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Fasces (a plurale tantum
Plurale tantum

A plurale tantum is a noun that appears only in the plural form and does not have a Grammatical number variant, though it may still refer to one or many of the objects it names....
, from the Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
 word fascis, meaning "bundle") symbolize summary power
Power (sociology)

Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them, including the behavior of other people. The term authority is often used for power, perceived as legitimate by the social structure....
 and jurisdiction
Jurisdiction

In law, jurisdiction is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility....
, and/or "strength through unity".

The traditional Roman
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
 fasces consisted of a bundle of white birch
White Birch

White Birch may refer to:* Betula papyrifera* Betula pendula* Shirakaba, Japanese literary group* White Birch, the , Norwegian recording artists...
 rods, tied together with a red leather ribbon into a cylinder, and often including a bronze axe
Axe

The axe, or ax, is an implement that has been used for Millennium to shape, split and cut wood, harvest Lumber, as a weapon and a ceremony or Heraldry symbol....
 (or sometimes two) amongst the rods, with the blade(s) on the side, projecting from the bundle.






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Fasces (a plurale tantum
Plurale tantum

A plurale tantum is a noun that appears only in the plural form and does not have a Grammatical number variant, though it may still refer to one or many of the objects it names....
, from the Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
 word fascis, meaning "bundle") symbolize summary power
Power (sociology)

Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them, including the behavior of other people. The term authority is often used for power, perceived as legitimate by the social structure....
 and jurisdiction
Jurisdiction

In law, jurisdiction is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility....
, and/or "strength through unity".

The traditional Roman
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
 fasces consisted of a bundle of white birch
White Birch

White Birch may refer to:* Betula papyrifera* Betula pendula* Shirakaba, Japanese literary group* White Birch, the , Norwegian recording artists...
 rods, tied together with a red leather ribbon into a cylinder, and often including a bronze axe
Axe

The axe, or ax, is an implement that has been used for Millennium to shape, split and cut wood, harvest Lumber, as a weapon and a ceremony or Heraldry symbol....
 (or sometimes two) amongst the rods, with the blade(s) on the side, projecting from the bundle. It was used as a symbol of the Roman Republic
Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was the phase of the Ancient Rome characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman Roman Kingdom, c....
 in many circumstances, including being carried in processions, much the way a flag might be carried today.

Symbolism

Numerous governments and other authorities have used the image of the fasces as a symbol
Symbol

A symbol is something such as an entity, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention....
 of power
Power (sociology)

Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them, including the behavior of other people. The term authority is often used for power, perceived as legitimate by the social structure....
 since the end of the Roman Empire
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
. It has also been used to hearken back to the Roman republic, particularly by those who see themselves as modern-day successors to the old republic and/or its ideals. Italian fascism
Italian Fascism

The term Italian Fascism denotes the Authoritarianism Nationalism Fascismo political movement that ruled Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini....
, which derives its name from the fasces, arguably used this symbolism the most in the 20th century. The British Union of Fascists
British Union of Fascists

The British Union of Fascists was a political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by a former Labour Party government minister and former Member of Parliament of the Conservative Party , Oswald Mosley....
 also used it in the 1930s. However, unlike (for example) the swastika
Swastika

The swastika is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at Angle#Types of angles, in either right-facing form or its mirrored left-facing form....
, the fasces, as a widespread and long-established symbol in the West, have avoided the stigma
Social stigma

Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against Norm . Social stigma often leads to marginalization....
 associated with much of fascist symbolism
Fascist symbolism

As there were many different manifestations of fascism, especially during the interwar years, there were also many different symbols of Fascist movements....
, and many authorities continue to display them.

Antiquity

Cincinnatus Statue
The fasces lictoriae ("bundles of the lictor
Lictor

The lictor, derived from the Latin ligare , was a member of a special class of Rome civil servant, with special tasks of attending and guarding magistrates of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire who held imperium; essentially, a bodyguard....
s") symbol
Symbol

A symbol is something such as an entity, picture, written word, sound, or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention....
ised power and authority (imperium
Imperium

Imperium in a broad sense translates as 'Power '. In ancient Rome the concept applied to people and meant something like 'power status' or 'authority' or could be used with a geographical connotation and meant something like 'territory'....
) in ancient Rome
Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
. A corps of apparitores (subordinate officials) called 'lictors' each carried fasces as a sort of staff of office
Staff of office

A staff of office is a staff , the carrying of which often denotes an official's position, a social rank or a degree of social prestige .Church sidesman or dodsman bear sticks or rod s or wands of office; bishops may wield their croziers or crooks; monarchs often have a sceptre signifying their office....
 before a magistrate
Magistrate

