Far Eastern Republic
Encyclopedia
The Far Eastern Republic ' onMouseout='HidePop("85856")' href="/topics/Romanization_of_Russian">romanised
: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika, DVR), sometimes called the Chita Republic, was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the Russian Far East
. Although nominally independent, it was largely controlled by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and its main purpose was to be a buffer state
between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan
during the Russian Civil War
. Its first president was Alexander Krasnoshchyokov
.
The Far Eastern Republic occupied the territory of modern Zabaykalsky Krai, Amur Oblast
, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
, Khabarovsk Krai
, and Primorsky Krai
of Russia
(the former Transbaikal and Amur
oblasts and Primorsky
krai). Initially, its capital was Verkhneudinsk (now Ulan-Ude), but from October 1920 it was moved to Chita.
After the fall of Vladivostok
on 25 October 1922, the civil war was officially declared over. Three weeks later, on 15 November 1922, the Far Eastern Republic was merged with the RSFSR.
. During the civil war the towns and cities of the Russian Far East were generally controlled by local authorities which cooperated to a greater or less extent with the White Siberian
government of Alexander Kolchak or the succeeding invading forces of the Japanese Army. When the Japanese evacuated the Trans-Baikal and Amur oblasts in the spring of 1920, a political vacuum resulted.
A new central authority was established at Chita to govern the "Far Eastern Republic" remaining in the Japanese wake. Initially, the Far Eastern Republic comprised only the area around Verkhne-Udinsk, but during the Summer of 1920, the Soviet government of the Amur territory agreed to join.
The Far Eastern Republic was created two months after Kolchak's death with the tacit support of the government of Soviet Russia, which saw it as a temporary buffer state
between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan
. Many members of the Russian Communist Party had disagreed with the decision to allow a new government in the region, believing that their approximately 4,000 members were capable of seizing power in their own right. However, V.I. Lenin and other party leaders in Moscow felt that such an action might be regarded as a provocation by the approximately 70,000 Japanese and 12,000 American troops which might spur a further attack that the Soviet Republic could ill afford.
On April 1, 1920, American forces headed by General William S. Graves departed Siberia, leaving the Japanese the sole occupying power in the region with whom the Bolsheviks were forced to deal. This detail did not change the basic equation for the Bolshevik government in Moscow, however, which continued to see the establishment of a Far Eastern Republic as a sort of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
in the east, providing the regime with a necessary breathing space that would allow it to recover economically and militarily.
On April 6, 1920, a hastily-convened Constituent Assembly gathered at Verkhneudinsk and proclaimed the establishment of the Far Eastern Republic. Promises were made that the republic's new constitution would guarantee free elections under the principles of universal, direct, and equal suffrage and that foreign investment in the country would be encouraged.
The Far Eastern Republic, controlled by moderate socialists, was only grudgingly recognized by the various cities of the region towards the end of 1920. Violence, atrocities, and reprisals continued to erupt periodically for the next 18 months.
Japan agreed to recognize the new buffer state in a truce with the Red Army
signed 15 July 1920, effectively abandoning Ataman Grigory Semenov and his Cossacks. By October Semenov had been expelled from his base of operations in Chita. With Semenov out of the picture, the capital of the Far Eastern Republic moved to that city.
On 11 November 1920 a provisional national assembly for the Far East met in Vladivostok
. The gathering recognized the government at Chita and set 9 January 1921 as the date for new elections for the Constituent Assembly of the Far Eastern Republic. A new constitution closely resembling the United States Constitution
was written and approved on 27 April 1921.
took place in Vladivostok, backed by Japanese occupying forces. A cordon sanitaire
of Japanese troops protected the insurgents, who sought to establish a new regime known as the Provisional Government of the Priamur. Shortly after the coup, Ataman Semenov arrived in Vladivostok and attempted to proclaim himself commander-in-chief — an effort which failed, since he had at long last been forsaken by his Japanese benefactors.
