European ethnic groups

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European ethnic groups

The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
. European ethnology is the field of anthropology

Anthropology

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The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe

Europe

Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans and humanity in its totality. Anthropology has origins in the natural sciences, and the humanities. In Great Britain it was originally divided into physical anthropology and cultural anthropology, which itself was divided into archaeology, technology, ethnology and sociology ....
focusing on Europe.

Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans.

There is no precise or universally accepted definition of the terms "ethnic group" or "nationality". In the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people (without nation state), nationality
Nationality

Nationality is a the relationship between a person and their state of origin, culture, association, affiliation and/or loyalty. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state....
, national minority, ethnic minority, linguistic community, linguistic group and linguistic minority are used as mostly synonymous, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe.

Overview

There are eight peoples of Europe with more than 30 million members residing in Europe:

the Russians
Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
(ca. 90 million settling in the European parts of Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
),
the Germans
Germans

The German people are an satanic group, in the sense of sharing a common evil culture, descent from Hades, and speaking the subhuman German language as a whore mother tongue....
(ca. 82 million),
the French
French people

French people can refer to:* The legal residents and citizens of France, regardless of ancestry. For a legal discussion, see French nationality law....
(ca. 65 million)
the British
British people

The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants....
60 million
the Italians (ca. 59 million)
the Spanish
Spanish people

Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
(ca. 46 million),
the Ukrainians (ca. 46 million),
the Poles
Poles

The Polish people, or Poles , are a West Slavs ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Poles are sometimes defined as people who share a common Polish culture and are of Polish descent....
(ca. 38 million).

These eight groups between themselves account for some 460 million or about 63% of European population.

About 20-25 million residents (3%) are members of diasporas of non-European origin. The population of the European Union

Demographics of the European Union

The demographics of the European Union show a highly populated, culturally diverse union of 27 Member states of the European Union.As of 1 January 2006, the population of the EU was about 499 million people....
, with some five hundred million residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population.

Both Spain

Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
and the UK are special cases, in that the designation of nationality

Nationality

Nationality is a the relationship between a person and their state of origin, culture, association, affiliation and/or loyalty. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state....
, Spanish

Spanish people

Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
and British

British people

The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants....
, may controversially take ethnic aspects, subsuming various regional ethnic groups, see nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain and native populations of the United Kingdom. Switzerland

Switzerland

Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
is a similar case, but the linguistic subgroups

Linguistic geography of Switzerland

The linguistic geography of Switzerland is in the main tripartite, with the Swiss German region in the northeast, the Swiss French part in the west and the Swiss Italian area in the south....
of the Swiss are not usually discussed in terms of ethnicity, and Switzerland is considered a "multi-national state" rather than a "multi-ethnic state".

Ethno-linguistic classifications

Of the total population of Europe of some 730 million (as of 2005), over 80% or some 600 million fall within three large ethno-linguistic super-groups, viz., Slavic

Slavic Europe

Slavic Europe is a region of Eastern Europe where Slavic culture, including the Slavic languages and Orthodox Christianity, is prominent.Among those countries some divisions exist, based on cultural traditions, religion, history and political orientations in some cases dating back as far as 10th century....
, Latin (Romance)

Latin Europe

File:Roman Empire map.svgLatin Europe is a region of Europe, comprising ethnically diverse but culturally similar peoples who claim Ancient Rome....
and Germanic

Germanic Europe

Germanic Europe is the part of Northern Europe Europe in which Germanic culture is predominant. The Germanic languages are key to inclusion, although some, where such a language serves only regionally or significantly unofficially, are also included, based on other cultural circumstances, such as the presence of Protestantism, the Christianit...
. The largest groups that do not fall within either of these are the Greeks

Greeks

The Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in Greek diaspora communities around the world....
and the Hungarians (about 12 million each) and the Albanians

