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The Far Eastern Republic (; romanised
Romanization of Russian

Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliteration the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Such transliteration is necessary for writing Russian names and other words in the alphabet of one's own language....
: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika, DVR), sometimes called the Chita Republic, was a nominally independent state established at Blagoveshchensk
Blagoveshchensk

Blagoveshchensk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Russia, the administrative center of Amur Oblast, located 7,985 km east of Moscow....
, covering the former Russian Far East
Russian Far East

Russian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Siberia and the Pacific Ocean....
 and Siberia
Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
 east of Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal is in southern Siberia in Russia, located between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryatia to the southeast, near the city of Irkutsk....
 on April 6, 1920. Although nominally independent, it was largely controlled by the RSFSR.

It occupied the territory of modern Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai

Zabaykalsky Krai is a new federal subjects of Russia of Russia that was created on March 1, 2008 as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug, after a referendum held on the issue on March 11, 2007....
, Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast

Amur Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , situated about 8,000 km east of Moscow on the banks of the Amur River and Zeya Rivers....
, Khabarovsk Krai
Khabarovsk Krai

Khabarovsk Krai is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located in the Russian Far East. It lies mostly in the drainage basin of the lower Amur River, but also occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk, an arm of the Pacific Ocean....
, and Primorsky Krai
Primorsky Krai

Primorsky Krai also known as Primorye , is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Primorsky means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as Maritime Province....
 of Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 (was: Transbaikal, Amur
Amur Oblast

Amur Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , situated about 8,000 km east of Moscow on the banks of the Amur River and Zeya Rivers....
, and Primorsky oblasts).






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The Far Eastern Republic (; romanised
Romanization of Russian

Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliteration the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Such transliteration is necessary for writing Russian names and other words in the alphabet of one's own language....
: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika, DVR), sometimes called the Chita Republic, was a nominally independent state established at Blagoveshchensk
Blagoveshchensk

Blagoveshchensk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Russia, the administrative center of Amur Oblast, located 7,985 km east of Moscow....
, covering the former Russian Far East
Russian Far East

Russian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Siberia and the Pacific Ocean....
 and Siberia
Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
 east of Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal is in southern Siberia in Russia, located between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryatia to the southeast, near the city of Irkutsk....
 on April 6, 1920. Although nominally independent, it was largely controlled by the RSFSR.

It occupied the territory of modern Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai

Zabaykalsky Krai is a new federal subjects of Russia of Russia that was created on March 1, 2008 as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug, after a referendum held on the issue on March 11, 2007....
, Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast

Amur Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , situated about 8,000 km east of Moscow on the banks of the Amur River and Zeya Rivers....
, Khabarovsk Krai
Khabarovsk Krai

Khabarovsk Krai is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located in the Russian Far East. It lies mostly in the drainage basin of the lower Amur River, but also occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk, an arm of the Pacific Ocean....
, and Primorsky Krai
Primorsky Krai

Primorsky Krai also known as Primorye , is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Primorsky means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as Maritime Province....
 of Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 (was: Transbaikal, Amur
Amur Oblast

Amur Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , situated about 8,000 km east of Moscow on the banks of the Amur River and Zeya Rivers....
, and Primorsky oblasts). Before October 1920, its capital was Verkhneudinsk (now Ulan-Ude), and after that date it was Chita.

After the Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
ese evacuated Vladivostok
Vladivostok

File:vladivostokrussia.jpgVladivostok is Russia's largest port types of inhabited localities in Russia on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai....
, on November 15, 1922, by a Decree
Soviet Decrees

Decrees were legislative acts of the highest Soviet Union institutions, primarily of the Council of People's Commissars and of the Supreme Soviet or VTsIK , issued between 1917 and 1924....
 of VTsIK, the Far Eastern Republic was merged with the RSFSR.

History

The first president was Alexander Krasnoshchyokov
Alexander Krasnoshchyokov

Alexander Mikhailovich Krasnoshchyokov was a Soviet politician and the first Chairman of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic.In most western works of reference his name is spelt Krasnoschekov or Krasnoschekoff....
. The state was created with the tacit support of the new Russian Bolshevik
Bolshevik

Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxism Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union....
 government for reasons of external politics, as a buffer state
Buffer state

A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile Great Power, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them....
 between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
. In this conflict an army of 70,000 Japanese mostly supported the White Army. Japan already controlled Vladivostok and parts of the Pacific coast, as well as the Chinese borderlands occupied since 1918. During 1920-1922, the Japanese forces gradually withdrew from Eastern Siberia.