The new Provisional Government of Priamur attempted with little success to rally the various anti-Bolshevik forces to its banner. Its leaders, two Vladivostok businessmen, the brothers S.D. and N.D. Merkulov, were left isolated by the 24 June 1922 announcement by the Japanese Army that it would remove all of its troops from Siberia by the end of October, however. The brothers were themselves deposed by a July Zemsky sobor
which named a former officer of the Czech Legion, M.K. Dieterichs
, as military dictator.
With the Japanese exiting the country throughout the summer of 1922, panic swept the White Russian community. As the Red Army, thinly disguised as the army of the Far Eastern Republic, approached thousands of Russians fled abroad to escape the new regime. The army of the Far Eastern Republic retook Vladivostok on 25 October 1922, effectively bringing the Russian Civil War to a close.
With the civil war finally over, on 15 November 1922 the Far Eastern Republic was absorbed by Soviet Russia. The government of the Far Eastern Republic dissolved itself and transferred all its authority and territory to the Bolshevik government in Moscow.
Japan retained the northern half of Sakhalin Island until 1925, ostensibly as compensation for the massacre of about 700 civilians and soldiers at the Japanese garrison at Nikolaevsk-na-Amure in January 1920. This "compensatory" motive for holding the territory was belied by the fact that Japanese retaliation for the actions of the Russian partisans had taken between two and three times as many Russian lives.
— Trans-Baikal, Amur, the Maritime Province, and the northern half of Sakhalin island
. The frontiers of the short-lived nation followed the western coastline of Lake Baikal
along the northern borders of Mongolia
and Manchuria
to the Sea of Japan
and the Sea of Okhotsk
.
The total area of the Far Eastern Republic was reckoned at approximately 730000 square miles (1,890,691.3 km²) and its population at about 3.5 million people. Of these an estimated 1.62 million were ethnic Russians
and just over 1 million were of Asian extraction, with family lineages originating in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea
.
The Far Eastern Republic was an area of substantial mineral wealth, including territory which produced about one-third of the entire Russian output of gold as well as that country's only source of domestically-produced tin
. Other mineral reserves of the Far Eastern Republic included zinc
, iron, and coal.
The fishing industry of the former Maritime Province was substantial, with a total catch exceeding that of Iceland
and featuring ample stocks of herring
, salmon
, and sturgeon
. The Republic also boasted extensive forestry resources, including over 120 million acres (485,623.2 km²) of harvestable pine, fir, cedar, poplar, and birch.
Romanization of Russian
Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet...
: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika, DVR), sometimes called the Chita Republic, was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the Russian Far East
Russian Far East
Russian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean...
. Although nominally independent, it was largely controlled by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and its main purpose was to be a buffer state
Buffer state
A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them. Buffer states, when authentically independent, typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite...
between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
during the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
. Its first president was Alexander Krasnoshchyokov
Alexander Krasnoshchyokov
Alexander Mikhailovich Krasnoshchyokov was a Soviet politician and the first Chairman of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic.In most western works of reference his name is spelt 'Krasnoschekov' or 'Krasnoschekoff'.-Early life:...
.
The Far Eastern Republic occupied the territory of modern Zabaykalsky Krai, Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast is a federal subject of Russia , situated about east of Moscow on the banks of the Amur and Zeya Rivers. It shares its border with the Sakha Republic in the north, Khabarovsk Krai and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the east, People's Republic of China in the south, and Zabaykalsky...
, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is a federal subject of Russia situated in the Russian Far East, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast of Russia and Heilongjiang province of China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan....
, Khabarovsk Krai
Khabarovsk Krai
Khabarovsk Krai is a federal subject of Russia , located in the Russian Far East. It lies mostly in the basin of the lower Amur River, but also occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The administrative center of the krai is the...