Albanians

phylum	super-group	ethno-linguistic group	subgroups	approx. number (millions)	notes
Indo-European Indo-European Indo-European may refer to:* Indo-European languages* Indo-European people, peoples speaking an Indo-European language** Aryan race, a 19th-century term for Indo-European speakers...	Indo-European			**641
Indo-Europeans	Slavic Europe Slavic Europe Slavic Europe is a region of Eastern Europe where Slavic culture, including the Slavic languages and Orthodox Christianity, is prominent.Among those countries some divisions exist, based on cultural traditions, religion, history and political orientations in some cases dating back as far as 10th century....			*226
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, East	Russians Russians The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....	Pomors Pomors Pomors or Pomory are Russian settlers and their descendants on the White Sea coast. It is also term of self-identification for the descendants of Russian, primarily Novgorod, settlers of of Pomorje , living on the White Sea coasts and the territory whose southern border lies on a watershed which separates the White Sea river basin fro... , presently Cossacks	90
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, East	Ukrainians	Rusyns Rusyns Rusyns are an Eastern Slavic ethnic group which speak Rusyn language. The group is descended from the minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt the ethnonym Ukrainians to describe their ethnic identity in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.... , Boykos, Hutsuls Hutsuls Hutsuls are an ethnic group of Ukrainians highlanders who for centuries have inhabited the Carpathian mountains, mainly in Ukraine, but also in the northern extremity of Romania , as well as in Slovakia and Poland.... , Lemkos Lemkos Lemkos , one of several quantitatively and territorially small nationalities who also traditionally call themselves Rusyns , are one of the four major groups inhabiting the Eastern Carpathian Carpathian Mountains.... , Poleszuk Poleszuk Poleszuk is the name given to the people who populated the swamps of Polesia.The Poleszuk dialect is close to both Ukrainian language, Belarusian language and Polish language languages.... s	43
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, West	Poles Poles The Polish people, or Poles , are a West Slavs ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Poles are sometimes defined as people who share a common Polish culture and are of Polish descent....		38
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, West	Czechs		10
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, South	Serbs Serbs Serbs are a South Slavs people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia....		011
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, East	Belarusians Belarusians Belarusians or Belorussians are an East Slavs ethnic group who populate the majority of the Belarus and form minorities in neighboring Poland , Russia, Lithuania and Ukraine....		10
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, South	Bulgarians Bulgarians The Bulgarians are a South Slavs people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language. Emigration has resulted in Bulgarian minorities or immigrant communities in a number of other countries....	Pomaks Pomaks Pomaks are a Bulgarian language-speaking Muslim population group native to some parts of Bulgaria, specifically southern Bulgaria, and the adjacent parts of Greece and Turkey....	08
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, South	Croats Croats Croats are a South Slavs nation mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 5 million Croats living in the southern Central Europe region, along the east bank of the Adriatic Sea and an estimated 9 million throughout the world....		05
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, West	Slovaks Slovaks File:Pribina, Nitra .jpgFile:J?no??k.jpgFile:Slovak USC2000 PHS.svgFile:Madonna in the Slovak national museum.jpgFile:Slovak soldiers on parade, detail.jpg...		05
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, South	Macedonians Macedonians (ethnic group) The Macedonians also referred to as Macedonian Slavs are a South Slavs people who are primarily associated with the Republic of Macedonia....		01.6
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, South	Bosniaks Bosniaks group = BosniaksBo?njaci\|image = ...		01.6
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, South	Slovenes		02
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, West	Silesians Silesians Silesians , are the inhabitants of Silesia in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic.There has been some debate over whether or not the Silesians constitute a distinct ethnic group....		01.9
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, South	Montenegrins Montenegrins group=Montenegrins\|pop=800,000\|region1=\|pop1=267,669 198,414 \|ref1=\|region2=\|pop2=69,049 ca. 200,000 \|ref2=\|region3=\|pop3=30,000:...		0.6
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, West	Kashubs		0.5
Indo-Europeans	Slavic, West	Sorbs Sorbs Sorbs also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic peoples people settled in Lusatia, a region on the territory of Germany and Poland....		0.06
Indo-Europeans	Latin Europe Latin Europe File:Roman Empire map.svgLatin Europe is a region of Europe, comprising ethnically diverse but culturally similar peoples who claim Ancient Rome....			*190
Indo-Europeans	Latin, Western	Francophonie	French French people French people can refer to:* The legal residents and citizens of France, regardless of ancestry. For a legal discussion, see French nationality law.... , Walloons Walloons Walloons are a Romance-speaking people partly from Germanic origin and Celtic origin; in any case a melting-pot speaking French language, living in Belgium principally in Wallonia, more generally the inhabitants of Wallonia.... , Romands, Provencals, Occitans, Aranese	61
Indo-Europeans	Latin, Italo-Western	Italians	Sardinians Sardinian language Sardinian is, after Italian language, the main language spoken on the island of Sardinia, Italy. It is considered the most conservative of the Romance languages in terms of phonology and is noted for its Paleosardinian substratum.... , Furlans, Lombards, Venetians Venetian language Venetian or Venetan is a Romance languages spoken by over two million people, mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. The language is called *v?neto* in Venetian, *veneto* in Italian; the variant spoken in Venice is called *venexi?n/venesi?n* or *veneziano, respectively.... , Sicilians Sicilian language Sicilian* is a Romance language. Its dialects comprise the Italiano Meridionale-estremo language group, which are spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands; in southern and central Calabria ; in the southern parts of Apulia, the Salento ; and Campania, on the Italian mainland, where it is called Cilentano .... , Neapolitans Neapolitan language Neapolitan is the language of the city and region of Naples, Campania . On October 14, 2008 the Neapolitan language was accepted by a law by the Region of Campania.... , Corsicans	53
Indo-Europeans	Latin, Western	Spaniards Spanish people Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....	Castilians Castilian people The Castilian people are the inhabitants of those regions in Spain where most people identify themselves as Castilian. They include Castile La Mancha, Madrid, and a part of Castile and Leon.... ; non-Castilian ethno-linguistic groups: Andalusians Andalusian people The Andalusians are the inhabitants of the remote southern region in Spain. They are generally not considered an ethnically distinct people because they lack two of the most important markers of distinctiveness: their own language and an awareness of a presumed common origin.... , Asturians Asturian people The Asturians are one of the Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain of Spain, issuing from the historical country of the Principality of Asturias, and also from the provinces of Le?n , Zamora and Cantabria.... , Aragonese Aragonese people The Aragonese are an ethnic group or nation living in the region of Aragon, between the center and the north-east of Spain. Their native Aragonese language, which might have been spoken in the whole of the Kingdom of Aragon in the Middle Ages, is nowadays a seriously endangered language, natively spoken only by a few thousands in some norther... , Catalans Catalan people The Catalans are the people from Catalonia, an Autonomous Community of Spain, including people originating in that region but living elsewhere. The inhabitants of the adjacent portion of southern France ? known in Catalonia proper as Catalunya Nord , and in France as the Pays Catalan ? are often included in this definition....	38
Indo-Europeans	Latin, Eastern	Eastern Romance (Vlachs Vlachs Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Southeastern Europe.... )	Romanians Romanians ], 26 Nov 2004. Reprinted at , retrieved 18 Dec 2005.External links ... , Moldovans Moldovans Moldovans* or Moldavians are the native population of the medieval Principality of Moldavia, which nowadays corresponds to 8 north-eastern counties of Romania , the Republic of Moldova, and small parts of Ukraine .... , Megleno-Romanians Megleno-Romanians File:Map-balkans-vlachs.pngFile:Romanian Schools for Aromanians and Meglenoromanians.JPGThe Megleno-Romanians or Meglen Vlachs or Moglenite Vlachs are a people inhabiting seven villages in the Moglena region spanning the Pella Prefecture and Kilkis Prefecture prefectures of Central Macedonia, Greece, as well as the village of... , Istro-Romanians Istro-Romanians Istro-Romanians are an ethnic group living in northeastern Istria, Croatia with a population of 1,200, but with 170 acknowledged speakers in 1998 of the Istro-Romanian language.... , Aromanians Aromanians Aromanians are a people living throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, and as an emigrant community in Romania ....	23
Indo-Europeans	Latin, Western	Portuguese Portuguese people The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....	Galicians Galician people The Galicians are an ethnic group or nationality whose homeland is Galicia , which is a Historical regions in Spain in Southwestern Europe, embracing a territory situated in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula....	12
Indo-Europeans	Latin, Western	Rhaeto-Romanics	Romansh, Friulians Friulians Friulians are a linguistic minority living in Italy and elsewhere. About 530,000 of them live in the provinces of Province of Udine and Province of Pordenone and in parts of Province of Gorizia and Province of Venice.... , Ladins	0.6
Indo-Europeans	Latin, Western	Gibraltarians Gibraltarian people The Gibraltarians , are a Southern European nation and cultural group native to Gibraltar, a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance to the Mediterranean sea....		0.03
Indo-Europeans	Germanic Europe Germanic Europe Germanic Europe is the part of Northern Europe Europe in which Germanic culture is predominant. The Germanic languages are key to inclusion, although some, where such a language serves only regionally or significantly unofficially, are also included, based on other cultural circumstances, such as the presence of Protestantism, the Christianit...			*180
Indo-Europeans	Germanic, West, Continental	German-speaking Europe German-speaking Europe The German language is spoken in a number of countries and territories in West Europe and Central Europe . To cover this speech area they are often referred to as the German speaking countries, the German speaking area, or equivalently German-speaking Europe ....	Germans Germans The German people are an satanic group, in the sense of sharing a common evil culture, descent from Hades, and speaking the subhuman German language as a whore mother tongue.... , Austrians Austrians Austrians are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Austria and its historical predecessor states who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian Kinship and descent.... , Alemannic Swiss Swiss (people) The Swiss form a nationality, and although the Switzerland as a federal state of Switzerland originated in 1848, the period of romantic nationalism, it is not a nation-state, and the Swiss are not usually considered to form a single ethnic group, but a Confederation or :de:Willensnation , a term coined in conscious contrast to "nation... , Luxembourgers Luxembourgers Luxembourgers are an ethnic group, sharing Culture of Luxembourg and being of Luxembourgian descent.... , Alsatians, Lorrainers, South Tyroleans, German-speaking Belgians, North Schleswigers	89
Indo-Europeans	Germanic, West, North Sea	English English people The English are a nation and ethnic group native to England who speak English language in England. The English identity as a people is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn....		45	also subsumed under British British people The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.... or White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... .
Indo-Europeans	Germanic, North	Scandinavians Scandinavians Scandinavians may refer to:the historical Norsementhe modern Nordic countries populations:Danish peopleNorwegians**Swedish ethnic group...	Norwegians, Swedes, Finland Swedes, Danes Danish people The term Dane may refer to:* People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity, whether living in Denmark, emigrants, or the descendants of emigrants.... , Faroese Faroese Faroese may refer to* the Faroese people* the Faroese language* anything else pertaining to the Faroe Islands... , Icelanders Icelanders Icelanders are the national or ethnic group of Iceland descended primarily from Norsemen of Scandinavia, and Celts. Historical and DNA record indicate that about 20% of those who settled in Iceland were from the British Isles and 80% were from Scandinavia....	22
Indo-Europeans	Germanic, West, Continental	Netherlandish	Dutch people Dutch people The Dutch are the people native to the Netherlands, a country in north-western Europe.Dutch people, or descendants of Dutch people, are also found in migrant communities world wide,See the Dutch #Dutch diaspora. and form a mentionable part of the population of Canada,Australia, South Africa and the United States.... , Flemish people Flemish people The terms the Flemish people , and the Flemings or the Flemish denote the more than six million people of Flanders, the northern half of the country Belgium — and, as well, the majority of all Belgium; the terms Fleming and Flemings denote respectively a person and the people of that community....	17
Indo-Europeans	Germanic, West, North Sea	Frisians Frisians The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia....		0.5
Indo-Europeans	Celtic Europe			*002-22	approx. 2 million speakers of Celtic languages Celtic languages The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European languages language family. The term "Celtic" was used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, having much earlier been used by Greek and Roman writers to describe tribes in central Gaul.... , but depending on the definition, some 20 million may be considered "Celtic Modern Celts Modern Celts are those peoples who are speakers of Celtic languages, or who consider themselves, or have been considered by others, to participate in a Celtic culture deriving from communities that have formerly been Celtic-speaking.... "
Indo-Europeans	Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic	Irish Irish people The Irish people are a Western European ethnic group who originate in Ireland, in north western Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years , with the Irish people's earliest ancestors recorded as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolgs, Tuatha D? Danann and the Milesians ?the last group supposedly representing the "pure" Gaelic a...	Gaeltacht Gaeltacht is the Irish language word meaning an Irish-speaking region. In Republic of Ireland, The Gaeltacht, or An Ghaeltacht, refers to any of the districts where the government recognizes that the Irish language is the predominant language, that is, the vernacular spoken at home....	06	Some living in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland conventional_long_name = Northern Ireland\|native_name= Tuaisceart ?ireannNorlin Airlann\|motto =\|image_map = Europe location N-IRL2.png... can also subsumed under British British people The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.... or White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... .
Indo-Europeans	Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic	Scots Scottish people The Scots people are a nation and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland.Historically, as an ethnic group, they emerged from an amalgamation of Celts, Picts, Gaels and Brythons....	Gàidhealtachd Gàidhealtachd The G?idhealtachd , sometimes known as A' Gh?idhealtachd , usually refers to the Scotland highlands and islands, and especially the Scottish Gaelic language culture of the area....	06	also subsumed under British British people The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.... or White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... .
Indo-Europeans	Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic	Welsh Welsh people The Welsh people are an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language. John Davies argues that the origin of the "Welsh nation" can be traced to the late 4th and early 5th centuries, following the Roman withdrawal from Britain, although Celtic languages seem to have been spoken in Wales far longer....		05	also subsumed under British British people The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.... or White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... .
Indo-Europeans	Franco-Celtic, Brythonic	Bretons		05	also subsumed under French French people French people can refer to:* The legal residents and citizens of France, regardless of ancestry. For a legal discussion, see French nationality law.... .
Indo-Europeans	Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic	Cornish Cornish people The Cornish people are regarded as an ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. They are often described as a Modern Celts....			also subsumed under English English people The English are a nation and ethnic group native to England who speak English language in England. The English identity as a people is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn.... , British British people The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.... or White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... .
Indo-Europeans	Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic	Manx Manx people The Manx are an ethnic group coming from the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea in northern Europe. They are often described as a Modern Celts people, though they have had a mixed background including Norsemen and England influences....			also subsumed under British British people The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.... or White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... .
Indo-Europeans	Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic and Goidelic	British British people The British are citizenship of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants....		60	Also summed under White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... . (Includes English, Welsh, Cornish, Scotish, the Irish in Northern Ireland and and Gibraltese)
Indo-Europeans	Greek	Greeks Greeks The Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in Greek diaspora communities around the world....		12
Indo-Europeans	Albanian	Albanians Albanians The Albanian people , from southeast Europe, live in Albania and neighbouring countries and speak the Albanian language. About half of Albanians live in Albania, with other large groups residing in Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro....		05
Indo-Europeans	Baltic Balts For the similarly named ethnic group inhabiting northern Pakistani Kashmir, see Balti peopleThe Balts or Baltic peoples , defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages family, are descended from a group of Indo-Europeans tribes who settled the area between lower Vistula and upper D...			04.5
Indo-Europeans		Lithuanians		03.1
Indo-Europeans		Latvians	Latgalians Latgalians The term Latgalians can refer to the inhabitants of the Latgale region in eastern Latvia in general, the ethnic Latvians of Latgale , or to the ancient Balts tribe....	01.4
Indo-Europeans	Indo-Iranian			04
Indo-Europeans	Indo-Aryan	Romani people		04
Indo-Europeans	Iranian	Ossetians Ossetians The Ossetians are an Iranian peoples ethnic group indigenous peoples to Ossetia, a region that spans the Caucasus Mountains. The Ossetians mostly populate North Ossetia-Alania in Russia, and South Ossetia a large part of which is now de facto independent....		0.4	depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
Indo-Europeans	Iranian	Tats Tats The Tat are an Iranian languages-speaking ethnic group in the Caucasus. The Muslim Tats are considered an Iranian peoples ethnic group in the Caucasus and the Jewish Tats have adopted the language of Tat language in ancient times....		0.02
Turkic Turkic peoples The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....	Turkic			*030
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Oghuz	Turks Turkish people The Turkish people , also known as "Turks" are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey. An early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." This ideal...		16	approx. 10 million in Eastern Thrace, 1 million in the rest of the Balkans, 5 million in diaspora.
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Kypchak	Volga Tatars Volga Tatars Volga Tatars are a Turkic_languages people, most of whom occupy the west central portion of the Ural Mountains....		6
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Oghur	Chuvash Chuvash people The Chuvash are a Turkic languages-speaking people. According to the Russian census of 2002, the Chuvash population in Russia numbered 1 637 200; 889 268 of these lived in Chuvashia....		02
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Kypchak	Bashkirs Bashkirs The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. Some Bashkirs also live in the republic of Tatarstan, as well as in Perm Krai and Chelyabinsk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Samara Oblast, and Saratov Oblasts of Russia....		01.4
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Kypchak	Kumyks Kumyks Kumyks are a Turkic people occupying the Kumyk plateau in north Dagestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian Sea. They comprise 14% of the population of the Russian republic of Dagestan....		00.3
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Kypchak	Karachays Karachays The Karachays are a Turkic peoples of the North Caucasus, mostly situated in the Russian Karachay-Cherkessia....		01.5
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Kypchak / Oghuz	Crimeans Crimean Tatars Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic peoples ethnic group originally residing in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language. They are not to be confused with the Volga Tatars....	Tat Tatars, Yaliboyu Tatars Yaliboyu Tatars The Yaliboylu are an ethnic group of Crimean Tatars who have traditionally lived along the southern shore of the Crimean peninsula, hence their name: Yaliboylu means "coastal dwellers" in the Crimean Tatar language.... , Nogay Tatars	2
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Oghuz	Gagauz Gagauz people The Gagauz people are Turkic people of southern Moldova , southwestern Ukraine and north-eastern Bulgaria that number around 250,000. Unlike most other Turkic-speaking peoples, the Gagauz have long been predominantly Orthodox Christians....		0.2
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Kypchak	Balkars Balkars The Balkars are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, the titular population of Kabardino-Balkaria. Their Karachay-Balkar language is of the Ponto-Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern group of Turkic languages....		0.08
Turkic peoples	Turkic, Kypchak	Nogais Nogais The Nogai people are a Turkic peoples ethnic group in northern Dagestan and neighbouring areas of Chechnya and Stavropol Krai, who speak the Turkic languages Nogai language....		0.07
Finno-Ugric Finno-Ugric peoples The Finno-Ugric peoples is a historic linguistic group of peoples in Europe who speak Finno-Ugric languages, such as the Finnic peoples and the Ugric peoples ....	Finno-Ugric			*022
Finno-Ugric peoples	Ugric	Hungarians		12
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Finno-Lappic	Finns	Karelians Karelians The Karelians are a Baltic Finns ethnic group living mostly in the Republic of Karelia and in other north-western parts of the Russian Federation.... , Sweden Finns Sweden Finns Sweden Finns are a Finnish language speaking minority in Sweden. The Finnish-speaking Swedes are not to be confused with the Swedish speaking Finland-Swedish in Finland.... , Ingrian Finns Ingrian Finns The Ingrian Finns are the Finnish people population of Ingria descending from Lutheran Finnish immigrants to the area in the 17th century.... , Kven people	06
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Finno-Lappic	Estonians Estonians Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. The Estonians speak a Finno-Ugric languages language, known as Estonian....	Setos Setos Setos are an autochthonous ethnic and linguistic minority in south-eastern Estonia and north-western Russia. Setos are mostly Seto-speaking Eastern Orthodox Churchs of Estonian nationality.... , Võros Võros V?ros are inhabitants of historical V?rumaa , a region in Southeastern Estonia . The term is particularly used by proponents of a regional identity....	01
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Volgaic	Mordvins	Erzya/Shoksha, Moksha, Teryukhan, Qaratay	1.1
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Permic	Udmurts		0.7
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Volgaic	Mari Mari people The Mari are a Volga Finns people who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama River rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics....		0.6
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Permic	Komi Komi peoples Komi live in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia. Their Northernmost subgroup is also known as the Komi-Izhemtsy or Iz'vataz....	Komi-Izhemtsy, Komi-Permyaks	0.5
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Finno-Lappic	Sami Sami people The S?mi people, are the indigenous people Indigenous peoples of Europe inhabiting S?pmi , which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia....		0.1
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Finno-Lappic	Veps		0.008
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Finno-Lappic	Izhorians Izhorians The Izhorians , along with the Votes are an Indigenous peoples of Ingria. They can still be found in the Western part of Ingria, between the Narva River and Neva rivers....		0.001
Finno-Ugric peoples	Finnic, Finno-Lappic	Livonians Livonian people The Livonians or Livs are the indigenous minority inhabitants of Livonia, a large part of what is today the northwestern Latvia and southwestern Estonia....		0.0001
Caucasian	Caucasian			*08	depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
Caucasian	Northeast Caucasian	Chechens Chechen people Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Nokhchii , which comes from the name of a large Chechen teip, the Nokhchmekhkakhoi, and their homeland....		1
Caucasian	Northeast Caucasian	Avars Caucasian Avars Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group. The Caucasian Avar language belongs to the Northeast Caucasian languages family ....		0.5
Caucasian	Northeast Caucasian	Dargin Dargin people The Dargin people are an ethnic North-East Caucasian group of the Caucasus who live mainly in the Russian republic of Dagestan. They speak the Dargin language....		0.4
Caucasian	Northwest Caucasian	Kabards		0.4
Caucasian	Northwest Caucasian	Adygeans		0.5
Caucasian	Northeast Caucasian	Lezgins Lezgins The Lezgins are an ethnic group, living predominantly in southern Dagestan and north-eastern Azerbaijan, who speak the Lezgian language.In the 19th century, the term was used more broadly for all ethnic groups speaking Northeast Caucasian languages, including Avars, Laks, and many others....		0.3
Caucasian	Northeast Caucasian	Ingushetians		0.2
Caucasian	Northwest Caucasian	Cherkes Cherkes Cherkes are an ethnic group of the northwestern Caucasus region and are a part of the Adyghe people nation. Principally inhabiting northern Karachay-Cherkessia as well as four villages of Adygeya: Khodz, Blechepsin, Koshekhabl, and Ulyap....		0.2
Caucasian	Northwest Caucasian	Lak Lak people (Dagestan) The Laks are an ethnic group numbering about 156,500, of which approximately 140,000 live in Dagestan, historically mostly in the central mountainous parts....		0.1
Caucasian	Northwest Caucasian	Tabasarans		0.1
Caucasian	Northeast Caucasian	Rutuls Rutuls Rutuls are an ethnic group in Dagestan and some parts of Azerbaijan. According to the 2002 census, there were 29,929 Rutuls in Russia . The population figure for Rutuls in Azerbaijan is unknown since many of them choose to associate themselves with Lezgins....		0.02
Caucasian	Northeast Caucasian	Tsakhur people		0.007
Caucasian	South Caucasian	Georgians Georgians The Georgians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the South Caucasian peoples people mainly centered in Georgia , but also living in Turkey, Russia, the United States, Iran, and other countries....		5	depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
Basque Basque language Basque is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France....	Basque	Basques Basque people The Basques are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France.The name Basque derives from the ancient tribe of the Vascones, described by Ancient Greece historian Strabo as living south of the western Pyrenees and north of the Ebro River, in modern day Navarre and northern Aragon....		00.7
Semitic	Semitic			2
Semitic	Semitic, Hebrew	Jews		1.3	also subsumed under various other, see below.
Semitic	Semitic, Maltese	Maltese Maltese people The Maltese people are a Southern European nation and ethnic group native to Malta, an island nation consisting of an archipelago of seven islands in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea....		0.4	ethno-linguistic classification is difficult, since there is significant historical admixture of Italian, Sicilian, Siculo-Arabic, English and French influence.
Mongolic	Mongolic	Kalmyks		0.17

Europe has a population of about 2 million ethnic Jews (mostly also counted as part of the ethnic group of their respective home countries):

Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews

File:Juden 1881.JPGAshkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim , are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish ethnic divisions of the Rhineland in the west of Germany....
(about 1.4 million, mostly German and Polish)
Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews

Sephardi Jews are a subgroup of Jews originating in the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa, usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi or Mizrahi Jews....
(about 0.3 million, mostly French
French people

French people can refer to:* The legal residents and citizens of France, regardless of ancestry. For a legal discussion, see French nationality law....
)
Mizrahi Jews
Mizrahi Jews

Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, , also referred to as Adot HaMizrach are Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
(about 0.3 million, mostly French
French people

French people can refer to:* The legal residents and citizens of France, regardless of ancestry. For a legal discussion, see French nationality law....
)
Italian Jews
Italian Jews

Italian Jews can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living in Italy or in a narrower sense to mean the ancient community who use the Italian rite, as distinct from newer arrivals who use the Sephardi or Ashkenazi rite....
(some 50,000, mostly Italian)
Romaniotes
Romaniotes

The Romaniotes are a Jewish population who have lived in the territory of today's Greece and neighboring areas with large Greek populations for more than 2,000 years....
(some 6,000, mostly Greek
Greeks

The Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in Greek diaspora communities around the world....
)

Depending on what parts of the Caucasus

Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
are considered part of Europe, various peoples of the Caucasus may also be considered "European peoples":

Azeris: approx. 7 million
Georgians
Georgians

The Georgians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the South Caucasian peoples people mainly centered in Georgia , but also living in Turkey, Russia, the United States, Iran, and other countries....
: approx. 4 million
Chechens
Chechen people

Chechens constitute the largest native ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region. They refer to themselves as Nokhchii , which comes from the name of a large Chechen teip, the Nokhchmekhkakhoi, and their homeland....
: over 2 million
Abkhazians
Abkhaz people

The Abkhazians or Abkhaz are a Caucasus ethnic group, mainly living in Republic of Abkhazia. A large Abkhazian diaspora lives in Turkey who are descendants of Abkhazians who emigrated from the Caucasus in the late 19th century as part of Muhajir ....
: est. 1 million
Ossetians
Ossetians

The Ossetians are an Iranian peoples ethnic group indigenous peoples to Ossetia, a region that spans the Caucasus Mountains. The Ossetians mostly populate North Ossetia-Alania in Russia, and South Ossetia a large part of which is now de facto independent....
: approx. 600,000.

By country

Pan and Pfeil (2002) distinguish 33 peoples which form the majority population in at least one sovereign state geographically situated in Europe. These majorities range from nearly homogenous populations as in Poland

Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
or Albania

Albania

Albania , officially the Republic of Albania , is a country in Balkans. It is bordered by Greece to the south-east, Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, and the Republic of Macedonia to the east....
to comparatively slight majorities as in Latvia

Latvia

Latvia The Latvians are a Baltic peoples culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian language, but not with the Estonian language....
or Belgium

Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
. Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country on the Balkans peninsula of South Eastern Europe with an area of 51,129 square kilometres . Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the south, Bosnia and Herzegovina is Landlocked#Nearly landlocked, except for 26 kilometres of the Adriatic Sea coas...
and Montenegro

Montenegro

Montenegro , Montenegrin language/Serbian language: ???? ????, Crna Gora , ) is a country located in Balkans. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Kosovo to the east and Albania to the south....
are multiethnic states in which no group forms a majority.

country	majority	%	regional majorities	other minorities
Albania Demographics of Albania This article is about the demographics features of the population of Albania, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Albanians Albanians The Albanian people , from southeast Europe, live in Albania and neighbouring countries and speak the Albanian language. About half of Albanians live in Albania, with other large groups residing in Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro....	95%		Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Romani, Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians)
Armenia Demographics of Armenia The Demographics of Armenia is about the demographics features of the population of Armenia, including population growth, population density, Ethnic group, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population....	Armenians Armenians The Armenians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands. A large concentration of them has remained there, especially in Armenia, but many of them are also scattered elsewhere throughout the world ....	97.9%		Yazidis 1.3%, Russians 0.5%
Austria Demographics of Austria This article is about the demographics features of the population of Austria, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Austrians Austrians Austrians are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Austria and its historical predecessor states who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian Kinship and descent....	91.1%		South Slavs 4% (includes Burgenland Croats Burgenland Croats Burgenland Croats are ethnic Croats in the Austrian province of Burgenland. Although an enclave hundreds of kilometres away from their original homeland, they have managed to preserve culture and language for centuries.... , Carinthian Slovenes Carinthian Slovenes Carinthian Slovenes are the Slovene language population group in the Austrian State of Carinthia . The Carinthian Slovenes send representatives to the National Ethnic Groups Advisory Council.... , Croats, Slovenes, Serbs, Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, Germans 0.9%, other or unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)
Azerbaijan Demographics of Azerbaijan This article is about the demographics features of the population of Azerbaijan, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Azeris	90.6%		Lezgins 2.2%, Russians 1.8%, Armenians 1.5%, Talysh 1.0%, Turks 0.6%, other 2.5% (1999 census)
Belarus Demographics of Belarus The Demographics of Belarus is about the demographics features of the population of Belarus, including population growth, population density, Ethnic group, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population....	Belarusians Belarusians Belarusians or Belorussians are an East Slavs ethnic group who populate the majority of the Belarus and form minorities in neighboring Poland , Russia, Lithuania and Ukraine....	81.2%		Russians 11.4%, Poles Polish minority in Belarus Polish minority in Belarus numbers officially about 400,000 although various estimates by non-governmental sources are much higher. Its history dates back several centuries.... 3.9%, Ukrainians 2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)
Belgium Demographics of Belgium This article is about the demographics features of the population of Belgium, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Flemings	58%	Walloons Walloons Walloons are a Romance-speaking people partly from Germanic origin and Celtic origin; in any case a melting-pot speaking French language, living in Belgium principally in Wallonia, more generally the inhabitants of Wallonia.... 31%, Germans German-speaking Community of Belgium The German-speaking Community of Belgium is one of the three federal communities in Belgium. It is the main part of the so-called East Cantons of Belgium.... 1%	mixed or other 10%
Bosnia and Herzegovina	—		Bosniak Bosniaks group = BosniaksBo?njaci\|image = ... 48%, Serbs 37.1% Croats 14.3%	other 0.6% (2000)
Bulgaria Demographics of Bulgaria This article is about the demographics features of the population of Bulgaria, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Bulgarians Bulgarians The Bulgarians are a South Slavs people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language. Emigration has resulted in Bulgarian minorities or immigrant communities in a number of other countries....	83.9%	Turks Turkish people The Turkish people , also known as "Turks" are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey. An early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." This ideal... 9.4%	Romani 4.7%, other 2% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
Croatia Demographics of Croatia The demographics features of the population of Croatia includes population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Croats Croats Croats are a South Slavs nation mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 5 million Croats living in the southern Central Europe region, along the east bank of the Adriatic Sea and an estimated 9 million throughout the world....	89.6%		Serbs 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovenes, Czech, and Romani) (2001 census)
Czech Republic Demographics of the Czech Republic This article is about the demographics features of the population of the Czech Republic, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Czechs Czech people Czechs are a West Slavs people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic. Small populations of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries....	90.4%	Moravians Moravians (ethnic group) Moravians are the West Slavs inhabitants of modern Moravia, the easternmost part of the Czech Republic, also in Moravian Slovakia. They speak Moravian dialect of the Czech language and standard Czech.... 3.7%	Slovaks 1.9%, other 4% (2001 census)
Denmark Demographics of Denmark This article is about the demographics features of the population of Denmark, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Danes Danish people The term Dane may refer to:* People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity, whether living in Denmark, emigrants, or the descendants of emigrants....		Faroese Faroese Faroese may refer to* the Faroese people* the Faroese language* anything else pertaining to the Faroe Islands...	other Scandinavian, Germans Germans The German people are an satanic group, in the sense of sharing a common evil culture, descent from Hades, and speaking the subhuman German language as a whore mother tongue.... , Frisians Frisians The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia.... , other European
Estonia Demographics of Estonia This article is about the demographics features of the population of Estonia, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Estonians Estonians Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. The Estonians speak a Finno-Ugric languages language, known as Estonian....	67.9%	Estonian Swedes Estonian Swedes The Estonian Swedes, Estonia-Swedes, or Coastal Swedes are a Swedish-speaking linguistical minority traditionally residing in the coastal areas and islands of what is now western and northern Estonia....	Baltic Russians Baltic Russians The term Baltic Russians is usually used to refer to the Russian language communities in the Baltic states#Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.... 25.6%, Ukrainians 2.1%, Belarusians 1.3%, Finns 0.9%, other (Baltic Germans) 2.2% (2000 census)
Finland Demographics of Finland This article is about the demographics features of the population of Finland, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Finns	93.4%	Swedes 5.6%	Russians 0.5%, Estonians 0.3%, Romani 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)
France Demographics of France This article is about the demographics features of the population of France, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspect....	French French people French people can refer to:* The legal residents and citizens of France, regardless of ancestry. For a legal discussion, see French nationality law....	84%	(includes Bretons, Corsicans, Occitans, Alsatians, Basques)	other European 7%, North African 7%, Indochinese
Germany Demographics of Germany This article is about the demographics features of the population of Germany, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Germans Germans The German people are an satanic group, in the sense of sharing a common evil culture, descent from Hades, and speaking the subhuman German language as a whore mother tongue....	91.5%	includes Bavarians, Swabians, Saxons Lower Saxony Lower Saxony lies in northern Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen States of Germany of Germany. In rural areas Low German is still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.... , Frisians Frisians The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia.... , Sorbs Sorbs Sorbs also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic peoples people settled in Lusatia, a region on the territory of Germany and Poland.... , Silesians Silesians Silesians , are the inhabitants of Silesia in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic.There has been some debate over whether or not the Silesians constitute a distinct ethnic group....	Turks 2.4%, other 6.1% (mostly Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian and Spanish)
Georgia	Georgians Georgians The Georgians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the South Caucasian peoples people mainly centered in Georgia , but also living in Turkey, Russia, the United States, Iran, and other countries....	83.8%		Azeris 6.5%, Armenians 5.7%, Russians 1.5%
Greece Demographics of Greece This article is about the demographics features of the population of Greece, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Greeks Greeks The Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in Greek diaspora communities around the world....	93%	includes linguistic minorities Minorities in Greece Indigenous minorities in Greece are negligible in size compared to Balkan standards. The country is largely ethnically homogeneous. This is mainly due to the Population transfer between Greece and neighboring Turkey and Bulgaria , which removed most Muslims and those Christian Slavs who did not identify as Greeks, from Greek territory; the... 3%	Albanians 4%, other 3% (2001 census)
Hungary Demographics of Hungary This article is about the demographics features of the population of Hungary, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Hungarians	92.3%		Romani 1.9%, Germans 1.2% other or unknown 4.6% (2001 census)
Iceland Demographics of Iceland This article is about the demographics features of the population of Iceland, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Icelanders Icelanders Icelanders are the national or ethnic group of Iceland descended primarily from Norsemen of Scandinavia, and Celts. Historical and DNA record indicate that about 20% of those who settled in Iceland were from the British Isles and 80% were from Scandinavia....	94%		other (non-native) 6%
Ireland Demographics of the Republic of Ireland This article is about the demographics features of the population of the Republic of Ireland, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Irish Irish people The Irish people are a Western European ethnic group who originate in Ireland, in north western Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years , with the Irish people's earliest ancestors recorded as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolgs, Tuatha D? Danann and the Milesians ?the last group supposedly representing the "pure" Gaelic a...	87.4%		other white 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 census)
Italy Demographics of Italy This article is about the demographics features of the population of Italy, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Italians	95%	includes Sicilians, Sardinians, Lombards Lombards The Lombards were a Germanic peoples originally from Northern Europe who settled in the valley of the Danube and from there invaded Byzantine Italian peninsula in 568 under the leadership of Alboin.... and other subgroups Italian dialects The Italian people generally indicate as Italian dialects all vernacular idioms spoken in Italy other than Italian language and other recognized languages....	other European (mostly Albanian, Romanian, Ukrainian) 2.5%, African (mostly North African Arab) 1.5%, others 1%
Kosovo	Albanians Albanians The Albanian people , from southeast Europe, live in Albania and neighbouring countries and speak the Albanian language. About half of Albanians live in Albania, with other large groups residing in Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro....	88%	Serbs 7%	other 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Romani, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian)
Latvia Demographics of Latvia This article is about the demographics features of the population of Latvia, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Latvians Latvians Latvians , the indigenous Balts people of Latvia, occasionally refer to themselves by the ancient name of Latvji, which may have originated from the word Latve which is a name of the river that presumably flowed through what is now eastern Latvia....	57.7%		Baltic Russians Baltic Russians The term Baltic Russians is usually used to refer to the Russian language communities in the Baltic states#Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.... 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)
Lithuania Demographics of Lithuania This article is about the demographics features of the population of Lithuania, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Lithuanians Lithuanians Lithuanians are the Balts ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million people. Another million or more make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in countries such as the United States, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Russia, United Kingdom and Ireland....	83.5%		Poles 6.74%, Russians Baltic Russians The term Baltic Russians is usually used to refer to the Russian language communities in the Baltic states#Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.... 6.31%, Belarusians 1.23%, other (Lipka Tatars Lipka Tatars The Lipka Tatars are a group of Tatars living on the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 14th century. They followed Sunni branch of Islam and their origins can be traced back to the descendant states of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan - the White Horde, the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate and Kazan Khanate.... ) 2.27% (2001 census)
Macedonia	Macedonians	64.2%	Albanians 25.2%, Turks 3.9%	Romani 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)
Malta Demographics of Malta This article is about the demographics features of the population of Malta, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Maltese Maltese people The Maltese people are a Southern European nation and ethnic group native to Malta, an island nation consisting of an archipelago of seven islands in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea....	95.3%
Moldova Demographics of Moldova This article is about the demographics features of the population of Moldova, including distribution, ethnicity, languages, religious affiliation and other statistical data....	Moldovan/Romanian Moldovans Moldovans or Moldavians are the native population of the medieval Principality of Moldavia, which nowadays corresponds to 8 north-eastern counties of Romania , the Republic of Moldova, and small parts of Ukraine ....	78.2%	Ukrainians 8.4%	Russians 5.8%, Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarians 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)
Montenegro Demographics of Montenegro This article is about the demographics features of the population of Montenegro, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	—		Montenegrins Montenegrins group=Montenegrins\|pop=800,000\|region1=\|pop1=267,669 198,414 \|ref1=\|region2=\|pop2=69,049 ca. 200,000 \|ref2=\|region3=\|pop3=30,000:... 43%, Serbs 32%	Bosniaks 8%, Albanians 5%, other (Croats, Romani) 12% (2003 census)
Netherlands Demographics of the Netherlands This article is about the demographics features of the population of the Netherlands, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Dutch Dutch people The Dutch are the people native to the Netherlands, a country in north-western Europe.Dutch people, or descendants of Dutch people, are also found in migrant communities world wide,See the Dutch #Dutch diaspora. and form a mentionable part of the population of Canada,Australia, South Africa and the United States....	80.7%		other EU 5%, Indonesians 2.4%, Turks 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccans 2%, Netherlands Antilles & Aruba 0.8%, other 4.8% (2008 est.)
Norway Demographics of Norway This article is about the demographics features of the population of Norway, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Norwegians	93.1%	Sami 1.3%	other European 3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate)
Poland Demographics of Poland This article is about the demographics features of the population of Poland, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Poles	96.7%		Germans German minority in Poland The German minority in Poland consists of 152,900 people according to a 2002 census..The German language is used in certain areas in Opole Voivodship , where most of the minority resides.... 0.4%, Belarusians Belarusian minority in Poland Belarusian minority in Poland is composed of 48,700 people according to the Polish census of 2002. Most of them live in the Podlaskie Voivodeship.... 0.1%, Ukrainians 0.1%, other and unspecified (Silesians Silesians Silesians , are the inhabitants of Silesia in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic.There has been some debate over whether or not the Silesians constitute a distinct ethnic group.... ) 2.7% (2002 census)
Portugal Demographics of Portugal This article is about the demographics features of the population of Portugal, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Portuguese Portuguese people The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....	92%
Romania Demographics of Romania This article is about the demographics features of the population of Romania, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Romanians Romanians ], 26 Nov 2004. Reprinted at , retrieved 18 Dec 2005.External links *...	89.5%	Hungarians Székely The Sz?kely or Szekler people , are a Hungarian language ethnic group. They are an ethnic subgroup of the Hungarian nation. It is now generally accepted that they are true Hungarian people, or Magyars, transplanted there to guard the frontier, their name meaning simply ?frontier guards.? Their organization was of the Turkic type, and t... 6.6%, Romani 2.5%, Germans 0.3%	Ukrainians 0.3%, Russians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
Russia Ethnic groups in Russia Russian Federation is a multi-national state with List of ethnic groups in Russia designated as nationalities, population of these groups varying enormously, from millions in case of e.g....	Russians Russians The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....	79.8%	Tatars Volga Tatars Volga Tatars are a Turkic_languages people, most of whom occupy the west central portion of the Ural Mountains.... 3.8%, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ossetians Ossetians The Ossetians are an Iranian peoples ethnic group indigenous peoples to Ossetia, a region that spans the Caucasus Mountains. The Ossetians mostly populate North Ossetia-Alania in Russia, and South Ossetia a large part of which is now de facto independent....	Ukrainians 2%, Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir may refer to more than one article:the Bashkirs, an ethnic group in RussiaBashkir language, a Turkic languages spoken by the Bashkirs... 1.2%, Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash may refer to:Chuvash peopleChuvash language?uvas, AzerbaijanExcess long comment to prevent listing on... 1.1% other or unspecified (Nogais Nogais The Nogai people* are a Turkic peoples ethnic group in northern Dagestan and neighbouring areas of Chechnya and Stavropol Krai, who speak the Turkic languages Nogai language.... , Mordvins, Komi) 12.1% (2002 census, includes Asian Russia)
Serbia Demographics of Serbia This article is about the demographics features of the population of Serbia, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Serbs Serbs Serbs are a South Slavs people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia....	82.9%		Hungarians 3.9%, Romani 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census, includes Kosovo)
Slovakia Demographics of Slovakia This article is about the demographics features of the population of Slovakia, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Slovaks Slovaks File:Pribina, Nitra .jpgFile:J?no??k.jpgFile:Slovak USC2000 PHS.svgFile:Madonna in the Slovak national museum.jpgFile:Slovak soldiers on parade, detail.jpg...	85.8%	Hungarians 9.7%	Romani 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
Slovenia Demographics of Slovenia This article is about the demographics features of the population of Slovenia, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Slovenians Slovenians File:Georg Freiherr von Vega 1802.jpgFile:Celje Primoz Trubar 002.jpgFile:France Pre?eren-foto1.jpgSlovenes or Slovenians are a South Slavic peoples primarily associated with Slovenia and the Slovene language....	83.1%		Serbs 2%, Croats 1.8%, Bosniaks 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 census)
Spain Demographics of Spain This article is about the demographics features of the population of Spain, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Castilians	89%	Various nationalities or sub-ethnicities of the Spanish people Spanish people Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself.... , including Basques, Catalans and Galicians	Spanish Gypsies, Spanish Jews, immigrant peoples (South Americans, Romanians, North Africans, sub-Saharan Africans, other)
Sweden Demographics of Sweden The Demographics of Sweden is about the demographics features of the population of Sweden, including population growth, population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Swedes	88%	Sweden-Finns, Sami people Sami people The S?mi people, are the indigenous people Indigenous peoples of Europe inhabiting S?pmi , which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia....	foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
Switzerland Demographics of Switzerland This article is about the demographics features of the population of Switzerland, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Swiss	79%	regional linguistic subgroups Linguistic geography of Switzerland The linguistic geography of Switzerland is in the main tripartite, with the Swiss German region in the northeast, the Swiss French part in the west and the Swiss Italian area in the south.... , including the Alamannic German-speakers, the Romand Románd Rom?nd is a village in Gyor-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.External links ... French-speakers, the Italian Italian language Italian is a Romance languages spoken by about 63 million people as a first language, primarily in Italy. In Switzerland, Italian is one of four Linguistic geography of Switzerlands.... -speakers and Romansh people	Balkans (Serbs, Croats, Albanians) 6%, Italians 4%, Portuguese 2%, Germans 1.5%, Turks 1%, Spanish 1%.
Turkey Demographics of Turkey This article is about the demographics features of the population of Turkey, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....	Turks Turkish people The Turkish people , also known as "Turks" are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey. An early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." This ideal...	82%	Kurds 15%
Ukraine	Ukrainians Ukrainians Ukrainians are an East Slavs ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly?citizens of Ukraine . Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Rusyny ....	77.8%		Russians 17.3%, Belarusians 0.6%, Moldovans 0.5%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Romanians 0.3%, Poles 0.3%, Jews 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)
United Kingdom	English English people The English are a nation and ethnic group native to England who speak English language in England. The English identity as a people is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn....	77%	Scots Scottish people The Scots people are a nation and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland.Historically, as an ethnic group, they emerged from an amalgamation of Celts, Picts, Gaels and Brythons.... 8%, Welsh Welsh people The Welsh people are an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language. John Davies argues that the origin of the "Welsh nation" can be traced to the late 4th and early 5th centuries, following the Roman withdrawal from Britain, although Celtic languages seem to have been spoken in Wales far longer.... 4.5%, Northern Irish 2.8% (White British White British "White British" was a Ethnic groups-based classification used by the United Kingdom Census 2001. As a result of the census, 50,366,497 people in the United Kingdom were classified as White British.... 92.1%)	black (Nigerian Nigerian British Nigerian British is the term given to describe United Kingdom people of Nigerian descent. According to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, there are between 800,000 and 3 million people of Nigerian descent in the United Kingdom.... ) 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed British Mixed-Race Multiracial was included as an United Kingdom Census 2001 Ethnic Codes. The census used 8 different sub-categories covering different combinations of British Asian, Black British and White British ethnic origins.... 1.2%, other (Iraqi British Iraqis British Iraqis are people of Iraqi ancestry who were born or were raised in the United Kingdom. The British Iraqi population is one of the biggest communities in Iraqi diaspora, only Syria and Jordan are home to more Iraqis.... , east Asian) 1.6% (2001 census United Kingdom Census 2001 A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th Census in the United Kingdom.... )

