The
Flag of Mexico (
SpanishSpanish or Castilian is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that originated in northern Spain and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile, evolving into the principal language of government and trade in the Iberian peninsula...
:
Bandera de México) is a vertical
TricolourA tricolour or tricolor is a flag or banner more-or-less equally divided into three bands of differing colors...
of
greenGreen is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nanometres. In the subtractive color system, it is not a primary color, but is created out of a mixture of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; it is considered...
,
white White is a color, the perception which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in nearly equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness.White light can be...
, and
redRed is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 630–740 nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared , and cannot be seen by the naked human eye...
with
the national coat of armsThe current coat of arms of Mexico has been an important symbol of Mexican politics and culture for centuries. The coat of arms depicts a Mexican Golden Eagle perched upon a prickly pear cactus devouring a snake. To the people of Tenochtitlan this would have strong religious connotations, but to...
chargedIn heraldry, a charge is any emblem or device occupying the field of an escutcheon . This may be a geometric design or a symbolic representation of a person, animal, plant, object or other device...
in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by
MexicoThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
following
independenceIndependence is the self-government of a nation, country, or state by its residents and population, or some portion thereof, generally exercising sovereignty....
from
SpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
during the country's
War of IndependenceThe Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial authorities which started on 16 September 1810. The Mexican War of Independence movement was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain...
. The current
flagA flag is a piece of fabric, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used symbolically for signaling or identification. It is most commonly used to symbolize a country...
was adopted in 1968, but the overall design has been used since 1821, when the First National Flag was created. The current law of national symbols,
Law on the National Arms, Flag, and AnthemThe Law on the National Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem is a set of rules and guidelines passed by the Mexican government on the display and use of the flag , coat of arms and the anthem . The original law was passed in 1984 and it contains 7 chapters, a preamble and a section that contains the...
, that governs the use of the
national flagA national flag is a flag that symbolises a country. The flag is flown by the government, but usually can be flown by citizens of that country as well.Both public and private buildings such as schools and courthouses often fly the national flag...
has been in place since 1984.
At the time of the flag's adoption, the
Italian tricolorThe flag of Italy is a tricolour featuring three equally sized vertical pales of green, white and red, with the green at the hoist side...
was not in use: the flag now contains the coat of arms, in order to distinguish it from that of Italy. Red, white, and green are the colors of the national liberation army in Mexico. The central emblem is the Aztec pictogram for
Tenochtitlan--Please DO NOT change the spelling of "Tenochtitlan" to "Tenochtitlán"There are some towns in Mexico which are spelled "Tenochtitlán", like San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, in which case the accent is used. However, the Aztec capital is not spelled that way in either Spanish --Please DO NOT change the...
(now
Mexico CityMexico City is the capital city of Mexico. It is the economic, industrial, and cultural center in the country, and the most populous city, with about 8,836,045 inhabitants in 2008...
), the center of their empire. It recalls the legend that inspired the Aztecs to settle on what was originally a lake-island. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968. Aztec legend held that they should found their city on the spot where they saw an eagle on a
nopalNopales are a vegetable made from the young cladophyll segments of prickly pear, carefully peeled to remove the spines. They are particularly common in their native Mexico...
, eating a snake. Ribbon in the national colors are at the bottom of the coat of arms. Throughout history, the flag has changed 4 times, as the design of the coat of arms and the length-width ratios of the flag have been modified. However,
the coat of armsThe current coat of arms of Mexico has been an important symbol of Mexican politics and culture for centuries. The coat of arms depicts a Mexican Golden Eagle perched upon a prickly pear cactus devouring a snake. To the people of Tenochtitlan this would have strong religious connotations, but to...
has had the same features throughout: an
eagleThe eagle is used in heraldry as a charge, as a supporter, and as a crest. Parts of the eagle's body such as its head, wings or leg are also used as a charge or crest....
, holding a
serpentSerpent is a word of Latin origin that is commonly used in a specifically mythic or religious context, signifying a snake that is to be regarded not as a mundane natural phenomenon nor as an object of scientific zoology, but as the bearer of some potent symbolic value.-Cross-cultural symbolic...
in its
talonA claw is a curved, pointed appendage, found at the end of a toe or finger in most mammals, birds, and some reptiles. However, the word "claw" is also often used in reference to an invertebrate. Somewhat similar fine hooked structures are found in arthropods such as beetles and spiders, at the end...
, is perched on top of a
prickly pearOpuntia, also known as nopales , or Paddle Cactus from the resemblance to the ball-and-paddle toy, is a genus in the cactus family, Cactaceae....
cactusA cactus is any member of the plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. They are often used as ornamental plants, but some are also crop plants. Cacti are grown for protection of property from wild animals, as well as many other uses...
; the cactus is situated on a
rockIn geology, rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids.The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. In general rocks are of three types, namely, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic...
that rises above a
lakeA lake is a terrain feature , a body of liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the bottom of basin and moves slowly if it moves at all. Another definition is, a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size that is surrounded by land...
. The coat of arms is derived from an Aztec legend that their gods told them to build a city where they spot an eagle and a serpent, which is now
Mexico CityMexico City is the capital city of Mexico. It is the economic, industrial, and cultural center in the country, and the most populous city, with about 8,836,045 inhabitants in 2008...
