly stating that Shyne...
- Barbra Streisand
Barbra Joan Streisand is an American singer, film and theatre actress. She has also achieved note as a composer, liberal political activist, film producer, and film director. She has won two Academy Awards, ten Grammy Awards, four Emmy Awards, a Special Tony Award, and a Peabody all by the age of...
- Michael K. Williams
Michael Kenneth Williams is an American actor. He has received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Omar Little on The Wire.-Childhood and early career:...
External links