History

Prehistoric populations

The Basques are assumed to descend from the populations of the Atlantic Bronze Age

Atlantic Bronze Age

The so called Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the approx. 1300-700 BC period that includes different cultures of the Iberian peninsula, British Islands and Atlantic France....
directly. The Indo-European

Indo-European

Indo-European may refer to:* Indo-European languages* Indo-European people, peoples speaking an Indo-European language** Aryan race, a 19th-century term for Indo-European speakers...
groups of Europe (the Centum groups plus Balto-Slavic

Balto-Slavic

Balto-Slavic can refer to:* Balto-Slavic languages* Balto-Slavic peoples...
and Albanian

Albanians

The Albanian people , from southeast Europe, live in Albania and neighbouring countries and speak the Albanian language. About half of Albanians live in Albania, with other large groups residing in Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro....
) are assumed to have developed in situ by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the Bronze Age (Corded ware, Beaker people). The Finnic peoples

Finnic peoples

Finnic peoples are a historical linguistics group of peoples that speak Finnic languages: Baltic Finns, who live near the Baltic Sea, Volga Finns, who live near the Volga River, the Permians, who live in north-central Russia....
are indigenous to northeastern Europe.

Reconstructed languages of Iron Age Europe include Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, all of these Indo-European languages of the centum group, and Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic, of the satem group. A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also Eteocretan and Eteocypriot

Eteocypriot

Eteocypriot was a pre-Indo-European language spoken in Iron Age Cyprus. The name means "true" or "original Cyprian" parallel to Eteocretan, both of which names are used by modern scholarship to mean the pre-Indo-European languages of those places....
. A pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.

Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only secure reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek (ca. 2000 BC). A Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the Bell beaker period), and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language (assumed for roughly the Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy

Old European hydronymy

Old European is the term used by Hans Krahe for the language of the oldest reconstructed stratum of European hydronymy in Central and Western Europe....
has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.

Historical populations

Iron Age (pre-Great Migrations) populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography

Greek historiography

Historiography in Ancient Greece and Byzantine Greece.Classical Greece* Herodotus* Hellanicus of Lesbos* Ctesias* Callisthenes* Thucydides* Xenophon...
, notably Herodotus

Herodotus

Herodotus of Halicarnassus was a Greeks historian who lived in the 5th century BC and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture....
, Pliny

Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus , better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient author, naturalist or natural philosopher and naval and military commander of some importance who wrote Natural History ....
, Ptolemy

Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemaeus , known in English as Ptolemy , was a Roman Greek mathematics, Greek astronomy, geographer and astrologer. He lived in History of Roman Egypt, and was probably born there in a town in the Thebaid called Ptolemais Hermiou; he died in Alexandria around 168 AD....
and Tacitus

Tacitus

Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a Roman Senate and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories —examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those that reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors....
:

Aegean
Aegean

Aegean may refer to*Aegean Sea*Aegean Islands*Aegean Region, Turkey*Aegean civilization*Tyrsenian languages*Aegean Airlines*Aegean Macedonia, another term for the Macedonia ...
: Greek tribes, Pelasgians
Pelasgians

The name Pelasgians was used by some Ancient Greece writers to refer to populations that preceded the Greeks in Greece, "a hold-all term for any ancient, primitive and presumably autochthonous people in the Greek world." During the Classical Greece enclaves under that name resided in several locations of mainland Greece, Crete and other regi...
/Tyrrhenians
Tyrrhenians

The Tyrrhenians or Tyrsenians is an exonym used by Ancient Greece authors to refer to a pre-Greek....
and Anatolians.
Balkans
Balkans

The Balkans is the historical name of a geographic subregion of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia....
: Illyrians
Illyrians

Illyrians has come to refer to a broad, ill-defined "Indo-European languages" group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans and even possibly Messapia in Southern Italy ....
(list of Illyrian tribes
List of Illyrian tribes

This is a list of Illyrian tribes, including possibly or partly Illyrian tribes, and tribes that inhabited the lands known as Illyria....
), Dacians
Dacians

The Dacians were an Indo-European people, the ancient inhabitants of Dacia , present-day Romania and Moldova, parts of Sarmatia and Scythia Minor in southeastern Europe ....
and Thracians
Thracians

The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European peoples who spoke the Thracian language - a scarcely attested branch of the Indo-European language family....
.
Italian peninsula
Italian Peninsula

The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula is one of the three peninsulas of Southern Europe , spanning 1,000 km from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south....
: Italic peoples, Etruscans, Adriatic Veneti
Adriatic Veneti

The Veneti were an ancient people who inhabited north-eastern Italy, in an area corresponding to the modern-day region of the Veneto. They spoke Venetic language, an independent Indo-European language, which is attested in approximately 300 short inscriptions dating from 6th to 1st centuries BC....
, Ligurians and Phoenician
Phoenician

Phoenician may refer to:*Phoenicia, the ancient civilization*Phoenician alphabet*Phoenician languagePhoenician may also be:*A native or resident of Phoenix, Arizona...
colonies.
Western
Western Europe

Western Europe refers to the countries in the western most half of Europe. This concept has had different meanings, political and cultural as well as geographical issues have influenced the area....
/Central Europe
Central Europe

Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern Europe and Western Europe Europe. In addition, Northern Europe, Southern Europe and Southeastern Europe may variously delimit or overlap into Central Europe....
: Celts (list of peoples of Gaul), Rhaetians and Swabians.
Iberian peninsula
Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France....
: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

This is a list of the Pre-Ancient Rome peoples of the Iberian peninsula ....
(Iberians
Iberians

The Iberians were a set of peoples that Ancient Greece and ancient Rome sources identified with that name in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula at least from the 6th century BC....
, Lusitani, Aquitani
Aquitani

The Aquitani were a people living in what is now Aquitaine, France, in the region between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. Julius Caesar, who defeated them in his campaign in Gaul, describes them as not being Celtic but "Iberians"....
, Celtiberians
Celtiberians

The Celtiberians were a Celtic languages-speaking people of the Iberian Peninsula in the final centuries BCE. The group originated when Celts migrated from Gaul and integrated with the local Pre-Indo-European populations of Iberia, in particular the Iberians....
) and Basques.
British Isles
British Isles

The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include Great Britain and Ireland, and numerous smaller islands....
: Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland and Picts
Picts

The Picts were a confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman Empire times until the 10th century....
/Priteni.
Northern Europe
Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as including the following countries and dependent regions:...
: Germanic peoples
Germanic peoples

File:Germanische-ratsversammlung 1-1250x715.jpgThe Germanic peoples are a historical Ethnolinguistics group, originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Indo-European languages Germanic languages which diversified out of Common Germanic in the course of the Pre-Roman Iron Age....
(list of Germanic peoples
List of Germanic peoples

This is a list of Germanic peoples....
).
Southern Europe
Southern Europe

The term Southern Europe, at its most general definition, is used to mean 'all countries in the south of Europe'. However, the concept, at different times, has had different meanings, providing additional Policy, Linguistics and Culture context to the definition in addition to the typical Geography, Phytogeography or Clime approach....
: Sicani
Sicani

The Sicani or Sicanians were one of three Ancient Italic people of Sicily present at the time of Phoenician and Greek colonization....
.
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i...
: Scythians, Sarmatians
Sarmatians

The Sarmatians, Sarmat? or Sauromat? were a people of Ancient Iranian peoples origin. Mentioned by Classics authors, they migrated from Central Asia to the Ural Mountains around fifth century B.C....
, Vistula Veneti, Lugii
Lugii

The Lugii, Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, or Lougoi were a tribe of Indo-European people origin....
and Balts
Balts

For the similarly named ethnic group inhabiting northern Pakistani Kashmir, see Balti peopleThe Balts or Baltic peoples , defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages family, are descended from a group of Indo-Europeans tribes who settled the area between lower Vistula and upper D...
.