. The current national flag, the Fourth National Flag, is also used as the Mexican naval ensign by ships registered in Mexico.
History
Before the adoption of the first national flag, various flags used during the War of Independence from Spain had a great influence on the design of the first national flag. It was never adopted as an official flag, But many
historianAn historian is an individual who studies and writes about history, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all events in time...
s consider the first Mexican flag to be the Standard of the
Virgin of GuadalupeOur Lady of Guadalupe is a celebrated 16th-century icon of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus Christ. The image, also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe represents a famous Marian apparition. According to the traditional account, the image appeared miraculously on the front of a simple peasant's cloak...
, which was carried by
Miguel HidalgoMiguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla y Gallaga Mondarte Villaseñor , often known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo, was a Mexican priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence.In 1810 Hidalgo led a group of indigenous and mestizo peasants in a revolt...
during the
Grito de DoloresThe Grito de Dolores was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence, uttered on September 16, 1810 by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest from the small town of Dolores, near Guanajuato.-The Event:...
on September 16, 1810. The Standard became the initial symbol of the rebel army during the Mexican War of Independence. Various other Standards were used during the war.
José María Morelos José María Teclo Morelos y Pavón was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811...
used a flag with and image of the Virgin to which was added a
blueBlue is a colour, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 440–490 nm. It is considered one of the additive primary colours. On the HSV Colour Wheel, the complement of blue is yellow; that is, a colour corresponding to an equal...
and white insignia with a crowned eagle on a cactus over a three-arched bridge and the letters V.V.M. (
Viva la Virgen María – "long live the Virgin Mary"). The Revolutionary Army also used a flag featuring the colors white, blue and red in vertical stripes. The first use of the actual colors—green, white and red—was in the flag of the unified
Army of the Three GuaranteesAt the end of the Mexican War of Independence, the Army of the Three Guarantees was the name given to the army after the unification of the Spanish troops led by Agustín de Iturbide and the Mexican insurgent troops of Vicente Guerrero, consolidating Mexico's independence from Spain...
(pictured above) after independence from Spain was won.
While similar to the national flag that is used today, the eagle in these arms is not holding a serpent in his talons and a crown has been affixed to the head of the eagle to signify the Empire. Variants of this flag that appeared in this period also included a naval flag that had the tricolor pattern, but only contained the eagle with the crown above its head. The
militaryA military is an organization authorized by its nation to use force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or perceived threats. As an adjective the term "military" is also used to refer to any property or aspect of a military...
also used a similar, square, flag, but the eagle was larger than on the national flag. The national flag was officially decreed by
Agustín de IturbideAgustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Aramburu was a Mexican Army General who built a successful political and military coalition that was able to march into Mexico City on 27 September 1821; decisively ending the Mexican War of Independence...
in November 1821 and first officially used in July 1822. This flag was no longer used upon the abolishment of the empire.
-
-
- The first national flag was established in 1821, the first year of Mexican recognized sovereignty. The imperial
The First Mexican Empire was the official name of independent Mexico under a monarchical regime from 1821 to 1823. The territory of the Mexican Empire included the continental intendencies and provinces of New Spain proper and those of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala...
government that was set up chose a tricolor flag of green, white and red and charged with the national coat of arms. The official decree stated that
- The second national flag that was adopted around the same time as the establishment of the first federal republic in 1823. The new flag chosen for the republic in April of that year, the only difference being the appearance of the central emblem. The crown was removed from the eagle's head and a serpent was placed in the eagle's right talon. Another addition to the flag is a branch of oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus , of which about 400 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus...
and laurelThe Bay Laurel , also known as True Laurel, Sweet Bay, Laurel Tree, Grecian Laurel, Laurel, or Bay Tree, is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub reaching 10–18 m tall, native to the Mediterranean region.-Growth:The leaves are 6–12 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with a characteristic...
branches, a tradition that was carried over to the current flag. This flag was discontinued in 1864 upon the dissolution of the federal republic.
- The third national flag was that of the Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico under the regime established from 1864 to 1867. For the earlier monarchy in Mexico in 1821-1823 see First Mexican Empire article....
. Once again, the national flag used the green, white and red tricolor pattern with the white stripe being charged with the national arms. However, the ratio of the flag was changed from 4:7 to 1:2 and four eagles, which had crowns above their heads, were placed at each corner of the flag. The design, which was ordered by the EmperorAn emperor is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the female equivalent. As a title, "empress" may indicate the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules in her own right...
MaximilianMaximilian I of Mexico was a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg-Lorraine. After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico, during the Second Mexican Empire, with the backing of Napoleon III of France and a group of Mexican monarchists on 10 April 1864...
, gave the arms a look similar to the FrenchFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
Imperial arms, but he decided to add a bit of "Mexican flavor" to the flag. The coat of arms was described in a decree issued in November of 1865 as;
The current national flag was adopted on September 16, 1968, and was confirmed by law on February 24, 1984. The current version is an adaptation of the design approved by presidential decree in 1916 by
Venustiano CarranzaVenustiano Carranza de la Garza was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914 and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted...