, and Primorsky Krai
Primorsky Krai
Primorsky Krai , informally known as Primorye , is a federal subject of Russia . Primorsky means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as Maritime Province or Maritime Territory. Its administrative center is in the city of Vladivostok...
of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
(the former Transbaikal and Amur
Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast is a federal subject of Russia , situated about east of Moscow on the banks of the Amur and Zeya Rivers. It shares its border with the Sakha Republic in the north, Khabarovsk Krai and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the east, People's Republic of China in the south, and Zabaykalsky...
oblasts and Primorsky
Primorsky Krai
Primorsky Krai , informally known as Primorye , is a federal subject of Russia . Primorsky means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as Maritime Province or Maritime Territory. Its administrative center is in the city of Vladivostok...
krai). Initially, its capital was Verkhneudinsk (now Ulan-Ude), but from October 1920 it was moved to Chita.
After the fall of Vladivostok
Vladivostok
The city is located in the southern extremity of Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which is about 30 km long and approximately 12 km wide.The highest point is Mount Kholodilnik, the height of which is 257 m...
on 25 October 1922, the civil war was officially declared over. Three weeks later, on 15 November 1922, the Far Eastern Republic was merged with the RSFSR.
Establishment
The Far Eastern Republic was established in the aftermath of the Russian Civil WarRussian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
. During the civil war the towns and cities of the Russian Far East were generally controlled by local authorities which cooperated to a greater or less extent with the White Siberian
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
government of Alexander Kolchak or the succeeding invading forces of the Japanese Army. When the Japanese evacuated the Trans-Baikal and Amur oblasts in the spring of 1920, a political vacuum resulted.
A new central authority was established at Chita to govern the "Far Eastern Republic" remaining in the Japanese wake. Initially, the Far Eastern Republic comprised only the area around Verkhne-Udinsk, but during the Summer of 1920, the Soviet government of the Amur territory agreed to join.
The Far Eastern Republic was created two months after Kolchak's death with the tacit support of the government of Soviet Russia, which saw it as a temporary buffer state
Buffer state
A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them. Buffer states, when authentically independent, typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite...
between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
. Many members of the Russian Communist Party had disagreed with the decision to allow a new government in the region, believing that their approximately 4,000 members were capable of seizing power in their own right. However, V.I. Lenin and other party leaders in Moscow felt that such an action might be regarded as a provocation by the approximately 70,000 Japanese and 12,000 American troops which might spur a further attack that the Soviet Republic could ill afford.
On April 1, 1920, American forces headed by General William S. Graves departed Siberia, leaving the Japanese the sole occupying power in the region with whom the Bolsheviks were forced to deal. This detail did not change the basic equation for the Bolshevik government in Moscow, however, which continued to see the establishment of a Far Eastern Republic as a sort of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, mediated by South African Andrik Fuller, at Brest-Litovsk between Russia and the Central Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World War I.While the treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year,...
in the east, providing the regime with a necessary breathing space that would allow it to recover economically and militarily.
On April 6, 1920, a hastily-convened Constituent Assembly gathered at Verkhneudinsk and proclaimed the establishment of the Far Eastern Republic. Promises were made that the republic's new constitution would guarantee free elections under the principles of universal, direct, and equal suffrage and that foreign investment in the country would be encouraged.
Japan agreed to recognize the new buffer state in a truce with the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
signed 15 July 1920, effectively abandoning Ataman Grigory Semenov and his Cossacks. By October Semenov had been expelled from his base of operations in Chita. With Semenov out of the picture, the capital of the Far Eastern Republic moved to that city.
On 11 November 1920 a provisional national assembly for the Far East met in Vladivostok
Vladivostok
The city is located in the southern extremity of Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which is about 30 km long and approximately 12 km wide.The highest point is Mount Kholodilnik, the height of which is 257 m...
. The gathering recognized the government at Chita and set 9 January 1921 as the date for new elections for the Constituent Assembly of the Far Eastern Republic. A new constitution closely resembling the United States Constitution
United States Constitution
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The first three...
was written and approved on 27 April 1921.