A magistrate is a judicial officer; in ancient Rome, the word magistratus denoted one of the highest government officers with judicial and executive powers....
, in a number corresponding to his rank, in public ceremonies and inspections. Bearers of fasces preceded praetor
Praetor

Praetor was a Title#Titles_for_heads_of_state granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, either before it was mustered or more typically in the field, or an elected Magistratus assigned duties that varied depending on the historical period....
s, propraetors, consul
Consul

Consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Roman Empire. The title was also used in other city states, and revived in modern states, notably French Republic before the Napoleon I of Franceic counter-revolution....
s, proconsul
Proconsul

Ancient RomeIn the Roman Republic, a proconsul was a promagistrate who, after serving as consul, spent a year as a Roman governor of a Roman province....
s, Masters of the Horse
Master of the Horse

The Master of the Horse was a historical position of varying importance in several European nations....
, dictator
Roman dictator

Dictator was a political office of the Roman Republic. The dictator was above the three branches of government in the constitution of the Roman Republic as no other body or officer could check his power....
s, and Caesar
Caesar (title)

Caesar , Latin: Caesar , is a title of emperor character. It derives from the Roman naming convention#Cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator....
s. During triumph
Roman triumph

A Roman triumph was a civil religion and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publically celebrate the achievements of an army commander who had won great military successes, originally and traditionally, who had successfully completed a war....
s (public celebrations held in Rome after a military conquest) heroic soldiers—those who had suffered injury in battle—carried fasces in procession.

Roman historians recalled that twelve lictors had ceremoniously accompanied the Etruscan
Etruria

Etruria — usually referred to in Greek language and Latin language source texts as Tyrrhenia — was a region of Central Italy, an area that covered part of what now are Tuscany, Latium, Emilia-Romagna and Umbria....
 kings of Rome in the distant past, and sought to account for the number and to provide etymologies for the name lictor.

Believed to date from Etruscan
Etruscan civilization

Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy and Corsica whom the ancient Romans called Etrusci or Tusci....
 times, the symbolism of the fasces at one level suggested strength through unity. The bundle of rods bound together symbolizes the strength which a single rod lacks. The axe symbolized the state's power and authority. The ribbons binding the rods together symbolized the state's obligation to exercise restraint in the exercising of that power. The highest magistrates would have their lictors unbind the fasces they carried as a warning if approaching the limits of restraint.

Fasces-symbolism may derive — via the Etruscans — from the eastern Mediterranean, with the labrys
Labrys

Labrys is the term for a symmetrical doubleheaded axe, known to the Classical Greeks as pelekus or sagaris, and to the Romans as a bipennis....
, the Anatolia
Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
n and Minoan
Minoan civilization

The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. The Minoan culture flourished from approximately 27th century BC to 1450 BC; afterwards, Mycenaean Greece culture became dominant at Minoan sites in Crete....
 double-headed axe, later incorporated into the praetor
Praetor

Praetor was a Title#Titles_for_heads_of_state granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, either before it was mustered or more typically in the field, or an elected Magistratus assigned duties that varied depending on the historical period....
ial fasces.

Traditionally, fasces carried within the Pomerium
Pomerium

The pomerium , from post + moerium>murum , was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. In legal terms, Rome existed only within the pomerium; everything beyond it was simply land belonging to Rome....
—the limits of the sacred inner city of Rome—had their axe blades removed. This signified that under normal political circumstances, the imperium
Imperium

Imperium in a broad sense translates as 'Power '. In ancient Rome the concept applied to people and meant something like 'power status' or 'authority' or could be used with a geographical connotation and meant something like 'territory'....
-bearing magistrates did not have the judicial power of life and death; within the city, that power rested with the people through the assemblies. However, during times of emergencies when the Roman Republic declared a dictatorship (dictatura), lictor
Lictor

The lictor, derived from the Latin ligare , was a member of a special class of Rome civil servant, with special tasks of attending and guarding magistrates of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire who held imperium; essentially, a bodyguard....
s attending to the dictator kept the axe-blades even inside the Pomerium—a sign that the dictator had the ultimate power in his own hands. But in 48 BC, guards holding bladed fasces guided Vatia Isauricus
Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 48 BCE)

Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus was a Roman Republic Consul elected in 48 BC along with Julius Caesar. He is generally regarded as a puppet of Caesar, having a long friendship with the Dictator....
 to the tribunal of Marcus Caelius
Marcus Caelius Rufus

Marcus Caelius Rufus was a Ancient Rome orator and politician. He was born into an wealthy eques family of Interamnia Praetuttiorum , on the central east coast of Italy, best known for his trial for public violence in March 56 BC, when Cicero defended him in the extant speech Pro Caelio, and as both recipient and author of some of the best...
, and Vatia Isauricus used one to destroy Caelius's magisterial chair(sella curulis
Curule chair

According to Livy the curule seat , like the Toga, originated in Etruria, and it has been used on surviving Etruscan monuments to identify magistrates, but much earlier stools supported on a cross-frame are known from the New Kingdom of Egypt....
).