, where the eagle was changed from a front-facing to a side-facing position. Before the adoption of the current national flag, official flags have been used by the government. All of these flags used the tricolor pattern, with the only differences being the changes in the coat of arms, which was still charged in the center of the white stripe. One possible reason for the 1968 flag and arms change was that
Mexico CityMexico City is the capital city of Mexico. It is the economic, industrial, and cultural center in the country, and the most populous city, with about 8,836,045 inhabitants in 2008...
was the host of the
1968 Summer Olympic GamesThe 1968 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City in October 1968. The 1968 Games were the first Olympic Games hosted by a developing country, and the first Games hosted by a Spanish-speaking country...
. Around this same time period, the plain tricolor flag that Mexico used as its merchant ensign was also legally abandoned. The reasoning is that without the coat of arms, the flag would not be the Mexican flag; it would have become the
Italian flagThe flag of Italy is a tricolour featuring three equally sized vertical pales of green, white and red, with the green at the hoist side...
. There was also debate in 1984 about how the coat of arms will be depicted on the national flag, including the reverse. To solve this problem, a
PANPartido Acción Nacional may refer to:* National Action Party * National Action Party * National Action Party * National Action Party...
deputy proposed a change to the Law of the National Arms, Flag and Anthem that same year to allow for the eagle to face to the right when the reverse of the flag is displayed. In 1995, the law was changed to include the following;
Design and symbolism
The official design of the Mexican Flag can be found in Article 3 of the
Law on the National Arms, Flag, and AnthemThe Law on the National Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem is a set of rules and guidelines passed by the Mexican government on the display and use of the flag , coat of arms and the anthem . The original law was passed in 1984 and it contains 7 chapters, a preamble and a section that contains the...
, passed in 1984. While the exact shades of the flag have not been defined by law, the Interior Ministry, (
Secretaría de Gobernación) has suggested the following tones in the
PantonePantone Inc. is a corporation headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA. The company is best known for its Pantone Matching System , a proprietary color space...
system. The article dictates what must be featured on the flag and also its proportions. Copies of the national flag which are made according to this law are kept in two locations: the General National Archive (
Archivo General de la Nación) and the National Museum of History (
Museo Nacional de HistoriaChapultepec Castle is located on top of Chapultepec Hill. The name Chapultepec stems from the Náhuatl word chapoltepēc which means "at the grasshopper's hill". It is located in the middle of Chapultepec Park in Mexico City at a height of 2,325 meters above sea level...
).
| Color scheme |
Green |
White |
Red |
PantonePantone Inc. is a corporation headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA. The company is best known for its Pantone Matching System , a proprietary color space...
|
|
3425c |
|
Safe |
|
186c |
| RGB |
|
0-104-71 |
|
255-255-255 |
|
206-17-38 |
| CMYK |
|
100-0-32-59 |
|
0-0-0-0 |
|
0-92-82-19 |
| Web colors Web colors are colors used in designing web pages, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors.Authors of web pages have a variety of options available for specifying colors for elements of web documents. Colors may be specified as an RGB triplet in hexadecimal format ; they may also...
|
|
006847 |
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FFFFFF |
|
CE1126 |
Common mistakes of construction
It is a common mistake when constructing the Flag of Mexico to take the
Mexican Coat of ArmsThe current coat of arms of Mexico has been an important symbol of Mexican politics and culture for centuries. The coat of arms depicts a Mexican Golden Eagle perched upon a prickly pear cactus devouring a snake. To the people of Tenochtitlan this would have strong religious connotations, but to...
and place it in center of the white stripe, using the
Italian flagThe flag of Italy is a tricolour featuring three equally sized vertical pales of green, white and red, with the green at the hoist side...
as the base design. This error occurs due to the fact that some people incorrectly believe the only difference between the two flags is the coat of arms in the Mexican national banner. Both flags use the same colors (
greenGreen is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nanometres. In the subtractive color system, it is not a primary color, but is created out of a mixture of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; it is considered...
,
white White is a color, the perception which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in nearly equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness.White light can be...
and
redRed is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 630–740 nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared , and cannot be seen by the naked human eye...
), but the Mexican flag has darker shades of green and red. Most importantly, these flags present a different aspect ratio (proportions), which gives each one a unique look. The Italian flag aspect ratio is 2:3 (1 to 1.5), more squarish in shape, while the Mexican flag aspect ratio is 4:7 (1 to 1.75), resulting in a longer shape.
Protocol
When the flag is paraded in front of a crowd, those in military uniform must present a
saluteA salute is a gesture or other action used to display respect. Salutes are primarily associated with armed forces, but other organizations also use salutes.-Military salutes:...
according to military regulations. Civilians who are present give the following salute to the national flag: standing at attention (
firme), they raise their right
armIn anatomy, an arm is one of the upper limbs of an animal. The term arm can also be used for analogous structures, such as one of the paired upper limbs of a four-legged animal, or the arms of cephalopods....
s and place their right
handThe hands are the two intricate, prehensile, multi-fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a primate. They are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, used for both gross motor skills and fine motor skills...
s on their chests, in front of the
heartThe heart is a muscular organ found in all vertebrates that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions...
