European Pressurized Reactor - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Generation III reactor

A generation III reactor is a development of any of the generation II nuclear reactor designs incorporating evolutionary improvements in design developed during the lifetime of the generation II reactor designs...

pressurized water reactor

Pressurized water reactor

Pressurized water reactors constitute a large majority of all western nuclear power plants and are one of three types of light water reactor , the other types being boiling water reactors and supercritical water reactors...

(PWR) design. It has been designed and developed mainly by Framatome (now Areva NP

Areva

AREVA is a French public multinational industrial conglomerate headquartered in the Tour Areva in Courbevoie, Paris. AREVA is mainly known for nuclear power; it also has interests in other energy projects. It was created on 3 September 2001, by the merger of Framatome , Cogema and...

), Electricité de France

Électricité de France

Électricité de France S.A. is the second largest French utility company. Headquartered in Paris, France, with €65.2 billion in revenues in 2010, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of 120,000+ megawatts of generation capacity in Europe, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa.EDF is one of...

(EDF) in France, and Siemens AG

Siemens AG

Siemens AG is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich, Germany. It is the largest Europe-based electronics and electrical engineering company....

in Germany. This reactor design was called in Europe European Pressurized Reactor, and the internationalized name of this reactor is Evolutionary Power Reactor, but is now simply named EPR by Areva.

, four EPR units are under construction. The first two, in Finland and France, are both facing costly construction delays. This is anticipated to some degree. French experience indicates first of a kind

FOAK

FOAK is an abbreviation for First of a Kind. It is used in engineering economics where the first item or generation of items using a new technology or design can cost significantly more than later items or generations....

plants will have higher cost and longer construction time. Construction commenced on two additional Chinese

People's Republic of China

China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...

units in 2009 and 2010. The Chinese constructions are ahead or on schedule.

Design

The main design objectives of the generation III EPR design are increased safety while providing enhanced economic competitiveness through improvements to previous PWR designs scaled up to an electrical power output of around 1650 MWe

MWE

MWE may refer to:*Manufacturer's Weight Empty*McDermott Will & Emery*Midwest Express, an airline*Merowe Airport - IATA code*Multiword expressionMWe may refer to:*Megawatt electrical...

(net) with thermal power 4500 MWt. The reactor can use 5% enriched uranium oxide

Enriched uranium

Enriched uranium is a kind of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight...

fuel, reprocessed uranium

Reprocessed uranium

Reprocessed uranium is the uranium recovered from nuclear reprocessing, as done commercially in France, the UK and Japan and by nuclear weapons states' military plutonium production programs. This uranium actually makes up the bulk of the material separated during reprocessing...

fuel and 100% mixed uranium plutonium oxide

MOX fuel

Mixed oxide fuel, commonly referred to as MOX fuel, is nuclear fuel that contains more than one oxide of fissile material. MOX fuel contains plutonium blended with natural uranium, reprocessed uranium, or depleted uranium. MOX fuel is an alternative to the low-enriched uranium fuel used in the...

fuel. The EPR is the evolutionary descendant of the Framatome N4 and Siemens Power Generation Division

Siemens AG

Siemens AG is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich, Germany. It is the largest Europe-based electronics and electrical engineering company....

KONVOI reactors.

The EPR design has several active and passive protection measures against accidents:

Four independent emergency cooling systems, providing the required cooling of the decay heat
Decay heat
Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay. This is when the radiation interacts with materials: the energy of the alpha, beta or gamma radiation is converted into the thermal movement of atoms.-Natural occurrence:...

that continues for 1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown (i.e. 300% redundancy)
Leaktight containment around the reactor
An extra container and cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor (see containment building
Containment building
A containment building, in its most common usage, is a steel or reinforced concrete structure enclosing a nuclear reactor. It is designed, in any emergency, to contain the escape of radiation to a maximum pressure in the range of 60 to 200 psi...

)
Two-layer concrete wall with total thickness 2.6 meters, designed to withstand impact by aeroplanes and internal overpressure

The EPR has a design maximum core damage frequency

Core damage frequency

Core damage frequency is a term used in probabilistic risk assessment that indicates the likelihood of an accident that would cause damage to a nuclear reactor core. Core damage accidents are considered serious because damage to the core may prevent control of the nuclear reaction, which can lead...

of 6.1 × 10⁻⁷ per plant per year.

The Union of Concerned Scientists

Union of Concerned Scientists

The Union of Concerned Scientists is a nonprofit science advocacy group based in the United States. The UCS membership includes many private citizens in addition to professional scientists. James J...

has referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "...appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors."

On November 4, 2009, the nuclear power regulatory authorities in France, Finland and the United Kingdom issued a joint letter to Areva, citing serious problems with the EPR's digital Instrumentation and Control systems (I&C). The letter stated:

"The issue is primarily around ensuring the adequacy of the safety systems (those used to maintain control of the plant if it goes outside normal conditions), and their independence from the control systems (those used to operate the plant under normal conditions).

Independence is important because, if a safety system provides protection against the failure of a control system, then they should not fail together. The EPR design, as originally proposed by the licensees and the manufacturer, AREVA, doesn’t comply with the independence principle, as there is a very high degree of complex interconnectivity between the control and safety systems."

Olkiluoto 3 (Areva's first plant)

The construction of the Olkiluoto 3 power plant in Finland commenced in August 2005. It was initially scheduled to go online in 2009, but the project has suffered many delays, and operation is now expected to start in 2013. It is still expected to be the first EPR reactor built in the world. The construction is a joint effort of French Areva

Areva

and German Siemens AG

Siemens AG

Siemens AG is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Munich, Germany. It is the largest Europe-based electronics and electrical engineering company....

through their common subsidiary Areva NP, for Finnish operator TVO

Teollisuuden Voima

Teollisuuden Voima Oyj is a Finnish nuclear power company owned by a consortium of power and industrial companies. The biggest shareholders are Pohjolan Voima and Fortum...