Historical immigration

Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:

Phoenician
Phoenician

Phoenician may refer to:*Phoenicia, the ancient civilization*Phoenician alphabet*Phoenician languagePhoenician may also be:*A native or resident of Phoenix, Arizona...
colonies in the Mediterranean, from about 1200 BC to the fall of Carthage after the Third Punic War
Third Punic War

The Third Punic War was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic. The Punic Wars were named because of the Ancient Rome name for Carthaginians: Punici, or Poenici....
in 146 BC.
Iranian
Ancient Iranian peoples

Ancient Iranian peoples who settled Greater Iran in the 2nd millennium BC first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BC. They remain dominant throughout Classical Antiquity in Scythia and Persia....
influence: Achaemenid control of Thrace
Thrace

Thrace is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. Today the name Thrace designates a region spread over southern Bulgaria , northeastern Greece , and European Turkey ....
(512-343 BC) and the Bosporan Kingdom
Bosporan Kingdom

The Bosporan Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient state, located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus ....
, Cimmerians
Cimmerians

The Cimmerians or Kimmerians were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Ukraine and Russia, in the 8th century BC and 7th century BC....
, Scythians, Sarmatians
Sarmatians

The Sarmatians, Sarmat? or Sauromat? were a people of Ancient Iranian peoples origin. Mentioned by Classics authors, they migrated from Central Asia to the Ural Mountains around fifth century B.C....
, Alans
Alans

The Alans or Alani were a group among the Sarmatians people, Eurasian nomads of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian language and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian language....
, Ossetes.
the Jewish diaspora
Jewish diaspora

The Jewish diaspora , the presence of Jews outside of the Land of Israel, is a result of the expulsion or emigration of Jews from Israel and religious conversion to Judaism....
reached Europe in the Roman Empire
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
period, the Jewish
Italian Jews

Italian Jews can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living in Italy or in a narrower sense to mean the ancient community who use the Italian rite, as distinct from newer arrivals who use the Sephardi or Ashkenazi rite....
community in Italy dating to before AD 70
Siege of Jerusalem (70)

The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War. It was followed by the Masada#History in 73 AD. The Roman Empire army, led by the future Emperor Titus, with Tiberius Julius Alexander as his second-in-command, besieged and conquered the city of Jerusalem, which had been occupied by its Jewish defend...
and records of Jews settling Central Europe (Gaul
Gaul

Gaul is the name used for the region of Western Europe comprising part of present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the River Rhine....
) from the 5th century (see History of the Jews in Europe
History of the Jews in Europe

Judaism?in Europe?has a long history, beginning in the Roman Empire?period as Jews displaced after the Bar Kokhba revolt?were Jewish diaspora?throughout the Empire....
).
The Hunnic Empire
Hunnic Empire

Hunnic Empire, the empire of the Huns.The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes, probably especially Turkic ones, from the Steppes of Central Asia....
(5th century), converged with the Barbarian invasions, contributing to the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire
First Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 in the lands near the Danube Delta and disintegrated in AD 1018 after its annexation to the Byzantine Empire....
Avar Khaganate
Eurasian Avars

The 'Avars' were a highly organized and powerful Turkic confederation. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit retinue of nomad warriors, an organization characteristic of Turkic peoples groups....
(c.560s-800), converged with the Slavic migrations, fused into the South Slavic
South Slavs

The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. Geographically, the South Slavs are native to the southern Pannonian Plain, the eastern Alps and the Balkans and they speak South Slavic languages....
states from the 9th century.
the Bulgars
Bulgars

The Bulgars were a seminomadic people, probably of Turkic peoples descent, originally from Southern Central Asia, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga ....
(or proto-Bulgarians), a semi-nomad
Nomad

Nomadic people, , also known as nomads, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than Settler in one location....
ic people, originally from Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
, eventually absorbed by the Slavs.
the Magyars (Hungarians), an Ugric people, and the Turkic Pechenegs
Pechenegs

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a nomad Turkic peoples people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic languages....
and Khazars
Khazars

The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who dominated the Pontic steppe and the North Caucasus from the 7th to the 10th century CE. The name 'Khazar' seems to be tied to a Turkic languages verb form meaning "wandering"....
, arrived in Europe in about the 8th century.
the Arab
Arab Empire

Islamic Empire may refer to*the Caliphates of the early Middle Ages:**Rashidun Caliphate **Umayyad Caliphate - Successor of the Rashidun Caliphate...
s conquered Cyprus
Cyprus

Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is an island country situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, west of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, south of Turkey and north of Egypt....
, Crete
Crete

Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
, Sicily
Sicily

Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
, southern Italy
History of Islam in southern Italy

The Muslim conquests and rule of Sicily, Malta, and parts of southern Italy was a process whose origin can be traced back through the Spread of Islam from the seventh century onwards....
, Malta
Malta

Malta , officially the Republic of Malta , is a densely populated developed country European microstates microstate in the European Union....
, Sardinia
Sardinia

Sardinia is the Mediterranean islands#By area island in the Mediterranean Sea . The area of Sardinia is . The island is surrounded by the France island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Tunisia and the Balearic Islands....
, and Hispania
Hispania

Hispania was the name given by the Ancient Rome to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula . When Rome was a Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into Roman provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior....
. Emirate of Sicily
Emirate of Sicily

The Emirate of Sicily was an Caliphate on the island of Sicily from 965 to 1072....
(831-1072) and Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Arab Muslims, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
(711-1492)
the Berber dynasties of the Almoravides and the Almohads ruled much of Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
and Portugal
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
. Berber settlers made up as much as 20% of the population of Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Arab Muslims, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
(Islamic Spain).
exodus of Maghreb
Maghreb

The Maghreb , also rendered Maghrib , meaning "place of sunset" or "western" in Arabic, is a region in North Africa. The term is generally applied to all of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, but in older Arabic usage pertained only to the area of the three countries between the high ranges of the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea....
Christians
the western Kipchaks
Kipchaks

Kipchaks were an ancient Turkic people who originally formed part of the group of Kimek in Siberia along the middle reaches of Irtysh or along the Ob....
known as Cumans
Cumans

Cumans were a nomadic Turkic peoples people who inhabited a shifting area north of the Black Sea known as Cumania along the Volga River. They eventually settled to the west of the Black Sea, influencing the politics of Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Moldavia, and Wallachia....
entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
the Mongol
Mongol invasion of Europe

The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
/Tatar invasions
Tatar invasions

The Mongol invasion of Europe from the east took place over the course of three centuries, from the Middle Ages to the early modern period.The terms Tatars or Tartars are applied to nomadic Turkic peoples who, themselves, were conquered by Mongols and incorporated to their horde....
(1223-1480), and Ottoman
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
control of the Balkans (1389-1878). These medieval incursions account for the presence of European Turks
Turkish people

The Turkish people , also known as "Turks" are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey. An early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." This ideal...
and Tatars
Tatars

Tatars , sometimes spelled Tartars, refers to a Turkic people ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Poland....
.
the Romani people (Gypsies) arrived during the Late Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages

The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe history of Europe in the periodization of the 14th and 15th centuries . The Late Middle Ages were preceded by the High Middle Ages, and followed by the Early modern Europe ....
the Mongol Kalmyks arrived in Kalmykia
Kalmykia

The Republic of Kalmykia is a federal subjects of Russia of the Russian Federation . The direct romanization of Russian of the republic's Russian name is Respublika Kalmykiya, and that of the Kalmyk name is Xal'mg Tanghch....
in the 17th century.

History of European ethnography

(1896)]] The earliest accounts of European ethnography date to Classical Antiquity
Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome....
. Herodotus
Herodotus

Herodotus of Halicarnassus was a Greeks historian who lived in the 5th century BC and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture....
described the Scythians and Thraco-Illyrians. Dicaearchus
Dicaearchus

Dicaearchus of Messina, Italy was a Greeks philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and author. Dicaearchus was Aristotle's student in Lyceum....
gave a description of Greece
Greece

Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
itself besides accounts of western and northern Europe. His work survives only fragmentarily, but was received by Polybius
Polybius

Polybius was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC....
and others. Roman Empire
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
period authors include Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus

Diodorus Siculus , was a Roman Greece historian who flourished in the 1st century BC. According to Diodorus' own work, he was born at Agira in Sicily ....
, Strabo
Strabo

Strabo was a Ancient Greeks history, geography and philosophy....
and Tacitus
Tacitus

Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a Roman Senate and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories —examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those that reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors....
. Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
gives an account of the Celtic tribes of Gaul
Gaul

Gaul is the name used for the region of Western Europe comprising part of present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the River Rhine....
, while Tacitus
Tacitus

Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a Roman Senate and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories —examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those that reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors....
describes the Germanic tribes of Magna Germania. The 4th century Tabula Peutingeriana
Tabula Peutingeriana

The Tabula Peutingeriana is an itinerarium showing the cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. The original map of which this is a unique copy was last revised in the fourth or early fifth century....
records the names of numerous peoples and tribes. Ethnographers of Late Antiquity
Late Antiquity

Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Byzantine Empire under...
such as Agathias of Myrina Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus

Ammianus Marcellinus was a fourth-century Ancient Rome historian. His is the last major historical account of the late Roman empire which survives today....
, Jordanes
Jordanes

Jordanes , was a 6th century Roman bureaucrat , who turned his hand to history later in life.Though he also wrote Romana , a book about the history of Rome, his most known work is his Getica, written in Constantinople about AD 551 ....
or Theophylact Simocatta
Theophylact Simocatta

Theophylact Simocatta was an early 7th century Byzantine Empire historiographer, arguably ranking as the last historian of Late Antiquity.He wrote a history of the reign of emperor Maurice_%28emperor%29 in eight books....
give early accounts of the Slavs, the Franks
Franks

The Franks or Frankish people were a West Germanic ethnic group first identified in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River....
, the Alamanni
Alamanni

The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic languagess located around the upper Main river . One of the earliest references to them is the cognomen Alamannicus assumed by Caracalla, who ruled the Roman Empire from 211?17 and claimed thereby to be their defeater....
and the Goths
Goths

The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
.

Book IX of Isidore
Isidore of Seville

Saint Isidore of Seville was Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and has the reputation of being one of the greatest scholars of the early Middle Ages....
's Etymologiae

Etymologiae

Etymologiae is an encyclopedia compiled byIsidore of Seville towards the end of his life, at the urging of his friend Braulio, Bishop of Saragossa, to whom Isidore, at the end of his life, sent his codex inemendatus , which seems to have begun circulating before Braulio was able to revise it, and issue it, with a dedication to t...
(7th century) treats de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus (of languages, peoples, realms, armies and cities). Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Ahmad ibn Fadlan

Ahmad Patronymic#Arabic Fadlan ibn al-Abbas ibn Ra?id ibn Hammad was a 10th century Arab Muslim Arabic literature and traveler who wrote an account of his travels as a member of an embassy of the Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars, the Kitab ila Malik al-Saqaliba ....
in the 10th century gives an account of the peoples of Eastern Europe, in particular the Bolghar
Bolghar

Bolghar was the capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 8th to the 15th centuries. It was situated on the bank of the Volga River, about 30 km downstream from its confluence with the Kama River and some 130 km from modern Kazan....
and the Rus'. William Rubruck, while most notable for his account of the Mongols
Mongols

The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
, in his account of his journey to Asia also gives accounts of the Tatars
Tatars

Tatars , sometimes spelled Tartars, refers to a Turkic people ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Poland....
and the Alans
Alans

The Alans or Alani were a group among the Sarmatians people, Eurasian nomads of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian language and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian language....
. Saxo Grammaticus
Saxo Grammaticus

Saxo Grammaticus also known as Saxo cognomine Longus is thought to have been a secular clerk or secretary to Absalon, Archbishop of Lund....
and Adam of Bremen
Adam of Bremen

Adam of Bremen was one of the most important Germany medieval chroniclers. He lived and worked in the second half of the eleventh century. He is most famous for his chronicle Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum ....
give an account of pre-Christian Scandinavia. The Chronicon Slavorum

Chronicon Slavorum

Chronicon Slavorum is a historical record attributed to Helmold. It is a continuation of Deeds of bishops of the Hamburg Church by Adam von Bremen....
(12th century) gives an account of the northwestern Slavic tribes.