. The hand is flat and the palm of the hand is facing the ground. This salute is known as the
El saludo civil a la Bandera Nacional ("The Civil Salute to the National Flag"). When the
PresidentPresident is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. Etymologically, a "president" is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
is acting in the capacity of the Head of the Armed Forces, he salutes the national flag with a military salute. When the national anthem is played on
televisionTelevision is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic or color, usually accompanied by sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission...
to open or close daily programming, the national flag will be shown at the same time. During certain times of the year, the flag is flown by both civilians and government personnel. Mostly, these events coincide with
national holidayNational holiday may refer to:*A National Day, in which a country celebrates its independence or establishment.*A public holiday, which can be celebrated across a nation. That means that some nations can have more than one National Day....
s and days of significance to the country. During some of these occasions, the flag will be flown at half-mast to honor the death of important Mexicans. These dates are listed in
Article 18 of the Law of the National Flag, Arms and AnthemIn Article 18 of the Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem there is a listing of dates that the Mexican flag is flown by all branches of government. Civilians are also encouraged to display the national flag on these days...
. The national
Día de la Bandera (Flag Day) celebration occurs on February 24. On this day in 1821, all the factions fighting in the
War of IndependenceThe Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial authorities which started on 16 September 1810. The Mexican War of Independence movement was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain...
joined together to form the
Army of the Three GuaranteesAt the end of the Mexican War of Independence, the Army of the Three Guarantees was the name given to the army after the unification of the Spanish troops led by Agustín de Iturbide and the Mexican insurgent troops of Vicente Guerrero, consolidating Mexico's independence from Spain...
in response to the Plan de Iguala, which was signed by
Vicente GuerreroVicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence, who fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and served briefly as President of Mexico...
and
Agustín de IturbideAgustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Aramburu was a Mexican Army General who built a successful political and military coalition that was able to march into Mexico City on 27 September 1821; decisively ending the Mexican War of Independence...
, declaring Mexico officially an independent country.
GeneralA general officer is an officer of high military rank. The term or equivalent is used by nearly every country in the world. General can be used as a generic term for all grades of general officer, or it can specifically refer to a single rank that is simply called general.-All general officer...
Vicente GuerreroVicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence, who fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and served briefly as President of Mexico...
was the first military official who swore allegiance to the national flag. Another flag tradition is that before every
OlympicsThe Olympic Games are a major international event of summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes compete in a wide variety of events. The Games are currently held every two years, with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in...
in which Mexico is a participant, the President hands a flag over to the flag bearer, chosen by their peers, to carry with them to the host city.
Civil Ceremonies
The flag songs are dedicated to the flag day, it is a national holiday in
MexicoThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
.
Flag DayA flag day is a flag-related holiday—either a day designated for flying a certain flag , or a day set aside to celebrate a historical event such as a nation's adoption of its flag....
is celebrated every year on February 24 since its implementation in 1937. It was established by
President of MexicoThe Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the head of government and the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces...
General
Lázaro CárdenasLázaro Cárdenas del Río was President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940.Lázaro Cárdenas was born into a lower-middle class family in the village of Jiquilpan, Michoacán. He supported his family from age 16 after the death of his father...
before the monument to General
Vicente GuerreroVicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence, who fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and served briefly as President of Mexico...
, first to pledge allegiance to the Mexican flag and
Agustin de IturbideAgustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Aramburu was a Mexican Army General who built a successful political and military coalition that was able to march into Mexico City on 27 September 1821; decisively ending the Mexican War of Independence...
;
The Juramento a la BanderaThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
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| ¡Bandera de México!Legado de nuestros héroes,símbolo de la unidadde nuestros padres y nuestros hermanos.Te prometemos ser siempre fielesa los principios de libertad y de justiciaque hacen de nuestra patria la nación independiente, humana y generosaa la que entregamos nuestra existencia. |
|
Translation: The Oath to the FlagThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
|
| Flag of Mexico!Legacy of our heroes,symbol of the unityof our parents and our brothers.We promise to always be loyalto the principles of liberty and justicethat make our homelandthe independent nation, humane and generousto the which one we give our existence. |
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The Toque de BanderaThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
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Se levanta en el mástil mi banderacomo un sol entre céfiros y trinosmuy adentro en el templo de mi veneración,oigo y siento contento latir mi corazónEs mi bandera, la enseña nacional,son estas notas su cántico marcial.Desde niños sabremos venerarlaY también por su amor, ¡vivir!Almo y sacro pendón que en nuestro anhelo
como rayo de luz se eleva al cieloinundando a través de su lienzo tricolorinmortal nuestro ser de fervor y patrio ardor.
Es mi bandera, la enseña nacional,son estas notas su cántico marcial.Desde niños sabremos venerarlaY también por su amor, ¡vivir! |
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Translation: The Salute the FlagThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
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| My flag rises in the mastlike a sun between zephyrs and warblesvery inside in the temple of my veneration,I hear and I feel contentment annoy my heartIt's my flag, the national standard,These notes are a canticle martial.From childhood we'll know how venerate itand also because its love we must live!Elm and sacred banner that in our yearningas light ray rises to the skyflooding through of its three-colors canvasinmortal our being of fervour and homeland ardour.It's my flag, the national standard,these notes are a canticle martial.Since children we know how venerate itand also because its love we must live! |
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Variants
There are two variants of the national flag that are allowed by law. Mostly used by the state and
federal governmentA federal government is the common government of a federation.The structure of federal governments vary from institution to institution based on a broad definition of a basic federal political system, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern...
s, the difference between the national flag and the variants are the designs of the coat of arms. In the first variant, which is used by the
President of MexicoThe Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the head of government and the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces...
and secretaries of federal bodies, the entire coat of arms is coloured gold, with the exception of the tricolour ribbon, which is green, white and red, and with the stone, lake and talons of the eagle coloured in silver. In the second variant, the entire coat of arms is coloured gold, even the ribbon, lake, stone and talons. The second variant is used mostly by State governments and federal bodies who are not able to use the first variant.