The 1921 coup
The fledgling democratic republic was rejected by right-wing forces, however. On 26 May 1921 a White coupCoup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
took place in Vladivostok, backed by Japanese occupying forces. A cordon sanitaire
Cordon sanitaire
Cordon sanitaire — or quarantine line — is a French phrase that, literally translated, means "sanitary cordon". Though in French it originally denoted a barrier implemented to stop the spread of disease, it has often been used in English in a metaphorical sense to refer to attempts to prevent the...
of Japanese troops protected the insurgents, who sought to establish a new regime known as the Provisional Government of the Priamur. Shortly after the coup, Ataman Semenov arrived in Vladivostok and attempted to proclaim himself commander-in-chief — an effort which failed, since he had at long last been forsaken by his Japanese benefactors.
The new Provisional Government of Priamur attempted with little success to rally the various anti-Bolshevik forces to its banner. Its leaders, two Vladivostok businessmen, the brothers S.D. and N.D. Merkulov, were left isolated by the 24 June 1922 announcement by the Japanese Army that it would remove all of its troops from Siberia by the end of October, however. The brothers were themselves deposed by a July Zemsky sobor
Zemsky Sobor
The zemsky sobor was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of the land. It could be summoned either by tsar, or patriarch, or the Boyar Duma...
which named a former officer of the Czech Legion, M.K. Dieterichs
Mikhail Dieterichs
Mikhail Konstantinovich Diterikhs was a general in the Imperial Russian Army and subsequently a key figure in the White movement in Siberia during the Russian Civil War, noted in particular for his monarchist and anti-Semitic views.-Biography:...
, as military dictator.
With the Japanese exiting the country throughout the summer of 1922, panic swept the White Russian community. As the Red Army, thinly disguised as the army of the Far Eastern Republic, approached thousands of Russians fled abroad to escape the new regime. The army of the Far Eastern Republic retook Vladivostok on 25 October 1922, effectively bringing the Russian Civil War to a close.
With the civil war finally over, on 15 November 1922 the Far Eastern Republic was absorbed by Soviet Russia. The government of the Far Eastern Republic dissolved itself and transferred all its authority and territory to the Bolshevik government in Moscow.
Japan retained the northern half of Sakhalin Island until 1925, ostensibly as compensation for the massacre of about 700 civilians and soldiers at the Japanese garrison at Nikolaevsk-na-Amure in January 1920. This "compensatory" motive for holding the territory was belied by the fact that Japanese retaliation for the actions of the Russian partisans had taken between two and three times as many Russian lives.
Territory and resources
The Far Eastern Republic consisted of four provinces of the former Russian empireRussian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
— Trans-Baikal, Amur, the Maritime Province, and the northern half of Sakhalin island
Sakhalin
Sakhalin or Saghalien, is a large island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N.It is part of Russia, and is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast...
. The frontiers of the short-lived nation followed the western coastline of Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal is the world's oldest at 30 million years old and deepest lake with an average depth of 744.4 metres.Located in the south of the Russian region of Siberia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast, it is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the...
along the northern borders of Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
and Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
to the Sea of Japan
Sea of Japan
The Sea of Japan is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, between the Asian mainland, the Japanese archipelago and Sakhalin. It is bordered by Japan, North Korea, Russia and South Korea. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific...
and the Sea of Okhotsk
Sea of Okhotsk
The Sea of Okhotsk is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, lying between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the far south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and...
.
The total area of the Far Eastern Republic was reckoned at approximately 730000 square miles (1,890,691.3 km²) and its population at about 3.5 million people. Of these an estimated 1.62 million were ethnic Russians
Russians
The Russian people are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries....
and just over 1 million were of Asian extraction, with family lineages originating in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
.
The Far Eastern Republic was an area of substantial mineral wealth, including territory which produced about one-third of the entire Russian output of gold as well as that country's only source of domestically-produced tin
Tin
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4...