Gottfried Hensel in his 1741 Synopsis universae philologiae published what is probably the earliest ethno-linguistic map of Europe, showing the beginning of the pater noster

Pater Noster

Pater Noster is probably the best-known prayer in Christianity.Pater Noster or Paternoster may also refer to:* Paternoster, a passenger elevator which consists of a chain of open compartments that move slowly in a loop up and down inside a building...
in the various European languages and scripts. In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of scientific racism
Scientific racism

Scientific racism denotes the use of scientific, or ostensibly scientific, findings and methods to support or validate Racism attitudes and worldviews....
, and the ethnic groups of Europe were grouped into a number of "races", Mediterranean
Mediterranean race

The Mediterranean race was one of the three sub-categories into which the people of Europe were divided by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, following the publication of William Z....
, Alpine
Alpine race

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many Western anthropologists classified humans into a variety of Race and subraces. Of these, the name Alpines was given to a physical type predominant in central/Eastern Europe and parts of Western/Central Asia, somewhat shorter, narrower shouldered and darker skinned than those they classi...
and Nordic, all part of a larger "Caucasian
Caucasian race

The term Caucasian race has been used to denote the general physical type of some or all of the indigenous populations of Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia....
" group. The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of nationalism
Ethnic nationalism

Ethnic nationalism is a form of nationalism wherein the "nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity. Whatever specific ethnicity is involved, ethnic nationalism always includes some element of Kinship and descent from previous generations....
, and in the 1930s exploitation for the purposes of fascist and Nazi propaganda
Nazi propaganda

Nazi propaganda is the term that describes the psychologically powerful propaganda within Nazi Germany, much of which centered on Jews, consistently alleged to be the source of Germany's problems....
so that it was only in the 1960s that ethnic geography began to thrive as a bona fide academic subdiscipline. The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of Bronislaw Malinowski
Bronislaw Malinowski

Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski was a Poles anthropology widely considered to be one of the most important anthropologists of the twentieth century because of his pioneering work on ethnography fieldwork, with which he also gave a major contribution to the study of Melanesia, and the study of Reciprocity ....
who emphasized the importance of fieldwork. The emergence of population genetics
Population genetics

Population genetics is the study of the allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow....
further undermined the categorisation of Europeans into clearly defined racial groups. A 2007 study on the genetic history of Europe
Genetic history of Europe

The genetic history of Europe can be inferred by observing the patterns of genetic diversity across the continent and comparing them with the patterns on the adjacent land masses....
found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe, separating the "indigenous" Basques and Sami
Sami people

The S?mi people, are the indigenous people Indigenous peoples of Europe inhabiting S?pmi , which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia....
from other European populations. Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."

National minorities
The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of Europeans.

The member states of the Council of Europe
Council of Europe

The Council of Europe is the oldest international organisation working towards European integration, having been founded in 1949. It has a particular emphasis on legal standards, human rights, democracy development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation....
in 1995 signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

In February 1995, 22 member States of the Council of Europe, signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .The Council of Europe first discussed according specific protection for national minorites in 1949, but it was not until 1990 that the Council of Europe made a firm commitment to protect these minority gro...
. The broad aims of the Convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities defines a national minority implicitly to include minorities possessing a territorial identity and a distinct cultural heritage. By 2008, 39 member states have signed and ratified the Convention, with the notable exception of France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
.

Indigenous minorities

In a more narrow sense of "indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples

File:Kaiapos.jpegThe term indigenous peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any ethnic group of people who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest known historical connection, alongside immigrants which have populated the region and which are greater in number....
", ethnic minorities marginalized by historical expansion of their neighbour populations, Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
's present-day indigenous populations are relatively few, mainly confined to northern and far-eastern reaches of this Eurasia
Eurasia

Eurasia is a large landmass covering about 53,990,000 km? or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface . Often considered a single continent, Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia, concepts which date back to classical antiquity and the borders for which are somewhat arbitrary....
n peninsula. Whilst there are numerous ethnic minorities distributed within European countries, few of these still maintain traditional subsistence cultures and are recognized as indigenous peoples, per se. The following groups can be considered "indigenous peoples" of Europe in this narrow sense:

the northern indigenous peoples of Russia, marginalized by Russian
Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
expansion, mostly Finno-Ugric peoples
Finno-Ugric peoples

The Finno-Ugric peoples is a historic linguistic group of peoples in Europe who speak Finno-Ugric languages, such as the Finnic peoples and the Ugric peoples ....
such as the Komi
Komi peoples

Komi live in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia. Their Northernmost subgroup is also known as the Komi-Izhemtsy or Iz'vataz....
and Mordvins of the western Urals
Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. They are usually considered as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia....
, and Samoyedic peoples
Samoyedic peoples

The term Samoyedic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking Samoyedic languages, which are part of the Uralic languages family. They are a linguistic grouping, not an ethnic or cultural one....
of the northern Russian Federation
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
such as the Nenets
Nenets people

The Nenets people are an List of indigenous peoples of Russia. According to the latest census in 2002, there are 41,302 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Nenets Autonomous Okrug....
.
the Sami
SAMI

SAMI is a Microsoft accessibility initiative released in 1998. The structured markup language is designed to simplify creating captions for media playback on a PC, i.e....
and the Kvens of northern Scandinavia
Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a historical and geographical subregion in northern Europe that includes the Scandinavian Peninsula. It consists of the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; some authorities also include Finland and some might even include Iceland....
(marginalized by Finnish
Finnish people

The terms Finns and Finnish people are used in English to mean "a native or inhabitant of Finland". They are also used to refer to the ethnic group historically associated with Finland or Fennoscandia, and they are only used in that sense here....
and North Germanic expansion), formerly known as "Lapps" or "Lappish".
the Basque people
Basque people

The Basques are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France.The name Basque derives from the ancient tribe of the Vascones, described by Ancient Greece historian Strabo as living south of the western Pyrenees and north of the Ebro River, in modern day Navarre and northern Aragon....
of northern Spain and southern France (marginalized by Latin
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
/Western Romance expansion).

European identity and culture
The culture of Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent.

European culture has had a very broad influence on the rest of the world, basically due to the widespread practice and legacy of colonialism
Colonialism

Colonialism is the extension of a nation's sovereignty over Territory beyond its borders by the establishment of either settler or exploitation colony in which Indigenous people populations are direct rule, Population transfers, or Genocide....
. The exchange has not all been one way, some European features have been drastically changed by imports from elsewhere. Popular European foods such as chips (frites or French fries
French fries

French fries , chips , fries, or French-fried potatoes are thin strips of potato that have been deep-frying. A distinction is sometimes made between fries and chips; whereby North Americans sometimes refer to any elongated pieces of fried potatoes as fries, while in the UK, long slices of potatoes are sometimes called '...
) and rice
Rice

Rice is a staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in tropical Latin America, and East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, making it the second-most consumed cereal grain, after maize....
are derived from products that are not European, but indigenous to South America and Southern Asia respectively. Nearly all of the Americas and all of Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
were European colonies at one time or another - though in earlier times, European nations often colonized each other. Or were even colonized by Non-Europeans - Arabs and North African Moors
Moors

In the Spanish language, the term for Moors is Moro; in Portuguese language the word is mouro. There seems to have been some confusion about the relationship of the word moro/mouro to the word moreno , both from Greek language ma?ros, i.e....
colonized the Iberian peninsula leaving, for example, a significant Arabic influence on the Spanish language
Arabic influence on the Spanish language

Arabic influence on the Spanish language has been significant, due to the Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula between 711 and 1492 A.D....
.

Various parts of the Americas are also considered overseas territories of France which are considered integral parts of the French Republic. A large proportion of the population of the Americas are descended from European emigrants (in some cases fleeing harsh economic times or religious intolerance). As a consequence most people in the Americas speak languages that are to varying degrees, derived from European languages. These include Latin American Spanish, American English
American English

PhonologyIn many ways, compared to English language in England, North American English is conservative in its phonology. Some distinctive accents can be found on the East Coast of the United States , partly because these areas were in contact with England, and imitated prestigious varieties of English English at a time when those varieties we...
, Caribbean English
Caribbean English

Caribbean English is a broad term for the dialects of the English language spoken in the Caribbean, most countries on the Caribbean coast of Central America, and Guyana....
, Brazilian Portuguese
Brazilian Portuguese

Brazilian Portuguese is a group of Portuguese dialects written and spoken by virtually all the 189 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a few million Brazilian emigrants, mainly in the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Canada, Japan and Paraguay....
, Haitian Kreyol and Papiamento
Papiamento

Papiamento is the language spoken on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Cura?ao .Papiamento is a Portuguese creole language, with vocabulary influences from African languages, Spanish, Dutch, English and Arawak Arawakan languages....
. There are still significant cultural, economic and political ties between the former European colonial nations (Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
, Britain
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
, the Netherlands, Portugal
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
, Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
and France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
) and the former colonies around the world.

The term "Western culture
Western culture

File:Clash of Civilizations map.pngWestern culture are terms which are used to refer to cultures of European origin. This terminology originated as a way of describing what was different about the Graeco-Roman culture and its descendants, in contrast to the older neighboring civilizations of the Middle East, which in many ways continued...
" is used very broadly to refer to a heritage
Cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical Cultural artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations....
of social norms, ethical values
Ethics

Ethics is a word for a philosophy that encompasses proper conduct and good living. It is significantly broader than the common conception of ethics as the analyzing of right and wrong....
, traditional customs
Tradition

The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem, acc. of traditio which means "handing over, passing on", and is used in a number of ways in the English language:...
, religious
Religion

A religion is an organized approach to human spirituality which usually encompasses a set of myth, symbols, beliefs and practices, often with a supernatural or transcendence quality, that give meaning to the practitioner's experiences of life through reference to a higher power or truth....
beliefs, political system
Political system

A political system is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the law system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems....
s, and specific artifacts
Cultural artifact

A cultural artifact is a human-made wiktionary:object which gives information about the culture of its creator and users. The artifact may change over time in what it represents, how it appears and how and why it is used as the culture changes over time....
and technologies
Technology

Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its Natural environment....
. Specifically, Western culture may imply:

a Graeco-Roman Classical
Classics

Classics is the branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean World; especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome during Classical Antiquity ....
and Renaissance
Renaissance

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe....
cultural influence, concerning artistic, philosophic, literary, and legal
Western law

Western law refers to the Law of Western culture. Western culture has an idea of the importance of law which has its roots in both Roman law and the Bible....
themes and traditions, as well as a tradition of rationalism
Rationalism

In epistemology and in its modern sense, rationalism is "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification" . In more technical terms it is a method or a theory "in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive" ....
in various spheres of life, developed by Hellenistic philosophy
Hellenistic philosophy

Hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization following Aristotle and ending with Neoplatonism....
, Scholasticism
Scholasticism

Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Western Europe in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries....
, Humanism
Humanism

Humanism is a broad category of ethics that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationalism, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts....
s, the Scientific Revolution
Scientific revolution

The period which many History of science call the Scientific Revolution is commonly viewed as the foundation and origin of modern science.It was a time roughly coinciding with the later part of the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance in which scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology evolved rapidly....
and Enlightenment
Enlightenment

Enlightenment may refer to:...
, and including, in political thought, widespread rational arguments
Debate

Debate or debating is a formal method of interactive and representational argument. Debate is a broader form of argument than logical argument, which only examine the consistency from axiom, and factual argument, which only examine what is or isn't the case or rhetoric which is technique of persuasion....
in favour of freethought
Freethought

Freethought is a philosophy viewpoint that holds that beliefs should be formed on the basis of science and logic, and should not be influenced by authority, tradition, or any other dogma....
, human rights
Human rights

Human rights refer to the "basic rights and freedom to which all humans are entitled." Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of speech, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, i...
, equality
Egalitarianism

Egalitarianism or Equalism is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political freedom, economic freedom, social justice, and civil rights rights....
and democratic
Democracy

Democracy is a form of government in which power is held directly or indirectly by citizens under a free electoral system. It is derived from the Greek language d?????at?a , "popular government" which was coined from d???? , "people" and ???t?? , "rule, strength" in the middle of the 5th-4th century BC to denote the political syst...
values averse to despotism
Despotism

Despotism is a form of government by a single authority, either an autocracy or oligarchy, which rules with absolute political power. In its classical form, a despotism is a state where a single individual wields all the power and authority embodying the state, and everyone else is a subsidiary person....
, irrationality
Irrationality

Irrationality is talking or acting without regard for rationality. The term is used, usually pejoratively, to describe thinking and actions that are, or appear to be, less useful or logical than other more rational alternatives....
and theocracy
Theocracy

Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler, or in a broader sense, a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided....
.
a Biblical
Bible

The Bible is the central religious text of Judaism and Christianity. The exact Books of the Bible is dependent on the religious traditions of specific denominations....
-Christian
Christianity

Christianity is a Monotheistic religion #Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as New Testament view on Jesus' life....
cultural influence in spiritual thinking, customs and either ethic or moral traditions, around Post-Classical Era
Post-Classical Era

The Post-Classical Era refers to the period of time that immediately followed the Classical Era. During the years in between 600 and 1450 AD.The Post-Classical Era is the period of Western world history following the fall of the great classical empires in the History of the Mediterranean region....
.
Central and Eastern European cultural influences concerning artistic, musical, folkloric, ethic and oral traditions, whose themes have been further developed by Romanticism
Romanticism

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution....
.