Law articles
- In Article 3 of the Law on the National Arms, Flag and Anthem (Ley sobre el Escudo, la Bandera y el Himno Nacionales) also describes that the national flag can be decorated with a special tie
Tie may refer to:* Necktie, a long piece of cloth worn around the neck or shoulders* Tie , a finish to a competition with identical results, particularly sports...
called a corbata (cravatThe cravat is a neckband, the forerunner of the modern tailored necktie and bow tie, originating from 16th century Croatia...
). The corbata is composed of a bow, two ribbons of different length and both ribbons are attached with a golden tassel called fringeFringe may refer to* Fringe , a U.S. Fox television series* Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the largest arts festival in the world* Adelaide Fringe Festival, Australia's premier arts festival that is the second largest arts festival in the world...
. The corbata is placed on the top of the flag at the point where the truck is, and the colours of the corbata match that of the national flag. Organisations and political parties can adopt their own corbatas, such as the National Action PartyThe National Action Party , is a center-right, Christian democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. Since 2000, the President of Mexico has been a member of this party; both houses have PAN pluralities, but the party does not have a majority in either the house of the...
(PAN), which uses a white corbata with blue fringes.
- In Article 3 of the Flag Law does not give an official symbolism to the colors, other meanings may be given to them. Other groups have used the national colors as part of their own logo
A logo is a graphical element that, together with its logotype form a trademark or commercial brand. Typically, a logo's design is for immediate recognition...
s or symbolA symbol is something such as an object, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention. For example, a red octagon may stand for "STOP". On maps, crossed sabres may indicate a battlefield...
s. For example, the Institutional Revolutionary PartyThe Institutional Revolutionary Party is a Mexican political party that wielded power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. The PRI is a member of the Socialist International, as is the rival Party of the Democratic Revolution , making Mexico one of the...
(PRI) political party has adopted the national colors as part of their logoA logo is a graphical element that, together with its logotype form a trademark or commercial brand. Typically, a logo's design is for immediate recognition...
. Another political party, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), also had the national colors as part of their logo, but changed them in the 1990s after a controversy surrounding impartiality issues, while the PRI did not. Several statesThe United Mexican States is a federation made up of thirty-one "free and sovereign states". These states constitute one federated State or Union. The federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over the Federal District, a territory which does not belong to any state but to all, as well as...
, such as QuerétaroQuerétaro is a state in central México.Its capital is the city of Santiago de Querétaro, although in general parlance the name "Querétaro" is used for both the city and the state....
and Hidalgo have incorporated either elements of the national flag, or even the entire flag, into their coat of arms.
Chronology
Evolution of the Mexican Flag>
| Mexico Non-Independent |
Adopted date
Related organization |
Promulgated |
Flag |
Description |
17 April 1535
Monarchy |
17 April 1535 – 25 November 1550Antonio de Mendoza Antonio de Mendoza, Marquis of Mondéjar, Count of Tendilla , was the first viceroy of New Spain, serving from April 17, 1535 to November 25, 1550, and the third viceroy of Peru, from September 23, 1551 to July 21, 1552...
Viceroy
29 April 1783 - 3 November 1784Matías de Gálvez y GallardoMatías de Gálvez y Gallardo was a Spanish general, governor of the Captaincy General of Guatemala , and viceroy of New Spain .-Military career:Matías de Gálvez was born in a small town in Málaga, Spain...
Viceroy |
|
Viceroy of New Spain |
1785 - 1821
Monarchy |
Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Viscount of Galveston and Count of Gálvez was a Spanish military leader and the general of Spanish forces in New Spain who served as governor of Louisiana and Cuba and as viceroy of New Spain.Gálvez aided the Thirteen Colonies in their quest for independence and led...
Viceroy
21 July 1821 - 28 September 1821Juan O'Donojú y O'RianJuan O'Donojú y O'Rian was a Spanish military officer and jefe político superior of New Spain from July 21, 1821 to September 28, 1821, during Mexico's war of independence...
Viceroy |
|
Viceroy of New Spain |
| Mexico Independent |
Adopted date
Related organization |
Promulgated |
Flag |
Description |
24 February 1821
Provisional Government |
Agustín IturbideRoyalistVicente Ramón GuerreroVicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence, who fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and served briefly as President of Mexico...
Insurgent |
|
Flag of the Three GuaranteesDesigned byMagdaleno Ocampo |
24 August 1821
Constitutional Congress |
Agustin IturbideRegency's President |
|
Flag of the Iturbide's RegimeDesigned byAgustin Iturbide |
2 November 1821
Constitutional Congress |
Agustín Iturbide I of MexicoAgustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Aramburu was a Mexican Army General who built a successful political and military coalition that was able to march into Mexico City on 27 September 1821; decisively ending the Mexican War of Independence...
Emperor |
|
Flag of the Mexican EmpireDesigned byAgustin Iturbide |
} Independence - Religion - Union
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| align="center" | 14 April 1823
Constitutional Congress
| align="left" | 10 October 1824 – 1 April 1829Guadalupe VictoriaGuadalupe Victoria, born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix , was a Mexican revolutionary soldier who fought for independence against Spain in the War of Independence and later became the first president of Mexico.Victoria was born in 1786 in Tamazula de Victoria, Durango, son of Manuel...