Initially the Far Eastern Republic comprised only the area around Verkhne-Udinsk, but during the Summer of 1920, the Soviet government of the Amur territory agreed to join. Ataman Grigori Semenov was evicted from his lair in Chita in October 1920, and in December 1920 the coastal provinces with the important city of Vladivostok
Vladivostok

File:vladivostokrussia.jpgVladivostok is Russia's largest port types of inhabited localities in Russia on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai....
 finally joined the Far Eastern Republic as well. Japan kept the northern half of Sakhalin Island occupied until 1925, as compensation for the massacre of Japanese civilians in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur in 1920.

In 1921, a White coup in Vladivostok and environs caused that area to break away from the Far Eastern Republic, surviving behind a cordon sanitaire
Cordon sanitaire

Cordon sanitaire is a French language phrase that, literally translated, means quarantine line. Though in French it originally denoted a barrier implemented to stop the spread of disease, its use in English is almost always metaphorical and political, and refers to attempts to prevent the spread of an ideology deemed unwanted or dange...
 of Japanese troops as the Provisional Government of the Priamur. Its leaders, the Merkulov brothers, were deposed in June 1922 and replaced by one of Kolchak
Kolchak

'Kolchak' is a surname, and may refer to:*Aleksandr Kolchak, Russian naval commander*Carl Kolchak, fictional reporter in television series ...
's generals, General Diterikhs. All to no avail, as the army of the Far Eastern Republic retook the territory of this last White enclave, ending with the fall of Vladivostok on 25 October 1922. The reunion of the Far Eastern Republic was short-lived, as its government asked to be admitted to the RSFSR soon after. On 15 November 1922 the Far Eastern Republic was absorbed by Soviet Russia.

Territory

The frontiers of the Far Eastern Republic followed the western coastline of Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal is in southern Siberia in Russia, located between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryatia to the southeast, near the city of Irkutsk....
 along the northern borders of Mongolia
Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and People's Republic of China to the south, east and west....
 and China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
 (similar to the Amur-Primorsky Krai-Manchuria
Manchuria

Manchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria either falls entirely within People's Republic of China, or is divided between China and Russia....
 frontier lines) and reached the Chukchi
Chukchi Peninsula

The Chukchi Peninsula, Chukotski Peninsula or Chukotsk Peninsula , at about 66? N 172? W, is the northeastern extremity of Asia. Its eastern end is at Cape Dezhnev near the village of Uelen....
 and Kamchatka
Kamchatka Peninsula

The Kamchatka Peninsula is a 1,250-kilometer long peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of 472,300 km?. It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west....
 peninsulas. They were, however, often the subject of White and Japanese military intervention during this period. The Buryat
Buryats

The Buryats or Buriyads, numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryatia, a Federal subjects of Russia of Russia....
 lands were divided between Russia and Far Eastern Republic: the western part was under Russian rule, while the eastern portion fell under Far Eastern authority.

Postage stamps

Stamp Far Eastern Republic Chita 1922 20k
The Far Eastern Republic issued a number of postage stamp
Postage stamp

A postage stamp is adhesive paper evidence of a fee paid for Mail services. Usually a small rectangle attached to an envelope, the stamp signifies the person sending it has fully or partly paid for delivery....
s during its brief existence. The first stamps were issued in late 1920 for local usage only in the coastal provinces, and consisted of overprints of Imperial Russian
Postage stamps and postal history of Russia

This a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Russia. Traditionally, philatelists include the Soviet Union period in this category also....
 issues, later joined by 4 stamps of an original design. Other areas continued to use locally issued stamps well into 1921, such as the Semenov surcharges in Chita, and the Blagoveshchensk
Blagoveshchensk

Blagoveshchensk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Russia, the administrative center of Amur Oblast, located 7,985 km east of Moscow....
 issue in the Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast

Amur Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , situated about 8,000 km east of Moscow on the banks of the Amur River and Zeya Rivers....
. The central government in Chita issued a definitive set in 1921-1922 which was widely used throughout the Russian Far East
Russian Far East

Russian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Siberia and the Pacific Ocean....
 up to February 1924.

After Vladivostok
Vladivostok

File:vladivostokrussia.jpgVladivostok is Russia's largest port types of inhabited localities in Russia on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai....
 and its surroundings split off from the Far Eastern Republic in May 1921, various locally overprinted stamps were issued there as well.

Several of these stamps were produced in large numbers, and are readily available today, while others are very rare. Genuine usages on cover
Cover (philately)

In philately, a cover is an envelope or package, typically with postage stamp that have been cancelled.The term originates from the practice of covering a letter by folding a separate sheet about it to physically protect and prevent infringement of confidentiality....
 are seldom seen for some issues, and somewhat scarce for most. Some alleged stamp issues of the Far Eastern Republic should be treated with caution, as there is no evidence they were ever postally used. These include the so-called Nikolaevsk-on-Amur issue and the 1923 Vladivostok Airmail issue. Fantasy issues also exist, such as the "Pribaikal" overprints.