. Other mineral reserves of the Far Eastern Republic included zinc
Zinc
Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2...
, iron, and coal.
The fishing industry of the former Maritime Province was substantial, with a total catch exceeding that of Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
and featuring ample stocks of herring
Herring
Herring is an oily fish of the genus Clupea, found in the shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans, including the Baltic Sea. Three species of Clupea are recognized. The main taxa, the Atlantic herring and the Pacific herring may each be divided into subspecies...
, salmon
Salmon
Salmon is the common name for several species of fish in the family Salmonidae. Several other fish in the same family are called trout; the difference is often said to be that salmon migrate and trout are resident, but this distinction does not strictly hold true...
, and sturgeon
Sturgeon
Sturgeon is the common name used for some 26 species of fish in the family Acipenseridae, including the genera Acipenser, Huso, Scaphirhynchus and Pseudoscaphirhynchus. The term includes over 20 species commonly referred to as sturgeon and several closely related species that have distinct common...
. The Republic also boasted extensive forestry resources, including over 120 million acres (485,623.2 km²) of harvestable pine, fir, cedar, poplar, and birch.
Chairmen of the Government (heads of state)
- Alexander KrasnoshchyokovAlexander KrasnoshchyokovAlexander Mikhailovich Krasnoshchyokov was a Soviet politician and the first Chairman of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic.In most western works of reference his name is spelt 'Krasnoschekov' or 'Krasnoschekoff'.-Early life:...
6 April 1920 - December 1921 - Nikolay MatveyevNikolay MatveyevNikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev was a Soviet politician and the second and last head of the Far Eastern Republic....
December 1921 - 15 November 1922
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime Ministers)
- Alexander KrasnoshchyokovAlexander KrasnoshchyokovAlexander Mikhailovich Krasnoshchyokov was a Soviet politician and the first Chairman of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic.In most western works of reference his name is spelt 'Krasnoschekov' or 'Krasnoschekoff'.-Early life:...
6 April 1920 - November 1920 - Boris ShumyatskyBoris ShumyatskyBoris Zakharovich Shumyatsky was the de facto executive producer for the Soviet film monopoly from 1930 to 1937...
November 1920 - April 1921 - Pyotr NikiforovPyotr NikiforovPyotr Mikhailovich Nikiforov was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and the third Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic....
8 May 1921 - December 1921 - Nikolay MatveyevNikolay MatveyevNikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev was a Soviet politician and the second and last head of the Far Eastern Republic....
December 1921 - 14 November 1922 - Pyotr Kobozev 14 November 1922 - 15 November 1922
See also
- Postage stamps and postal history of the Far Eastern RepublicPostage stamps and postal history of the Far Eastern RepublicThe Far Eastern Republic, sometimes called the Chita Republic, existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of Siberia. In theory, it extended from Lake Baikal to Vladivostock but, in May 1921, the Priamur and Maritime Provinces seceded...
- Siberian InterventionSiberian InterventionThe ', or the Siberian Expedition, of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers and Japan to support White Russian forces against the Bolshevik Red Army during the Russian Civil War...
- Allied intervention in the Russian Civil WarAllied Intervention in the Russian Civil WarThe Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched in 1918 during World War I which continued into the Russian Civil War. Its operations included forces from 14 nations and were conducted over a vast territory...
- American Expeditionary Force SiberiaAmerican Expeditionary Force SiberiaThe American Expeditionary Force Siberia was a United States Army force that was involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Russian Empire, during the tail end of World War I after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920....
- Green UkraineGreen UkraineZeleny Klyn , also known as the Green Ukraine is a historical Ukrainian name of the land in the Russian Far East area between the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean....
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Further reading
- Canfield F. Smith, Vladivostok Under Red and White Rule: Revolution and Counterrevolution in the Russian Far East, 1920-1922. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975.
- N.G.O. Pereira, White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996.
- John Albert White, The Siberian Intervention. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950.