President
21 January 1858 - 28 December 1862Félix María ZuloagaFélix María Zuloaga Trillo was a Mexican general and a Conservative leader in the War of Reform. In the late 1850s and early 1860s, Zuloaga served as interim Conservative president of Mexico .-Early years:Zuloaga was born in Álamos, Sonora...
President
| align="center" |
| align="left" | Flag of the Mexican RepublicDesigned byConstitutional Congress
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#F9F9F9" | Government Executive10 October 1824 - 15 May 1867
Reform War21 January 1858 - 28 December 1862
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#F9F9F9" | Regency of the 2nd Mexican Empire11 July 1863 - 18 November 1863
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| align="center" | 15 July 1864
Regency Government
| align="left" | Maximilian I of MexicoMaximilian I of Mexico was a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg-Lorraine. After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico, during the Second Mexican Empire, with the backing of Napoleon III of France and a group of Mexican monarchists on 10 April 1864...
EmperorJosé Mariano SalasRegency's President
| align="center" |
| align="left" | Flag of the 2nd Mexican EmpireDesigned byFerdinand Maximilian
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="#F9F9F9"| Hope - Purity - Religion
|- bgcolor="#F9F9F9"
| align="center" | 19 June 1867
Government Executive
| align="left" | Benito Pablo Juárez GarcíaBenito Pablo Juárez García was a Zapotec Amerindian who served five terms as president of Mexico: 1858–1861 as interim, 1861–1865, 1865–1867, 1867–1871 and 1871–1872...
President
| align="center" |
| align="left" | ReadoptedFlag of the Mexican RepublicDesigned byConstitutional Congress
|- bgcolor="#F9F9F9"
| align="center" | 1 April 1893
Government Executive
| align="left" | José de la Cruz Porfirio DíazJosé de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was the President of Mexico from 1876 to 1880 and from 1884 to 1911, and one of the most controversial figures of the country...
President
| align="center" |
| align="left" | Flag of the Mexican RepublicDesigned byTomas de la Peña
|- bgcolor="#F9F9F9"
| align="center" | 20 September 1916
Government Executive
| align="left" | Venustiano Carranza GarzaVenustiano Carranza de la Garza was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914 and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted...
President
| align="center" |
| align="left" | Flag of the United Mexican StatesDesigned byAntonio Gómez
|- bgcolor="#F9F9F9"
| align="center" | 5 February 1934
Government Executive
| align="left" | Abelardo Rodríguez LujánAbelardo Rodríguez Luján, commonly known as Abelardo L. Rodríguez was the interim president of Mexico from 1932-1934, completing the term of Pascual Ortiz after his resignation.-Early life:...
President
| align="center" |
| align="left" | Flag of the United Mexican StatesDesigned byJorge Enciso
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| align="center" | 16 September 1968
Government Executive
| align="left" | Gustavo Díaz OrdazGustavo Díaz Ordaz served as the President of Mexico from 1964 to 1970.- Political career :Díaz Ordaz was born in San Andrés Chalchícomula . His father, Ramón Díaz Ordaz Redonet, worked as an accountant, while his mother, Sabina Bolaños Cacho de Díaz Ordaz, worked as a school teacher...
President
| align="center" |
| align="left" | Flag of the United Mexican StatesDesigned byFrancisco Eppens HelgueraFrancisco Eppens Helguera was a Mexican artist known for his paintings, murals and sculptures. He was born in San Luis Potosí. Some of his paintings included "Las Hermanas" and "Contrafuertes Coloniales"...
|- bgcolor="#F9F9F9"
| colspan="4" align="center" | Hope - Union - Blood of Heroes
|}
Others
Other flags were flown as Mexican flags, either designed to intimidate the enemy or to act as identification. These flags were considered without subsequent formal documentation as national flag and temporally situated; Flag of Francisco I. Madero (9 February 1913), Flag of Doliente Hidalgo (2 January 1812), Flag of José María Morelos y Pavón, Flag of Francisco Villa, Flag of Siera Battalion, Flag of Jalisco Battalion, Libres de Puebla Battalion, Artillería Mina Battalion, Oaxaca Battalion, Toluca Battalion, Flag of Chihuahua Battalion, Flag of Durango Battalion, Flag of San Lorenzo Battalion, Flag of Lanceros Battalion, Flag of San Luis Potosí Battalion, Flag of Aguascalientes Battalion, Flag of Galeana Battalion (22 May 1864), Flag of San Blas Battalion (24 Septembere 1846), Flag of Tres Villas Battalion, Flag of Milicias Battalion, Flag of Remixto Battalion, Flag of Quautla Battalion, Flag of 201 Squadron, Etc.
Monumental flags
In 1999, President Ernesto Zedillo started a program erecting giant flags across the country. Directed by the
Secretariat of National DefenseMexico's Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional is the government department in charge of national defense.. Before 1937, the position was called the Secretary of War and Navy...
, the
banderas monumentales (monumental flags) were placed in various cities and spots, most of which are of great significance to the nation. In a decree issued on July 1, 1999 by Zedillo, the flags were to be placed in
Mexico CityMexico City is the capital city of Mexico. It is the economic, industrial, and cultural center in the country, and the most populous city, with about 8,836,045 inhabitants in 2008...