The fasces in the United States

The following cases all involve the adoption of the fasces as a visual image or icon; no actual physical re-introduction has occurred.

  • In the Oval Office
    Oval Office

    | File:Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in the Oval Office.jpg|-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |-| |}The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States....
    , above the door leading to the exterior walkway, and above the corresponding door on the opposite wall, which leads to the President's private office. (Note: the fasces depicted have no axes, possibly because in the Roman Republic
    Roman Republic

    The Roman Republic was the phase of the Ancient Rome characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman Roman Kingdom, c....
    , the blade was always removed from the bundle whenever the fasces were carried inside the city, in order to symbolize the rights of citizens against arbitrary state power (see above).)
  • The National Guard uses the fasces on the seal of the National Guard Bureau, and it appears in the insignia of Regular Army officers assigned to National Guard liaison and in the insignia and unit symbols of National Guard units themselves. For instance, the regimental crest of the U.S. 71st Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard consisted of a gold fasces set on a blue background.
  • The reverse of the United States "Mercury" dime (minted from 1916 to 1945) bears the design of a fasces and an olive branch.
  • Two fasces appear on either side of the flag of the United States
    Flag of the United States

    The flag of the United States consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the Flag terminology bearing fifty small, white, Star s arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars alternating with rows of five stars....
     in the United States House of Representatives
    United States House of Representatives

    The United States House of Representatives, commonly referred to as "the House", is one of the bicameralism of the United States Congress; the other is the United States Senate....
    , representing the power of the House and the country
    United States

    The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
    .
  • The Mace of the United States House of Representatives
    Mace of the United States House of Representatives

    The Ceremonial mace of the United States House of Representatives is one of the oldest symbols of the Federal government of the United States....
    , designed to resemble fasces, consists of thirteen ebony rods bound together in the same fashion as the fasces, topped by a silver eagle on a globe.
  • The official seal
    Seal of the United States Senate

    The seal of the United States Senate is used to authenticate certain official documents of the United States Senate, and its design also sometimes serves as a sign and symbol of the Senate, appearing on its official flag among other places....
     of the United States Senate
    United States Senate

    The United States Senate is the upper house of the Bicameralism United States Congress, the lower house being the United States House of Representatives....
     has as one component a pair of crossed fasces.
  • Fasces ring the base of the Statue of Freedom
    Statue of Freedom

    The Statue of Freedom, sometimes called Armed Freedom or simply Freedom, is Thomas Crawford 's bronze statue that, since 1863, has crowned the United States Capitol dome of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C....
     atop the United States Capitol
    United States Capitol

    The United States Capitol serves as the seat of government for the United States Congress, the legislature of the federal government of the United States....
     building.
  • A frieze on the facade of the United States Supreme Court building
    United States Supreme Court building

    The Supreme Court building is the seat of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is situated in Washington, D.C. at 1 First Street NE, on the block immediately east of the United States Capitol....
     depicts the figure of a Roman centurion
    Centurion

    Centurion may refer to:...
     holding a fasces, to represent "order".
  • At the Lincoln Memorial
    Lincoln Memorial

    The Lincoln Memorial is a Presidential memorials in the United States built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C....
    , Lincoln's seat of state bears the fasces—without axes—on the fronts of its arms. (Fasces also appear on the pylons flanking the main staircase leading into the memorial.)
  • The official seal
    Seal

    Seal may refer to:...
     of the United States Tax Court
    United States Tax Court

    File:USTaxCourtDC.JPGThe United States Tax Court is a federal trial court of record established by Congress under Article One of the United States Constitution of the Constitution of the United States, section 8 of which provides that the Congress has the power to "constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court"....
     bears the fasces at its center.
  • Four fasces flank the two bronze plaques on either side of the bust of Lincoln memorializing his Gettysburg Address
    Gettysburg Address

    The Gettysburg Address was a speech by President of the United States Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in history of the United States....
     at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
  • The fasces appears on the state seal of Colorado
    Seal of Colorado