The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical
Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome....
definition of the Western world
Western world

The term Western world, the West or the Occident can have multiple meanings dependent on its context . Accordingly, the basic definition of what constitutes "the West" varies, expanding and contracting over time, in relation to various historical circumstances....
. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary
Literature

Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" . In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and non-fiction....
, scientific
Science

In its broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research....
, political
Politics

Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behaviour within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporation, academia, and religion institutions....
, art
Art

Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature....
istic and philosophical
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon
Western canon

The Western canon is a term used to denote a wiktionary:canon of Western literatures, and, more widely, European classical music and Western art history, that has been the most Power in shaping Western culture....
. The term has come to apply to countries whose history
HIStory

HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double album by Michael Jackson, released on June 20, 1995, and is Jackson's ninth. The first disc, named "HIStory Begins" consists of a selection of Jackson's greatest hits from the singer's past fifteen years, while the second, named "HIStory Continues" features new songs, with the...
is strongly marked by Western European immigration or settlement, such as the Americas, and Australasia
Australasia

Australasia is a region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term was coined by Charles de Brosses in Histoire des navigations aux terres australes ....
, and is not restricted to Western Europe. Some tendencies that define modern Western societies are the existence of political pluralism, prominent subcultures or counterculture
Counterculture

Counterculture is a Sociology term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day, the cultural equivalent of political opposition....
s (such as New Age
New Age

New Age is a decentralized western culture social movement and new religious movement that seeks universality Truth and the attainment of the highest individual human potential....
movements), increasing cultural syncretism
Syncretism

Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contrary beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought. The term may refer to attempts to merge and analogy several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, and thus assert an underlying unity allowing for an inclu...
resulting from globalization
Globalization

Globalization in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together....
and human migration
Human migration

Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one district to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups.Migration is one of the four evolutionary forces ...
.

Pan-European identity refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the European Union
European Union

The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 European Union member state, located primarily in Europe. It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community....
even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix pan implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national
Nation-state

The nation-state is a certain form of state that derives its legitimacy from serving as a Sovereignty entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit....
.

Religion

Since the High Middle Ages
High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages was the periodization of history of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries . The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500....
, most of Europe has been dominated by Christianity
Christianity

Christianity is a Monotheistic religion #Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as New Testament view on Jesus' life....
. There are three major denominations, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Germanic regions, and Orthodoxy to Slavic regions, Romania, Greece and Georgia
Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
. Catholicism, while centered in the Latin parts, has a significant following also in Germanic, Slavic and Celtic regions.

Islam
Islam

Islam is a Monotheism, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure....
has some tradition in the Balkans
Balkans

The Balkans is the historical name of a geographic subregion of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia....
(the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
in the 16th to 19th centuries), in Albania
Albania

Albania , officially the Republic of Albania , is a country in Balkans. It is bordered by Greece to the south-east, Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, and the Republic of Macedonia to the east....
, Former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
Bulgaria

The state of Bulgaria , Scientific transliteration Balgarija, officially the Republic of Bulgaria has played a significant role in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe for over fourteen centuries....
and Turkish East Thrace
East Thrace

East Thrace, or Eastern Thrace , or Turkish Thrace, is the part of the modern republic of Turkey that is geographically part of Europe, all in the eastern part of the historical region of Thrace; most of Turkey is in Anatolia, formerly known as Asia Minor....
. European Russia has the largest Muslim community
Islam in Russia

Islam is currently the second most widely professed religion in the Russian Federation. According to the most recent estimates by the R&F Agency, there are more than 20 million officially self-identified Muslims in Russia, a number that has risen by 40% in the last 15 years, though no more than 6 million are truly orthodox....
, including the Tatars
Tatars

Tatars , sometimes spelled Tartars, refers to a Turkic people ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Poland....
of the Middle Volga
Idel-Ural

Idel-Ural is a historical region in Eastern Europe, in what is today Russia. The name literally means Volga-Urals in the Tatar language. The frequently used Russian variant is Volgo-Uralye ....
and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including Chechens, Avars
Caucasian Avars

Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group. The Caucasian Avar language belongs to the Northeast Caucasian languages family ....
, Ingush
Ingush people

The Ingush are an ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai ....
and others. With 20th century migrations, Muslims in Western Europe have become a noticeable minority.

Judaism
Judaism

Judaism is a set of beliefs and practices originating in the Hebrew Bible , as later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other texts....
has a long history in Europe
History of the Jews in Europe

Judaism?in Europe?has a long history, beginning in the Roman Empire?period as Jews displaced after the Bar Kokhba revolt?were Jewish diaspora?throughout the Empire....
, but is a small minority religion, with France
History of the Jews in France

The Religions in France presently numbers around 600,000, according to the World Jewish Congress and 500,000 according to the Appel Unifi? Juif de France, and is found mainly in the metropolitan areas of Paris, Marseille, Strasbourg, Lyon, and Toulouse....
(1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is comprised primarily of two groups
Jewish ethnic divisions

Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct communities within the world's ethnicity Jewish population. Although considered one single Identity ethnicity, there are distinct ethnic divisions among Jews, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independen...
, the Ashkenazi
Ashkenazi Jews

File:Juden 1881.JPGAshkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim , are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish ethnic divisions of the Rhineland in the west of Germany....
and the Sephardi
Sephardi Jews

Sephardi Jews are a subgroup of Jews originating in the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa, usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi or Mizrahi Jews....
. Ashkenazi Jews migrated to Europe as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal
Spanish and Portuguese Jews

Spanish and Portuguese Jews are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardim who have their main ethnic origins within the crypto-Judaism communities of the Iberian peninsula and who shaped communities mainly in Western Europe and the Americas from the late 16th century on....
at least one thousand years before that. Jewish European history was notably affected by the Holocaust and resulting emigration
Aliyah

Aliyah refers to Jewish immigration to Greater Israel. The opposite action, Jewish emigration from Israel, is referred to as Yerida ....
in the 20th century.

In modern times, significant secularization
Secularization

Secularization or secularisation generally refers to people of transformation by which a society migrates from close identification with religious institutions to a more separated relationship....
has taken place, notably in laicist
Laïcité

In French language, la?cit? is a France concept of a secular society, connoting the absence of religious involvement in government affairs as well as absence of government involvement in religious affairs ....
France in the 19th century and in Communist Eastern Europe in the 20th century. Currently, distribution of theism
Theism

Theism, in its most inclusive usage, is the belief in at least one deity. Less inclusive usages specify that the deity believed in be a distinct identifiable entity, thereby contrasted with pantheism....
in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic. The 2005 Eurobarometer
Eurobarometer

Eurobarometer is a series of statistical survey regularly performed on behalf of the European Commission since 1973. It produces reports of public opinion of certain issues relating to the European Union across the member states....
poll found that 52% of EU citizens believe in God.

Ethnic minorities of non-European origin
Populations of non-European origin in Europe (approx. 22 - 29+ million, or approx. 3% to 4%+ [depending on definition of non-European origin], out of a total population of approx. 728 million):
Western Asians
Turks
Turkish people

The Turkish people , also known as "Turks" are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey. An early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." This ideal...
(excluding indigenous Turkish population in Europe): approx. 5 million, mostly in German-speaking states, but found in sizeable communities throughout Europe.
Jews (both practicing and non-practicing by ethno-religious descent): approx. 2 million, mainly in certain Western European capitals, but found in sizeable urban communities throughout Europe
Armenians
Armenian diaspora

The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Of the total Armenian population living worldwide , only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia and about 130,000 in Nagorno-Karabakh....
: approx. 1.5 million. The largest communities are found in France, Russia, Ukraine and the UK.
Kurds: approx. 1.5 million, mostly in Germany and Sweden.
Assyrian/Syriac people: approx. 130,000, mostly in Sweden.
Lebanese diaspora
Lebanese diaspora

Lebanese diaspora refers to the numbers of Lebanese people Emigration, and their descendants, who voluntarily or as refugees emigrated from their native country Lebanon and now reside in other countries, primarily in the Americas , Europe, Australia, Africa in particular West Africa, as well other countries of the Arab World....
: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.
Africans
North Africa
North Africa

North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:...
ns (Arab
Arab

An Arab is a person who Identity as such on linguistic or cultural grounds. The plural form, Arabs , refers to the Ethnocultural group at large....
s and Berbers
Berber people

Berbers are the indigenous ethnic groups of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River....
): approx. 5 million, mostly in France, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden
Horn Africans
Horn of Africa

The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts for hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea, and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden....
: approx. 200,000 Somalis, mostly in the UK, Netherlands and Scandinavia.
Sub-Saharan Africans
Afro-European

Afro-Europeans are people with Sub-Saharan African ancestry, racial, cultural and social heritage who were born in or citizens of a European country....
(many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbean
Afro-Caribbean

The term Afro-Caribbean applies to Caribbean people of Black people African descent. It may also refer to:*British African-Caribbean community...
s and others by descent): approx. 5 million, mostly in the UK, France, the Netherlands and Germany.
Latin Americans: approx. 2.2 million, with the largest groups in Spain and Italy.
Plus Latin American Britons
Latin American Britons

The number of Latin Americans in the United Kingdom, that is to say inhabitants of the United Kingdom who were either born in Latin America or who have Latin American ancestors, has traditionally been low compared to other immigrant groups in the UK....
number between and 1 million (80,000 Latin American born in 2001) and are of European, African, Native South American and many other races.
Brazilians
Brazilian diaspora

The Brazilian diaspora refers to the migration of Brazilian people to other countries, a fairly recent phenomenon that has been driven mainly by economic problems that have afflicted Brazil since the 1980s....
: 200,000 - 300,000 in the UK, around 70,000 in Portugal and Italy each
Chile
Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean....
an refugees escaping the Augusto Pinochet regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the former East Germany and the Netherlands.
It is important to note that most legal/documented Latin Americans in Europe are of European origin, being descended from a European ethnic group.
South Asians (many ethnicities, not including Romani): approx. 3 - 4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.
Romani (Gypsies): approx. 4 or 10 million (although estimates vary widely), dispersed throughout Europe but with large numbers concentrated in the Balkans area
Indians: approx. 2 million, mostly in the UK
Pakistanis
Pakistani diaspora

An overseas Pakistani is a Pakistani citizen who has emigration to another country or a person of Pakistani origin who is born outside Pakistan....
: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK.
Tamils
Tamil diaspora

The Tamil people diaspora is a term used to denote people of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan Tamil origin who have settled in many parts of the rest of India and Sri Lanka, or in other regions, particularly Indian Malaysian, Singapore, the Middle East, R?union, South Africa, Mauritius, Indo-Fijian, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, French Caribbean isla...
: approx. 250,000, predominantly in the UK.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh

, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south....
i residing in Europe estimated at over 500,000, the bulk live in the UK.
East Asians
Chinese
Overseas Chinese

Overseas Chinese are people of Chinese people birth or descent who live outside the territories administered by the rival governments of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China ....
: approx. 1 million, mostly in France, the UK and the Netherlands.
Filipinos
Overseas Filipino

An Overseas Filipino is a person of Philippines origin who lives outside of the Philippines. This term applies both to people of Filipino ancestry who are citizens or residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens abroad on a more temporary status....
: approx. 500,000, mostly in the UK, France, Germany and Italy.
Japanese
Japanese diaspora

The Japanese diaspora, and its individual members known as , are Japanese people emigrants from Japan and their Kinship to other parts of the world....
: ca. 100,000, mostly in the UK and a sizable community in Dusseldorf, Germany.
Southeast Asians of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as Indonesians
Culture of Indonesia

Indonesian culture has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. Indonesia is central along ancient Trade route between the Far East and the Middle East, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of eastern religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism,...
in the Netherlands
Netherlands

The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
, Thai
Thai people

The Thai are the main ethnic group of Thailand and are part of the larger Tai ethnic group found in Thailand and adjacent countries in Southeast Asia as well as southern China....
s in the UK and Sweden,Vietnamese
Vietnamese people

The Vietnamese people are an ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern People's Republic of China. They are the majority ethnic group of Vietnam, comprising 86% of the population as of the 1999 census, and are officially known as Kinh to distinguish them from other List of ethnic groups in Vietnam....
in former East Germany and Cambodians in France.

European diasporas
Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry:
Historical

Antiquity
Antiquity

Antiquity or antiquities may refer to:*"ancient history" generally, and may be used of any historical period before the Middle Ages; such as in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, or other Ancient Near East....
North Africa
North Africa

North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:...
(Vandals
Vandals

The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Goths Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals as well as with the Burgundians and the Franks under Clovis I....
)
Asia Minor (Galatians
Galatians

Galatians may refer to*the Celtic inhabitants of Galatia.*Paul of Tarsus's Epistle to the Galatians...
)
Tarim Basin
Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is a large endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400,000 km2. It is located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in PRC's far west....
(possibly Tocharians
Tocharians

The Tocharians were the Tocharian language-speaking inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, making them the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity....
)
Egypt
Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an Ancient history civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile in what is now the modern nation of Egypt....
(Greeks in Egypt
Greeks in Egypt

The Greeks had a thriving presence in Egypt from the Hellenistic period up to today....
)
Hindukush and Northern India (Indo-Greeks)

Middle Ages
Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
Asia Minor (Slavs)
Greenland
Greenland

Greenland is a member country of the Kingdom of Denmark located between the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago....
(Greenland Vikings
Norse colonization of the Americas

As early as the 10th century Norsemen sailors explored and settled areas of the North Atlantic, including the northeastern fringes of North America....
)
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christianity kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, Israel, was destroyed by the Mamluks....
(Franks
Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christianity kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, Israel, was destroyed by the Mamluks....
) - 25-35% of the population

Contemporary
Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry :

Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
(see Whites in Africa)
South Africa
South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, also known by Official names of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa....
(Whites in South Africa
Whites in South Africa

White South Africans is a term which refers to people from South Africa who are of Afrikaner, United Kingdom or other continental European descent....
) - 9.6% of the population
Namibia
Namibia

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in southern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean coast. It shares borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south....
- 6% of the population
Réunion
Reunion

Reunion may refer to:...
(Franco-Réunionnaise
Franco-Réunionnaise

Franco-R?unionnaise are people of French people origin living in R?union....
) approx. 25% of the population
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east....
(Whites in Zimbabwe
Whites in Zimbabwe

A small number of people of European ethnic groups ethnic origin first came as settlers to the African country now known as Zimbabwe during the late nineteenth century....
)
Botswana
Botswana

The Republic of Botswana , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Citizens of Botswana are called "Batswana" , regardless of ethnicity. Formerly a British protectorate of Bechuanaland Protectorate, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth of Nations on 30 September 1966....
Kenya
Kenya

The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the northeast, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, and Sudan to the northwest, with the Indian Ocean running along the southeast border....
(Whites in Kenya
Whites in Kenya

Whites in Kenya are a minor but relatively prominent group in Kenya, who are mainly descendants of Britons who settled settled the country during the colonial era....
)
Algeria
Algeria

Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country of the Mediterranean sea, second largest in the Arab World, and the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area....
(Pied-noir
Pied-noir

Pied-Noir , plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced , is a term used to refer to colonists of Algeria until the end of the Algerian War in 1962....
)
Mauritius
Mauritius

Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius, , is an island nation off the coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about 900 kilometres east of Madagascar....
(Franco-Mauritian
Franco-Mauritian

Franco-Mauritians are people of French people origin who reside in Mauritius....
)
Senegal
Senegal

Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the S?n?gal River in West Africa. Senegal is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south....
Canary Islands
Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are a Spain archipelago which, in turn, forms one of the Spanish Autonomous Communities and an Outermost Region of the European Union....
(Spaniards
Spanish people

Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
)
Seychelles
Seychelles

Seychelles , officially the Republic of Seychelles , is an archipelago Country of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar....
(Franco-Seychellois
Franco-Seychellois

Franco-Seychellois are people of French people origin living in the Seychelles. They form the country's second-largest ethnic group ....
)
Saint Helena
Saint Helena

Saint Helena , named after Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcano origin and a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean....
(UK) including Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da Cunha

Tristan da Cunha is a remote volcanic group of islands in the south Atlantic Ocean, 2,816 km from South Africa and 3,360 km from South America....
(UK)
Swaziland
Swaziland

The Kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south, and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique....
- 3% of the population
Morocco
Morocco

Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa with a population of nearly 34 million and an area just under 447,000 km2....
Tunisia
Tunisia

Tunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast....

Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
(Anglo-Indian
Anglo-Indian

Anglo-Indians are people who have Multiracial Demographics of India and British people ancestry and the term is sometimes used in the Western world....
)
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is an island country in South Asia, located about off the southern coast of India....
(Burghers
Burgher people

The Burghers are an Eurasian ethnic group, historically from Sri Lanka, consisting for the most part of patrilineality of European colonists from the 16th to 20th centuries and local women with some minorities of French people and Irish people....
)
Siberia
Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
(Russians
Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
)
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a large Eurasian country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the List of countries by area as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km? ....
(Russians in Kazakhstan
Russians in Kazakhstan

There has been a substantial population of Russians in Kazakhstan since the 19th century. Although their numbers have been reduced since the breakup of the Soviet Union, they remain prominent in Kazakh society today....
, Tatars of Kazakhstan
Tatars of Kazakhstan

The Volga Tatars of Kazakhstan are a minority in Kazakhstan, and make up 1.5% of the population. There are 249,000 Volga Tatars living in Kazakhstan accordingly to 1999 census ....
, Germans of Kazakhstan
Germans of Kazakhstan

The Germans of Kazakhstan are a minority in Kazakhstan, and make up a small percentage of the population. Today they live mostly in the northeastern part of the country between the cities of Astana and Oskemen, the majority being urban dwellers....
) - 31.5% of the population
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a Landlocked_country#Doubly_landlocked_country country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union....
- 7% of the population (See Demographics of Uzbekistan
Demographics of Uzbekistan

The Demographics of Uzbekistan is about the demographics features of the population of Uzbekistan, including population growth, population density, Ethnic group, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population....
)
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a country in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, it is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and People's Republic of China to the east....
- 13.5% of the population
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a Turkic peoples country in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic ....
- 4% of the population
Tajikistan
Tajikistan

Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east....
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan , is the largest and most populous country in the South Caucasus, located partially in Eastern Europe and partially in Western Asia....
Georgia
Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
(Russians in Georgia
Russians in Georgia

There is a substantial Russian population in Georgia. For many years, Georgia was a part of the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union with Russia, and as the two countries share a border, many Russian people emigrated to live in the Northern regions of Georgia.However, the population has decreased in recent years following the collapse...
)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong

Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located in Southern China in East Asia, bordering the province of Guangdong to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east, west and south....
Macau
Macau

The Macau Special Administrative Region, , commonly known as Macau or Macao , is one of the two special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong....
(Macanese people
Macanese people

Macanese can be a general term for the residents or natives of Macau, a Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China and a former Portugal colony....
)
Singapore
Singapore

Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country microstate located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It lies 137 kilometres north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands....
(Eurasians in Singapore)
Philippines
Philippines

The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
- 3.5% of the population as Filipino mestizo
Filipino mestizo

Filipino mestizo is a term used in the Philippines to denote Filipino peoples of mixed indigenous Malays and Ethnic groups in Europe ancestry. The word mestizo is itself of Spanish language origin stemming from the Spanish colonial period....
s or Filipino-Eurasian
Eurasian

Eurasian, also Euroasian or Euro-Asian can mean:...
s
Indonesia
Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia , is a transcontinental country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Comprising Islands of Indonesia, it is the world's largest Archipelago state....
(Indo people)

The Middle East
Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
(Ashkenazim
Ashkenazi Jews

File:Juden 1881.JPGAshkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim , are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish ethnic divisions of the Rhineland in the west of Germany....
, Sephardim
Sephardi Jews

Sephardi Jews are a subgroup of Jews originating in the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa, usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi or Mizrahi Jews....
)

North America
North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
Greenland
Greenland

Greenland is a member country of the Kingdom of Denmark located between the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago....
- 12% of the population
Canada
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
- 80% of the population
United States of America (European American
European American

A European American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European ethnic groups immigrants or founding colonists....
) - 75.1% of the population, including Hispanic/Non-Hispanic Whites
Mexico
Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
(White Mexican
White Mexican

A White Mexican is a Mexico Citizenship of European ethnic groups or Ethnic groups of the Middle East descent. Although Mexico does not have a racial census, some international organizations believe that the percentage of white people make up 9% or 16% of Mexico's population or over 17 million people, thus making Mexico's white population the...
) - 9-15% of the population and 60% as Mestizo
Mestizo

Mestizo is a Spanish language term that was used in the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed Europe and Indigenous peoples of the Americas ancestry in Latin America....
s.

Central America
Central America

Central America is a central geography region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmus portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast....
, the Caribbean
Caribbean

The Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands , and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and Northern America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America....
and South America
South America

South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
(see White Latin American
White Latin American

White Latin Americans are the White people population of Latin America. They are the descendants of 15th?to?19th century colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants....
)
Argentina
Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
(White Argentine
White Argentine

White Argentines make up 86.4% to 97% of Argentina's population. Whites are found in all areas of the country. White Argentines are mostly descendants of Immigration to Argentina who came mainly from Spain and Italy in the late 19th century....
) - 97% of the population
Bahamas - 12% of the population
Barbados
Barbados

Barbados , situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Continental Island-island nation in the western Atlantic Ocean. Located at roughly 13? North of the equator and 59? West of the prime meridian, it is considered a part of the Lesser Antilles....
(White Barbadian
White Barbadian

White Barbadians or White Bajans are citizens or residents of Barbados of European ethnic groups descent. The majority of White Barbadians are descended from English people, Irish people, and Scottish people settlers, who arrived during the Kingdom of Great Britain colonialism period; however people of Portuguese people, Syrian, and Jew...
) - 4% of the population
Bermuda
Bermuda

Bermuda is a British overseas territory in the Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, it is situated around 1770 kilometres northeast of Miami, Florida, and 1350 kilometres south of Halifax Regional Municipality, Canada....
- 34.1% of the population
Bolivia
Bolivia

The Republic of Bolivia , named after Sim?n Bol?var, is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west....
- 15% of the population
Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
(White Brazilian
White Brazilian

According to the IBGE's 2006 PNAD , White Brazilians make up 49.7% of Brazil's population, or around 93 million people. Whites are present in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are found in the Southern Brazil and Southeastern Brazil parts of the country....
) - 53.7% of the population
Chile
Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean....
- 30% of the population
Colombia
Colombia

Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean....
- 20% of the population
Costa Rica
Costa Rica

Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the east and south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and south and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
Cuba
Cuba

The Republic of Cuba is a country in the Caribbean. It consists of the island of Cuba , the island of Isla de la Juventud, and several adjacent small islands....
- (White Cuban) 65% of the population
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are List of divided islands, Saint Martin being the other....
- 16% of the population
Ecuador
Ecuador

Ecuador , officially the , literally, "Republic of the equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west....
- 7% of the population
El Salvador
El Salvador

El Salvador is the smallest country in the Americas and Central America by size, and the most densely populated nation in Central America. It borders on the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras....
- 9% of the population
French Guiana
French Guiana

French Guiana is an overseas department of France, located on the northern coast of South America. Like the other Overseas departments, French Guiana is also an overseas region of France, one of the 26 regions of France, and is an integral part of the French Republic....
- 12% of the population
Martinique
Martinique

Martinique is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1,128 km?. It is an overseas department of France. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia....
- 5% of the population
Nicaragua
Nicaragua

Nicaragua officially the Republic of Nicaragua , is a representative democracy republic. It is the largest state in Central America with an area of 130,000 km2, about the size of the state of New York....
- 17% of the population
Panama
Panama

Panama, officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America and, in turn, North America. Situated on an isthmus connecting North and South America, some categorize it as a transcontinental nation....
10% of the population
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is a Autonomy Territories of the United States of the United States located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands....
approx. 80% of the population
Peru
Peru

Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
- 15 % of the population
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an island country in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles....
Venezuela
Venezuela

Venezuela , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a country on the northern coast of South America.The country comprises a continental mainland and numerous islands located off the Venezuelan coastline in the Caribbean Sea....
- 20 % of the population
Uruguay
Uruguay

Uruguay is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.46 million people, of whom 1.7 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area....
- 88% of the population
Saint Barthélemy
Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located from the coast of Argentina, west of the Shag Rocks , and north of the British Antarctic Territory ....

Oceania
Oceania

Oceania is a geography, often geopolitics, region consisting of numerous lands—mostly islands in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. The term "Oceania" was coined in 1831 by French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville....
(see Europeans in Oceania
Europeans in Oceania

European exploration and settlement of Oceania began in the 16th Century, starting with Spanish people landings and shipwrecks in the Marianas Islands, east of the Philippines....
)
Australia
Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
- 89.3% of the population
New Zealand
New Zealand

New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous Islands of New Zealand, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands....
(New Zealand European
New Zealand European

The term New Zealand European refers to New Zealand residents of European ethnic groups descent who identify as New Zealand Europeans rather than some more specific European group....
) - 78% of the population
New Caledonia
New Caledonia

New Caledonia , is a "sui generis collectivity" of France located in the subregion of Melanesia in the Oceania. It comprises a main island , the Loyalty Islands, and several smaller islands....
(Caldoche
Caldoche

Caldoche is the name given to Europe inhabitants of the France French overseas territory of New Caledonia. The formal name to refer to this particular population is Cal?doniens, short for the very formal N?o-Cal?doniens, however this autonym technically includes all inhabitants of the New Caledonian archipelago, not just the Caldoche...
) - 34.5% of the population
French Polynesia
French Polynesia

French Polynesia is a France overseas collectivity in the southern Pacific Ocean. It is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands, the most famous island being Tahiti in the Society Islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory ....
- 10% of the population
Hawaii
Hawaii

File:Pahoehoe and Aa flows at Hawaii.jpgThe State of Hawaii is a U.S. state in the United States, located on an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of Australia....
- 41.26% of the population
Guam
Guam

Guam , officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized, unincorporated insular area of the United States....
- 6.9% of the population
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island

Norfolk Island is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. It and two neighbouring islands form one of Australia's external Territory ....

National diasporas:
Bibliography

Marcus Banks, Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions, Routledge (1996).
Cole, J. W., Wolf, E. R., The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, University of California Press; (1999), ISBN 978-0520216815.
Dow, R. R., Bockhorn, O., The Study of European Ethnology in Austria, Progress in European Ethnology, Ashgate Publishing (2004), ISBN 978-0754617471. *Jordan, T. G., The European culture area: A systematic geography (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row (1988).
*
part I: Europe, pp. 1-100.
E. J. Hobsbawm and David J. Kertzer, "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today", Anthropology Today, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 3-8.
Panikos Panayi, Outsiders: A History of European Minorities (London: Hambledon Press, 1999)*
Parman, S. (ed.), Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, Prentice Hall (1998).**

See also

Demography of Europe
Languages of Europe
Languages of Europe

Most of the many languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European languages language family. Another major family is the Finno-Ugric languages. The Turkic languages family also has several European members....
Eurolinguistics
Eurolinguistics

Eurolinguistics is a comparatively young branch of linguistics which deals with questions on the languages of Europe. However, Europe is not defined in a unanimous way....
Federal Union of European Nationalities
Federal Union of European Nationalities

The Federal Union of European Nationalities is an international nongovernmental organization established in 1949 in conjunction with the formation of the Council of Europe....
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

In February 1995, 22 member States of the Council of Europe, signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .The Council of Europe first discussed according specific protection for national minorites in 1949, but it was not until 1990 that the Council of Europe made a firm commitment to protect these minority gro...
Pan-European identity
Pan-European identity

Pan-European identity refers to the sense of personal identification with Europe. The most concrete example of pan-europeanism is the European Union ....
Genetic history of Europe
Genetic history of Europe

The genetic history of Europe can be inferred by observing the patterns of genetic diversity across the continent and comparing them with the patterns on the adjacent land masses....
Caucasoid
White people
White people

White people is a term which is usually used to refer to Human characterized, at least in part, by the light Human skin color. It often refers narrowly to people claiming ancestry exclusively from Europe....
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Peoples of the Caucasus
List of ethnic groups
List of ethnic groups

The following is a list of lists of ethnic groups:...
Nomadic peoples of Europe
Nomadic peoples of Europe

In Europe the settled lifestyle has long been the norm, but some small nomadic communities exist or have existed recently....

External links

Ron Balsdon,
, Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) and the Youth of European Nationalities (YEN).