,
TijuanaTijuana , is the largest city of the Mexican state of Baja California, situated on the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to its sister city of San Diego, California. Tijuana is the westernmost city in Mexico, however, the westernmost population center is located in Isla Guadalupe...
,
Ciudad JuárezCiudad Juárez, also known as just Juárez and formerly known as Paso del Norte, is a city and seat of the municipality of Juárez in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Juárez has an estimated population of 1.5 million people. It stands on the Rio Grande , across the U.S. border from El Paso, Texas...
, and
VeracruzThe city of Veracruz is a major port city and municipality on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. The metropolitan area is Mexico's 2nd largest on the Gulf coast and an important east coast port...
. The decree also stipulated for the flags to measure 14.3 meters by 25 meters, which are raised on flag poles that are 50 meters high. After these initial monumental flags were created, cities such as Ensenada,
Nuevo LaredoNuevo Laredo is a city located in the Municipality of Nuevo Laredo in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The city lies on the banks of the Río Grande, across from the United States city of Laredo, Texas. The 2005 census population of the city was 348,387 and that of the municipality of which it...
and
CancúnCancún is a coastal city in Mexico's easternmost state, Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula. Cancún is located on the Yucatan Channel that separates Mexico from the island of Cuba in the Greater Antilles....
were reported to have their own monumental flags. Smaller flags, called
banderas semi-monumentales, have been erected in smaller towns and at various educational institutes.
The biggest monumental flag in Mexico is the one located at the
Mirador del ObispadoThe Mirador del Obispado is located at the top of the Cerro del Obispado in the northern city of Monterrey, Mexico. It features the biggest bandera monumental in Mexico...
in
MonterreyMonterrey Monterrey Monterrey (also known as "Sultana del Norte" (Sultan of the North), is the capital city of the northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo León
It has the third largest metropolitan area in Mexico, after Mexico City and Guadalajara. In 2005, the city...
(northeast) with a pole of 120
tonsTons can refer to:* Tons River, a major river in India* plural of ton, a unit of mass * slang: for many of something, "there were a ton of people at the party"...
and 100.6 meters of height. The flag measures 50 by 28.6 meters and weighs 230
kilogramThe kilogram is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units .[The spelling kilogram is the modern spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures , the U.S...]
s. This is four times the size of most other monumental flags. It is located at the top of the
Cerro del ObispadoThe Cerro del Obispado is a famous landmark in the city of Monterrey, Mexico, named after the building constructed in the middle of the hill by the end of the 18th century....
(Bishopric Hill) at an
altitudeAltitude is defined based on the context in which it is used . As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object...
of 775 meters above the
sea levelMean sea level is the average height of the ocean's surface ; used as a standard in reckoning land elevation.- Measurement :...
(city's altitude 538 meters). There is another monumental flag of a similar size than Monterrey's in the city of
Dolores HidalgoDolores Hidalgo is the name of a city and the surrounding municipality in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Guanajuato....
,
GuanajuatoGuanajuato is a state in the central highlands of Mexico. It is named after its capital city, Guanajuato, which comes from the local indigenous language, meaning “Hill of Frogs.” Las Ranas is a nickname for people from this state as frogs are their state animal...
, cradle of Mexican Independence.
Example Locations
- Monterrey
Monterrey Monterrey Monterrey (also known as "Sultana del Norte" (Sultan of the North), is the capital city of the northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo León
It has the third largest metropolitan area in Mexico, after Mexico City and Guadalajara. In 2005, the city...
, Nuevo LeónNuevo León is a state located in northeastern Mexico. It borders the states of Tamaulipas to the north and east and San Luis Potosí to the south, and Coahuila to the west. To the north, Nuevo León accounts for a 15 kilometer stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S...
- Querétaro
Querétaro, formally Santiago de Querétaro is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Querétaro. It is also the municipal seat of the surrounding Querétaro municipality. The city had a 2005 census population of 596,450, and the municipality had a population of 734,139...
, QuerétaroQuerétaro is a state in central México.Its capital is the city of Santiago de Querétaro, although in general parlance the name "Querétaro" is used for both the city and the state....
- Mexico City
Mexico City is the capital city of Mexico. It is the economic, industrial, and cultural center in the country, and the most populous city, with about 8,836,045 inhabitants in 2008...
, Federal District:
- Zócalo
The Zócalo is the main plaza or square in the heart of the historic center of Mexico City. The plaza used to be known simply as the “Main Square” or “Arms Square,” and today its formal name is “Constitution Square”...
, in the city center
- Campo Militar Marte, military base
A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations.- Etymology :...
behind Los PinosLos Pinos is both Mexico's official presidential residence and offices, the home – for a six-year period – of the President of Mexico....
- San Jerónimo roundabout, in the Periférico Sur
- Chihuahua, Chihuahua
- Ciudad Juárez
Ciudad Juárez, also known as just Juárez and formerly known as Paso del Norte, is a city and seat of the municipality of Juárez in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Juárez has an estimated population of 1.5 million people. It stands on the Rio Grande , across the U.S. border from El Paso, Texas...
, Chihuahua
- Iguala
The historic city of Iguala de la Independencia is located 102 km from state capital Chilpancingo in the Mexican state of Guerrero. It stands on Federal Highway 95. Iguala is the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name, located in the north-central part of the state. The city had a...
