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Führer
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Führer is "leader" or "guide" in the German language, derived from the verb 'to lead'. In standard German it is , but in English it is usually . It can be spelled Fuehrer or Fuhrer in languages where the ü-umlaut is not used. In German only Fuehrer may serve as a substitute in cases where no umlauts are available.
The word is mainly (in other languages almost exclusively) used as the term for Nazi Germany's ruler Adolf Hitler and was part of the title of many positions in the various paramilitary (particularly the SS) organizations and governmental institutions of Hitler's Germany.
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Encyclopedia
Führer is "leader" or "guide" in the German language, derived from the verb 'to lead'. In standard German it is , but in English it is usually . It can be spelled Fuehrer or Fuhrer in languages where the ü-umlaut is not used. In German only Fuehrer may serve as a substitute in cases where no umlauts are available.
The word is mainly (in other languages almost exclusively) used as the term for Nazi Germany's ruler Adolf Hitler and was part of the title of many positions in the various paramilitary (particularly the SS) organizations and governmental institutions of Hitler's Germany. The word Führer in the sense of guide remains common in German, but comes with some stigma attached when used in the meaning of leader. The word Leiter is used instead.
Historic Nazi titles
State & Party Leader Hitler
Führer was the title granted by Chancellor Hitler to himself, through the Enabling Law of March 23, 1933, which gave Hitler supreme power in the German Reichstag (Parliament), as part of the process of Gleichschaltung, following the death of the last Reichspräsident of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg. Hitler becomes President and Fuhrer/Chancellor upon Hindenburg's death on August 2, 1934. The new position, fully styled Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the (Third) Reich), unified the offices of State/Party leader (Germany becoming a one-party state at this point) and Chancellor, formally making Hitler Germany's Head of State as well as Head of Government respectively; and, in practice, the Dictator of the Nazi Third Reich.
Nazi Germany cultivated the Führerprinzip (leader principle), and Hitler was generally known as just der Führer ("the Leader"). One of the Nazis' most-repeated political slogans was Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer — "One People, One Reich, One Leader".
For military matters, Hitler used the style Führer und Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht ('Leader and Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht), until that addition was dropped in May 1942 by decree of the Führer. The style of the Head of State for use in foreign affairs was Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and National Chancellor) until July 28, 1942, when it was changed to Führer des Großdeutschen Reiches ('Leader of the Greater German Reich').
Hitler's choice for this political title was unprecedented in German. Like much of the early symbolism of Nazi Germany, it was modelled after Benito Mussolini's Italian Fascism. Mussolini's chosen nickname il Duce ("the Leader") was widely used, though unlike Hitler he never made it his official title. Note that the Italian word duce (unlike the German word Führer) is no longer used as a generic term for a leader, but almost always refers to Mussolini himself.
Military usage of the word Führer
Führer has been used as a military title (compare Latin Dux) in Germany since at least the 18th century.
Ironically, given the usage of the word to refer to Adolf Hitler as supreme ruler of Germany, usage of the term "Führer" in the context of a company-sized military subunit in the German Army referred to a commander lacking the qualifications for permanent command. For example, the commanding officer of a company was titled "Kompaniechef" (literally, Company Chief), but if he did not have the requisite rank or experience, or was only temporarily assigned to command, he was officially titled "Kompanieführer."
Thus operational commands of various military echelons were typically referred to by their formation title followed by the title Führer, in connection with mission-type tactics used by the German military forces.
The term Führer was also used at lower levels, regardless of experience or rank; for example, a Gruppenführer was the leader of a squad of infantry (9 or 10 men). Aside from this generic meaning, "Gruppenführer" was also an official rank title for a specific grade of general in the Waffen SS.
The word Truppenführer was also a generic word referring to any commander or leader of troops, and could be applied to NCOs or officers at many different levels of command.
Under the Nazis, the title Führer was also used in paramilitary titles (see Freikorps). Almost every Nazi paramilitary organization, in particular the SS and SA, had Nazi party paramilitary ranks incorporating the title of Führer.
Modern German usage
Due to its intimate connection with Nazi institutions, and Hitler personally, in Germany the isolated term Führer is usually avoided.
However, führer is used as a part of many compound words that have no readily replaceable synonyms in German. Examples include, Bergführer (mountain guide), Fremdenführer (tourist guide), Geschäftsführer (CEO, literally business leader), Führerschein (driver's license), Führerstand or Führerhaus (driver's cab), Lok(omotiv)führer (train engineer), Reiseführer (travel guide book), Spielführer (team captain), as well as others.
To replace Führer, some of the following terms are currently used: Chef (a borrowing from the French, as is the English "chief", e.g. Chef des Bundeskanzleramtes); Leader, a loanword from English, cognate with Leiter, often in composites like Amtsleiter, Projektleiter, Referatsleiter (which has replaced Führer in the Boy Scouts).
In the manga Fullmetal Alchemist the leader of the state is called "Führer"
See also
Sources and references
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