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Fereydun, also pronounced Faridun, in medieval Persian Firedun, Middle Persian Fredon, and Avestan
Avestan language

Avestan is a Eastern Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrianism Avesta. Iranian languages are part of the hypothetical Indo-Iranian languages Language group....
 Traetaona is the name of an Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
ian mythical king and hero who is an emblem of victory, justice and generosity in the Persian literature
Persian literature

Persian literature spans two and a half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources has been within historical greater Iran including present-day Iran as well as reigions of Central Asia where the Persian language has been the national language through history....
.

of the forms of the name shown above derive, by regular sound laws, from Proto-Iranian *Traitaunah and Proto-Indo-Iranian *Traitaunas.

*Traitaunas is a derivative (with augmentative
Augmentative

An augmentative is a Affix or Prefix added to a noun in order to convey the sense of greater intensity, often though not primarily indicating a larger size....
 suffix -una/-auna) of *Tritas, the name of a deity or hero reflected in the Vedic Trita
Trita

Trita "the Third" is a minor deity of the Rigveda, mentioned 41 times. He is associated with the Maruts, with Vayu and with Indra, like Indra, or as Indra's assistant, fighting Tvastar, Vrtra and Vala ....
 and the Avestan Trita.






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Fereydun, also pronounced Faridun, in medieval Persian Firedun, Middle Persian Fredon, and Avestan
Avestan language

Avestan is a Eastern Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrianism Avesta. Iranian languages are part of the hypothetical Indo-Iranian languages Language group....
 Traetaona is the name of an Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
ian mythical king and hero who is an emblem of victory, justice and generosity in the Persian literature
Persian literature

Persian literature spans two and a half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources has been within historical greater Iran including present-day Iran as well as reigions of Central Asia where the Persian language has been the national language through history....
.

Etymology

All of the forms of the name shown above derive, by regular sound laws, from Proto-Iranian *Traitaunah and Proto-Indo-Iranian *Traitaunas.

*Traitaunas is a derivative (with augmentative
Augmentative

An augmentative is a Affix or Prefix added to a noun in order to convey the sense of greater intensity, often though not primarily indicating a larger size....
 suffix -una/-auna) of *Tritas, the name of a deity or hero reflected in the Vedic Trita
Trita

Trita "the Third" is a minor deity of the Rigveda, mentioned 41 times. He is associated with the Maruts, with Vayu and with Indra, like Indra, or as Indra's assistant, fighting Tvastar, Vrtra and Vala ....
 and the Avestan Trita. Both names are identical to the adjective meaning "the third", a term used of a minor deity associated with two other deities to form a triad. In the Indian Vedas
Vedas

The Vedas are a large body of texts originating in History of India. They form the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest Hindu scripture of Hinduism....
, Trita is associated with gods of thunder and wind. Trita is also called Aptya, a name that is probably cognate with A?ßiya, the name of Traetaona's father in the Avesta. *Traitaunas may therefore be interpreted as "the great son of the deity Tritas".

Traetaona in Zoroastrian literature

In the Avesta, Traetaona is the son of A?ßiya, and so is called A?ßiyani "from the family of A?ßiya". Originally he may have been recorded as the killer of the dragon Aži Dahaka
Zahhak

Zahhak or Zohhak is a figure of Iranian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian folklore as A?i Dahaka, the name by which he also appears in the texts of the Avesta....
, but in Middle Persian texts Dahaka/Dahag is instead imprisoned on Mount Damavand
Damavand

Damavand is a city in Tehran Province in Iran. It has a population of 90,000.Damavand is an ancient and historic city. The name Damavand appears in Sassanid texts , and Parthian remains have been found there....
.

Fereydun in the Shahnameh

According to Ferdowsi
Ferdowsi

Hakim Abu'l-Qasim Firdawsi Tusi , more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi , was a highly revered Persian people poet. He was the author of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran as well as other Persian communities in other countries....
’s Shahnameh
Shahnameh

File:Ferdowsi tehran.jpg Shahnam?, or Shahnama , "The Great Book" , is an enormous poetic opus written by the Persian literature Ferdowsi around 1000 AD and is the national epic of Iran....
, Fereydun was the son of Abtin
Abtin

Abteen, also known as Abtin or Obteene is a character in Shahnama , Fereydun's father. His name means "The one with good thoughts, good words and good deeds" ....
 one of descendants of Jamshid
Jamshid

Jamshed, Jamshid or Jam in Middle Persian and New Persian, or Yima in Avestan is a mythological figure of Greater Iranian culture and tradition....
. Fereydun, together with Kaveh
Kaveh

Kawa the Blacksmith, is a mythical figure in Persian mythology who leads a popular uprising against a ruthless foreign ruler, Zahhak. His story is narrated in the Epic of Shahnameh, the national epic of Persia by the 10th century poet Ferdowsi....
, revolted against the tyrannical king “Zahhak
Zahhak

Zahhak or Zohhak is a figure of Iranian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian folklore as A?i Dahaka, the name by which he also appears in the texts of the Avesta....
”, defeated and arrested him in the Alborz Mountains
Hara Berezaiti

Hara B?r?zaiti, literally meaning "High Watchpost", is the name given in the Avestan language to a legendary mountain around which the stars and planets revolve....
. Afterwards Fereydun became the king and, according to the myth, ruled the country for about 500 years. At the end of his life he allocated his kingdom to his three sons; Salm, Tur, and Iraj
Iraj

Iraj is a Sinhalese people and Persian given name.Iraj may refer to:*Iraj, a character in ShahnamehPeople with the given name Iraj:...
. Iraj was Fereydun’s youngest and favored son and inherited the best part of the kingdom namely Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
. Salm inherited Asia Minor ("Rum
Rûm

R?m, also Roum or Rhum , is a very indefinite term used at different times in the Muslim world to refer to the Balkans and Anatolia generally, and for the Byzantine Empire in particular, for the Seljuk Sultanate of R?m in Asia Minor, and for Greeks inhabiting Ottoman Empire or modern Turkey territory as well as for Greek Cypriots....
", more generally meaning the Roman Empire
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
, the Greco-Roman world, or just "the West") and Tur inherited Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
 ("Turan
Turan

Turan is the ancient Iranian languages name for Central Asia, literally meaning "the land of the Tur". As described below, the original Turanians are the...
", all the lands north and east of the Oxus, as far as China), respectively. This aroused Iraj’s brothers’ envy and encouraged them to murder him. After Iraj’s murder, Fereydun enthroned Iraj’s grandson, Manuchehr
Manuchehr

Manuchehr , older Persian Manocihr, Avestan language Manu?ci?ra, is a character in Shahnameh. He is the first of the legendary Shah who ruled Iran after the breakup of the world empire of Manuchehr's great-grandfather, Fereydun....
. Manuchehr’s attempt to avenge his grand father’s murder initiates the Iranian-Turanian wars.

See also

  • Iranian literature
    Persian literature

    Persian literature spans two and a half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources has been within historical greater Iran including present-day Iran as well as reigions of Central Asia where the Persian language has been the national language through history....
  • Persian mythology
    Persian mythology

    By Persian mythology is meant the myths and sacred narratives of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iranian Plateau and its borderlands, as well as areas of Central Asia from the Black Sea to Khotan ....


External links

  • : A Research Note by Manouchehr Saadat Noury