    The circular Great Seal of the State of Colorado is an adaptation of the Territorial Seal which was adopted by the First Territorial Assembly on November 6, 1861....
    , USA, beneath the "All-seeing eye" (or Eye of Providence
    Eye of Providence

    The Eye of Providence, or the all-seeing eye, is a symbol showing an eye surrounded by Ray of light or a Glory #Glory in Art and usually enclosed by a triangle....
    ) and above the mountains and mines.
  • On the seal of the New York City
    New York City

    The City of New York is the List of United States cities by population in the United States, while the New York metropolitan area ranks among the List of urban areas by population....
     borough of Brooklyn
    Brooklyn

    Brooklyn is one of the five Borough of New York City, located at the western end of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area....
    , a figure carries a fasces; the seal appears on the borough flag. Fasces can also be seen in the stone columns at Grand Army Plaza
    Grand Army Plaza

    Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn, New York is an 11-acre oval plaza that forms the main entrance to Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York. It was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in 1867....
    .
  • Used as part of the Knights of Columbus
    Knights of Columbus

    The Knights of Columbus is the world's largest Roman Catholic Church Fraternal and service organizations. Founded in the United States in 1882, it is named in honor of Christopher Columbus and describes itself as being dedicated to the principles of Charity, Unity, Fraternity, and Patriotism....
     emblem (designed in 1883).
  • Many local police departments use the fasces as part of their badges and other symbols. For instance, the top border of the Los Angeles Police Department badge features a fasces. (1940)
  • Commercially, a small fasces appeared at the top of one of the insignia of the Hupmobile
    Hupmobile

    The Hupmobile was an automobile built from 1909 through 1940 by the Hupp Motor Company of Detroit, Michigan, which was located at 345 Bellevue Avenue....
     car.
  • A fasces appears on the statue of George Washington, made by Jean-Antoine Houdon which is now in the Virginia State Capital
  • VAW-116
    VAW-116

    VAW-116 is a US Navy Command and Control Squadron that deploys aboard USS Abraham Lincoln as part of Carrier Air Wing Two. VAW-116 flies the E-2C Hawkeye 2000 aircraft....
    , famous for their remake of pop songs, have a fasces on their unit insigina
  • San Francisco's Coit Tower
    Coit Tower

    Coit Tower was built in Pioneer Park, San Francisco atop Telegraph Hill, San Francisco in 1933 at the bequest of Lillie Hitchcock Coit to beautify the City of San Francisco....
     has two fasces-like insignia (without the axe) carved above its entrance, flanking a Phoenix
    Phoenix (mythology)

    The phoenix is a Mythologyical sacred fire bird which originated in the Sub-continent of India in ancient mythologies mentioned in the Ancient Egyptian religion and later the Sanchuniathon and the Greek Mythology....
    .
  • The seal of the United States Courts Administrative Office

The fasces in France

A review of the images (see images below) included in Les Grands Palais de France Fontainebleau reveals that French architects used the fasces as a decorative device as early as the reign of Louis XIII (1610-1643) and continued to employ it through the periods of Napoleon I's Empire (1804-1815). The fasces typically appeared in a context reminiscent of the Roman Republic
Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was the phase of the Ancient Rome characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman Roman Kingdom, c....
 and/or of the Roman Empire
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
, frequently in conjunction with other Roman symbols such as Roman armor and SPQR standards.

The fasces appears on the helmet and the buckle insignia of the French Army's Autonomous Corps of Military Justice, as well as on that service's distinct cap badges for the prosecuting and defending lawyers in a court-martial.

The fasces in Russia


The iron fence around Alexandrovskiy Sad
Alexander Garden

File:Alexander Garden Gates.JPGAlexander Garden was one of the first public parks in Moscow. It occupies all the length of the western Kremlin wall in front of the Moscow Manege....
 beside the Moscow Kremlin
Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River , Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square and the Alexander Garden ....
 near the memorial to fallen soldiers incorporates fasces symbolism. (Coming from Red Square past the History Museum, turn left.) The fence has the general appearance of cast-iron fences of the Soviet era, so apparently the Communist régime did not interpret it as a fascist political symbol.