, GuerreroThe State of Guerrero is a state in the southern meridional region of Mexico. With an area of , it occupies about 3.3% of Mexican territory. It borders the Pacific Ocean to the south , Michoacán to the west , Oaxaca to the east , and Mexico State , Morelos , and Puebla to the north...
- Tonalá
Tonalá is a city and its surrounding municipality that is part of the Greater Guadalajara metropolitan area. The city had a 2005 census population of 374,258 and the municipality had a population of 408,729 and an area of 119.58 km² . The municipality lies adjacent to the east side of Guadalajara...
, JaliscoJalisco is one of the 31 Mexican states that, together with the Mexican Federal District, conform the 32 federal entities of Mexico.Jalisco is located in central-western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Nayarit to the northwest, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí to the north,...
- Mérida
Mérida is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Yucatán and the Yucatán Peninsula. It is located in the northwest part of the state, about 35 km from the Gulf of Mexico coast, at...
, YucatánYucatán is one of the 31 states of Mexico, located on the north of the Yucatán Peninsula. The Yucatan peninsula includes three states: Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; all three modern states were formerly part of the larger historic state of Yucatán in the 19th century. The state capital of...
- Cancún
Cancún is a coastal city in Mexico's easternmost state, Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula. Cancún is located on the Yucatan Channel that separates Mexico from the island of Cuba in the Greater Antilles....
, Quintana RooQuintana Roo is a state of Mexico, on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It borders the States of Yucatán and Campeche to the north and west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the nation of Belize to the south...
- Mexicali
Mexicali is the capital of the Mexican state of Baja California Norte. Mexicali is also the seat of the Municipality of Mexicali. Founded on March 14, 1903, Mexicali is situated on the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to Calexico and is the northernmost city in Latin America, located at .The link is...
, Baja CaliforniaBaja California is both the northernmost and westernmost state of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California peninsula, north...
- Tampico
Tampico is the main city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is the nation's chief economic powerhouse on the Gulf of Mexico. Economic development during the 1920s made the city a commercial leader in the aviation and soda industries...
, TamaulipasTamaulipas is one of the 31 states of Mexico and is located in the central-northeastern part of the Mexican federation. It borders the the U.S. state of Texas to the north, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, Veracruz to the south, San Luis Potosí to the southwest, and Nuevo León to the west...
- Tijuana
Tijuana , is the largest city of the Mexican state of Baja California, situated on the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to its sister city of San Diego, California. Tijuana is the westernmost city in Mexico, however, the westernmost population center is located in Isla Guadalupe...
, Baja CaliforniaBaja California is both the northernmost and westernmost state of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California peninsula, north...
- Nuevo Laredo
Nuevo Laredo is a city located in the Municipality of Nuevo Laredo in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The city lies on the banks of the Río Grande, across from the United States city of Laredo, Texas. The 2005 census population of the city was 348,387 and that of the municipality of which it...
, TamaulipasTamaulipas is one of the 31 states of Mexico and is located in the central-northeastern part of the Mexican federation. It borders the the U.S. state of Texas to the north, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, Veracruz to the south, San Luis Potosí to the southwest, and Nuevo León to the west...
- Campeche
The State of Campeche is a state in the south-east region of the Mexican Republic. It is bordered by the Mexican states of Yucatán to the north east, Quintana Roo to the east, and Tabasco to the south west...
, CampecheThe State of Campeche is a state in the south-east region of the Mexican Republic. It is bordered by the Mexican states of Yucatán to the north east, Quintana Roo to the east, and Tabasco to the south west...
- Veracruz
Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the United Mexican States. Veracruz is borderd by Tamaulipas to the north, the Gulf to the east, Tabasco to the southeast, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south and Puebla, Hidalgo, and San Luis Potosi to the west...
, VeracruzVeracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the United Mexican States. Veracruz is borderd by Tamaulipas to the north, the Gulf to the east, Tabasco to the southeast, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south and Puebla, Hidalgo, and San Luis Potosi to the west...
- Acapulco
Acapulco is a city, and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, southwest from Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semi-circular bay. It is a port of call for shipping and cruising lines running between Panama and San Francisco, California, United States...
, GuerreroThe State of Guerrero is a state in the southern meridional region of Mexico. With an area of , it occupies about 3.3% of Mexican territory. It borders the Pacific Ocean to the south , Michoacán to the west , Oaxaca to the east , and Mexico State , Morelos , and Puebla to the north...
- Dolores Hidalgo
Dolores Hidalgo is the name of a city and the surrounding municipality in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Guanajuato....
, GuanajuatoGuanajuato is a state in the central highlands of Mexico. It is named after its capital city, Guanajuato, which comes from the local indigenous language, meaning “Hill of Frogs.” Las Ranas is a nickname for people from this state as frogs are their state animal...
- Pachuca
Pachuca, formally Pachuca de Soto is the capital of the Mexican state of Hidalgo. It is located in the south-central part of the state. Pachuca de Soto is also the name of the municipality of which the city serves as municipal seat...
, Hidalgo (Mexico)
See also
- List of Mexican flags
- Flag flying days in Mexico
In Article 18 of the Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem there is a listing of dates that the Mexican flag is flown by all branches of government. Civilians are also encouraged to display the national flag on these days...
External links
Flags of North America