Chairmen of the Government (heads of state)

  • Alexander Krasnoshchyokov
    Alexander Krasnoshchyokov

    Alexander Mikhailovich Krasnoshchyokov was a Soviet politician and the first Chairman of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic.In most western works of reference his name is spelt Krasnoschekov or Krasnoschekoff....
     (provisional) April 6, 1920 - April 29, 1920
  • Alexander Krasnoshchyokov
    Alexander Krasnoshchyokov

    Alexander Mikhailovich Krasnoshchyokov was a Soviet politician and the first Chairman of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic.In most western works of reference his name is spelt Krasnoschekov or Krasnoschekoff....
     April 29, 1920 - December, 1921
  • Nikolay Matveyev
    Nikolay Matveyev

    Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev was a Soviet politician and the second and last head of the Far Eastern Republic.He was graduated from the Irkutsk Officer Cadet School and worked as a land surveyor for the Transbaikal Cossack Host....
     December, 1921 - November 15, 1922


Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime Ministers)

  • Alexander Krasnoshchyokov
    Alexander Krasnoshchyokov

    Alexander Mikhailovich Krasnoshchyokov was a Soviet politician and the first Chairman of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic.In most western works of reference his name is spelt Krasnoschekov or Krasnoschekoff....
     April 6, 1920 - November, 1920
  • Boris Shumyatsky
    Boris Shumyatsky

    .Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky was the de-facto Executive Producer for the Soviet Union film monopoly from 1930 to 1937. He was executed as a traitor in 1938, following a Great Purge of the Soviet film industry, and much information about him was expunged from the public record as a consequence....
     November, 1920 - April, 1921
  • Pyotr Nikiforov
    Pyotr Nikiforov

    Pyotr Mikhailovich Nikiforov was a Russian revolutinary, Soviet politician, and the third Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic....
     May 8, 1921 - December, 1921
  • Nikolay Matveyev
    Nikolay Matveyev

    Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev was a Soviet politician and the second and last head of the Far Eastern Republic.He was graduated from the Irkutsk Officer Cadet School and worked as a land surveyor for the Transbaikal Cossack Host....
     December, 1921 - November 14, 1922
  • Pyotr Kobozev November 14, 1922 - November 15, 1922


See also

  • Far Eastern Federal District
    Far Eastern Federal District

    The Far Eastern Federal District , is the largest of the seven federal districts of Russia of Russia, while being also the least populated, with a population of under 7 million....
  • Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
    Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War

    The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched in 1918 during the Russian Civil War and World War I. The intervention involved almost a dozen nations and was conducted over vast expanse of territory....
  • American Expeditionary Force Siberia
    American Expeditionary Force Siberia

    The American Expeditionary warfare Siberia was a United States Army force that was involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Russia, during the tail end of World War I after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920....
  • William Sidney Graves
  • Sergei Prokofiev
    Sergei Prokofiev

    Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev was a Russian composer who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century....
  • Green Ukraine
    Green Ukraine

    The Green Ukraine , was an area of land settled by Ukrainians in the Russian Far East area between the Amur river and the Pacific ocean.After the Russian Revolution of 1917, The Ukrainian Republic of the Far East or Green Ukraine was a projected country in the Russian Far East....
  • Zeleny Klyn
  • Siberian Intervention
    Siberian Intervention

    The of 1918?1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Primorsky Krai as part of a Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War to support White Russian forces against the Bolshevik Red Army during the Russian Civil War....
  • Soviet Central Asia
    Soviet Central Asia

    Soviet Central Asia refers to the section of Central Asia formerly controlled by the Soviet Union, as well as the time period of Soviet control ....


Further reading

  • Die Fernöstliche Republik (1920–1922) – Ein staatlicher Ordnungsversuch zur Zeit des Russischen Bürgerkrieges. In: Harald Heppner/Eduard Staudinger (Hrsg.): Region und Umbruch 1918 – Zur Geschichte alternativer Ordnungsversuche. Frankfurt a. M. 2001
  • David Golinikow: Fiasko einer Konterrevolution – Das Scheitern antisowjetischer Verschwörungen in der UdSSR 1917–1925. Berlin 1982
  • W.P. Potjomkin (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Diplomatie, Zweiter Band (Die Diplomatie der Neuzeit, 1872–1919). Berlin/Leipzig 1948


External links