Other modern authorities and movements

St
The following cases all involve the adoption of the fasces as a symbol or icon; no actual physical re-introduction has occurred.
  • Napoleon
    Napoleon I of France

    Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
     and the French Revolution
    French Revolution

    The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudalism for the aristocracy and Roman Catholic Church clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Age of Enlightenment principles of cit...
    ; this emblem remains on the front cover of French passport
    French passport

    French passports are issued to nationals of the France for the purpose of international travel. Besides serving as indication of French nationality law , they facilitate the process of securing assistance from French consular officials abroad or other EU-members in case a French consular is absent, if needed....
    s and as part of the French coat of arms
  • The Spanish gendarmerie Guardia Civil
  • In the 1920s, Italian Fascism
    Fascism

    Fascism is a Political radicalism, Authoritarianism Nationalism ideology that aims to create a single-party state with a government led by a dictator who seeks national unity and development by requiring individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or Race ....
    , adapting aesthetic elements of ancient Rome, attempted to portray itself as a revival of its Roman imperial past by adopting the fasces for its symbol, as an emblem of the increased strength of the individual fascis when bound into the entire bundle.
  • Both the Norwegian
    Norwegian Police Service

    File:Badge of the Norwegian Police Service.svgThe Norwegian Police Service is the official, and only, police force in Norway which are run by the Justis- og Politidepartementet....
     and Swedish Police Service
    Swedish Police Service

    The Swedish Police Service is a collection of Government agencies in Sweden concerned with police matters in Sweden.The Swedish police force consists of 23,940 employees ....
     have double fasces in their logos.
  • The Miners Flag (also known as the "Diggers' Banner"), the standard of 19th-century gold-miners in the colony of Victoria, in Australia, included the fasces as a symbol of unity and strength of common purpose. This flag symbolized the movement prior to the rebellion at the Eureka Stockade
    Eureka Stockade

    The Eureka Stockade was the setting of a gold miners' revolt in 1854 near Ballarat, Victoria, Victoria, Australia, Australia, against the officials supervising the mining of gold in the region....
     (1854).
  • The coat of arms of Ecuador, which also features on its national flag, has included a fasces since 1822.
  • The coat of arms of Cameroon
    Cameroon

    The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary state of central and western Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south....
     features two fasces which form a diagonal cross.
  • The third flag of Gran Colombia
    Gran Colombia

    Gran Colombia is a name used today for a nation that encompassed a great part of the territory of northern South America and a small part of southern Central America during the period 1819-1831....
    , a former nation in South America
    South America

    South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
    , featured a large fasces which is bound to several arrows.
  • The coat of arms of Norte de Santander, a department of Colombia
    Colombia

    Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean....
    , and of its capital Cúcuta
    Cúcuta

    C?cuta is a List of cities in Colombia, capital of the North Santander Department and located in the northeast of the country. Due to its proximity to the Colombian-Venezuelan border, C?cuta is an important commercial center....
    , both feature a fasces.
  • The crest of the fraternity Alpha Phi Delta
    Alpha Phi Delta

    Alpha Phi Delta , commonly referred to as APD, is a secret letter, social fraternity that evolved from an exclusive Italian society at Syracuse University in 1914....
     displays the fasces in its heraldry.
  • The symbol of the National Party (Uruguay)
    National Party (Uruguay)

    The National Party , also known as the White Party , is a major Right-wing liberal conservatism political party in Uruguay, currently the major opposition party to the ruling Frente Amplio government....
     (Partido Nacional)


Sources

Tassi Scandone Elena, Verghe, scuri e fasci littori in Etruria - Contributo allo studio degli insignia imperii. Volume n. 36 della Biblioteca di Studi Etruschi dell'Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, Pisa - Roma, 2001. ISBN 88-8147-263-5. Pp. 272, con VII tavv. f.t.

See also

  • fascio
    Fascio

    Fascio is an Italian language word that effectively means "league" in English, and which was used in the late 19th century to refer to political groups of many different orientations....
     (usage 1890s to World War I
    World War I

    World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
    )
  • ferula
    Ferula

    Ferula is a genus of about 170 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region east to central Asia, mostly growing in arid climates....
  • Labrys
    Labrys

    Labrys is the term for a symmetrical doubleheaded axe, known to the Classical Greeks as pelekus or sagaris, and to the Romans as a bipennis....
  • staff of office
    Staff of office

    A staff of office is a staff , the carrying of which often denotes an official's position, a social rank or a degree of social prestige .Church sidesman or dodsman bear sticks or rod s or wands of office; bishops may wield their croziers or crooks; monarchs often have a sceptre signifying their office....
  • fascine
    Fascine

    A fascine is a rough bundle of brushwood used for strengthening an earthen structure, or making a path across uneven or wet terrain. Typical uses are protecting the banks of streams from erosion, covering marshy ground and so on....
  • francisca
    Francisca

    The francisca is a throwing axe used as a weapon during the Early Middle Ages by the Franks, among whom it was a characteristic national weapon at the time of the Merovingians from about 500 to 750 AD and is known to have been used during the reign of Charlemagne ....


External links