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Flat Panel Display

 
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Flat panel displays encompass a growing number of technologies enabling video displays that are lighter and much thinner than traditional television and video displays that use cathode ray tube
Cathode ray tube

The cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted from the fluorescent screen....
s, and are usually less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick.






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Flat panel displays encompass a growing number of technologies enabling video displays that are lighter and much thinner than traditional television and video displays that use cathode ray tube
Cathode ray tube

The cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted from the fluorescent screen....
s, and are usually less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. They can be divided into two general categories: Volatile or Static.

Flat panel displays balance their smaller footprint and trendy modern look with high production costs and in many cases inferior images compared with traditional CRT
Cathode ray tube

The cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted from the fluorescent screen....
s. In many applications, specifically modern portable devices such as laptop
Laptop

A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile computing small enough to sit on one's lap. A laptop includes most of the Computer hardware of a typical desktop computer, including a Computer display, a computer keyboard, a pointing device as well as a battery, into a single small and light unit....
s, cellular phones, and digital camera
Digital camera

A digital camera is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording digital image via an electronics .Many compact digital still cameras can record sound and moving video as well as still photographs....
s, whatever disadvantages exist are overcome by the portability requirements.

Volatile

Volatile displays require pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen.

Examples of volatile flat panel displays

  • Plasma display
    Plasma display

    A plasma display panel is a type of flat panel display common to large television displays . Many tiny cells between two panels of glass hold an inert mixture of noble gases....
    s
  • Liquid crystal displays
    Liquid crystal display

    A liquid crystal display is an Electro-optic modulator shaped into a thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a Light#Light sources or reflector....
     (LCDs)
  • Organic light-emitting diode displays
    Organic light-emitting diode

    An Organic Light Emitting Diode , also Light Emitting Polymer and Organic Electro Luminescence , is any Light Emitting Diode whose Emission electroluminescence layer is composed of a film of organic compounds....
     (OLEDs)
  • Light-emitting diode display (LED)
  • Electroluminescent display
    Electroluminescent display

    electroluminescence is an optical and electrical phenomenon where a material emits light in response to an electric current passed through it, or to a strong electric field....
    s (ELDs)
  • Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SEDs)
  • Field emission display
    Field emission display

    A field emission display is a flat panel display technology based on field emitting cathodes to bombard phosphor coatings as the phosphorescence medium....
    s (FEDs) (also called Nano-emissive displays (NEDs))


Only the first five of these displays are commercially available today, though OLED displays are beginning deployment only in small sizes (mainly in cellular telephones). SEDs were promised for release in 2006, while the FEDs (also NEDs) are in the prototype stage.

Static

Static flat panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable. This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency towards slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display.

Examples of static flat panel displays

  • electrophoretic displays (e.g. E Ink's
    E Ink

    E Ink is a type of electronic paper manufactured by E Ink Corporation.It is a proprietary material that is processed into a film for integration into electronic displays, particularly for E-book devices such as the Sony Reader, the iLiad, the Cybook Gen3, the Amazon Kindle, the Readius device from Philips#Spinouts and Plastic Logic's Reade...
     electrophoretic imaging film)
  • bichromal ball
    Gyricon

    Gyricon is a type of electronic paper developed at the Xerox PARC . It has the same properties as paper: It's flexible, contains an image, and is viewable from a wide angle, but it can be erased and written thousands of times....
     displays (e.g. Xerox
    Xerox

    Xerox Corporation is a global document management company which manufactures and sells a range of color and black-and-white Computer printer, multifunction systems, photo copiers, digital production printing presses, and related consulting services and supplies....
    's Gyricon)
  • Interferometric modulator display
    Interferometric modulator display

    Interferometric modulator display is an electrically switched display composed of miniature Fabry-Perot interferometers that are switched on and off with microelectromechanical systems ....
    s (e.g. Qualcomm
    Qualcomm

    Qualcomm is a wireless telecommunications research and development company based in San Diego, California, California.Corporate history...
    's iMod, a MEMS display.)
  • Cholesteric displays (e.g. MagInk, Kent Displays)
  • Bistable nematic liquid crystal displays (e.g. ZBD)


Bistable flat panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications (Cholesteric displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising; electrophoretic displays in e-book products from Sony and iRex; and bistable liquid crystal displays from ZBD in store shelf labels).

See also

  • Large-screen television technology
    Large-screen television technology

    Large-screen television technology developed rapidly in the late 1990s and 2000s. Various flat screen technologies are being developed, but only the liquid crystal display , plasma display and Digital Light Processing were released on the public market....
  • Sony Watchman
    Sony Watchman

    The Sony Watchman is a line of portable pocket televisions trademarked and produced by Sony....