. Initial cost estimates were about €

Euro

The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 17 of the 27 member states of the European Union. It is also the currency used by the Institutions of the European Union. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,...

3.7 billion, but there were additional cost overruns of €

Euro

2.7 billion at June 2010. The plant will have an electrical power output of 1600 MWe

MWE

MWE may refer to:*Manufacturer's Weight Empty*McDermott Will & Emery*Midwest Express, an airline*Merowe Airport - IATA code*Multiword expressionMWe may refer to:*Megawatt electrical...

(net).

Progress

In May 2006 construction delays of about one year were announced, following quality control problems across the construction. In part the delays were due to the lack of oversight of subcontractors inexperienced in nuclear construction. The delays led to disappointing financial results for the Areva NP. It blamed delays on the Finnish approach to approving technical documentation and designs.

In December 2006 TVO announced construction was about 18 months behind schedule so completion was now expected 2010–11, and there were reports that Areva was preparing to take a €

Euro

500 million charge on its accounts for the delay.

At the end of June 2007 it was reported that Säteilyturvakeskus, the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, had found a number of safety-related design and manufacturing 'deficiencies'. In August 2007 a further construction delay of up to a year was reported associated with construction problems in reinforcing the reactor building to withstand an airplane crash, and the timely supply of adequate documentation to the Finnish authorities.

In September 2007 TVO reported the construction delay as "at least two years" and costs more than 25% over budget. Cost estimates by analysts for the over-run range up to €

Euro

1.5 billion.

A further delay was announced in October 2008, making the total delay three years, giving an expected online date of 2012. The parties are in arbitration to resolve a dispute over responsibility for the delays and final cost overruns.

, the plant was at least three and a half years behind schedule and more than 50 percent over-budget. Areva

Areva

and the utility involved "are in bitter dispute over who will bear the cost overruns and there is a real risk now that the utility will default". In August 2009 Areva announced €

Euro

550 million additional provisions for the build, taking plant costs to €

Euro

5.3 billion, and wiped out interim operating profits for the first half year of 2009.

The dome of the containment structure was topped out in September 2009. 90% of procurement, 80% of engineering works and 73% of civil works were completed.

In June 2010 Areva announced €

Euro

400 million of further provisions, taking the cost overrun to €

Euro

2.7 billion. The timescale slipped to the end of 2012 from June 2012, with operation set to start in 2013.

Flamanville 3 (EDF's first plant)

First concrete was poured for the demonstration EPR reactor at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant

Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant

The Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant is located at Flamanville, Manche, France on the Cotentin Peninsula.It houses two pressurized water reactors that produce 1300 MWe each and came into service in 1986 and 1987, respectively. It produced 18.9 TWh in 2005, which amounted to 4% of the electricity...

on December 6, 2007. This will be the third unit on the site and the second EPR ever constructed. Electrical output will be 1630 MWe (net) and the project involves around € 3.3 billion of capital expenditure from EdF

EDF

- Military :* Elmendorf Air Force Base, a United States Air Force Base in Alaska* Estonian Defence Forces, military of the Republic of Estonia* European Defence Force, an international military force by the European Council- Organizations :...

. The following is a condensed timeline for the unit:

From October 19, 2005 to February 18, 2006 the project was submitted to a national public debate.
On May 4, 2006 the decision was made by EDF's Board of Directors to continue with the construction.
Between June 15 and July 31, 2006 the unit underwent a public enquiry, which rendered a "favorable opinion" on the project.
In Summer 2006 site preparation works began.
In December 2007 construction of the unit itself began. This is expected to last 54 months.
In May 2009 Professor Stephen Thomas
Stephen Thomas (professor)
Stephen Thomas is a professor at the University of Greenwich Business School, working in the area of energy policy. Before moving to the University of Greenwich in 2001, Thomas worked for 22 years at the University of Sussex.-Research work:...

reported that after 18 months of construction and after a series of quality control problems, the project is "more than 20 percent over budget and EDF is struggling to keep it on schedule".
In 2010 EDF announced that costs had increased 50% to € 5 billion, and commissioning was delayed by about two years to 2014.
In July 2011 EDF announced that the estimated costs have escalated to €6 billion and that completion of construction is delayed to 2016

Protests

On March 17, 2007 simultaneous protests were staged by Sortir du nucléaire
Sortir du nucléaire (France)
Sortir du nucléaire is a French federation of about 800 anti-nuclear groups.Founded in 1997 as a result of the success of the struggle against the Superphénix, the organisation regularly campaigns against the use of nuclear power in France and in the world.In September 2007, Sortir du nucléaire...

in five French towns to protest construction of EPR plants; Rennes
Rennes
Rennes is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.-History:...

, Lyon
Lyon
Lyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais....

, Toulouse
Toulouse
Toulouse is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern FranceIt lies on the banks of the River Garonne, 590 km away from Paris and half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea...

, Lille
Lille
Lille is a city in northern France . It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium...

, and Strasbourg
Strasbourg
Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking,...

.
On April 26, 2007 (the 21st anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster
Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine , which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities in Moscow...

) around 30 protesters blocked entrances and chained themselves to cranes at the EPR site in Flamanville
Flamanville, Manche
Flamanville is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France.- Port :The port of Flamanville, in the northern part of the commune, is known as Diélette...

, some remaining on the site for 24 hours. A truck was also parked in front of the entrance to block its access.
In november 2011 EDF was condemned in court for hacking Greenpeace computers during the 2006 public debat.

Progress

In April 2008 the French nuclear safety agency (Autorité de sûreté nucléaire, ASN) reported that a quarter of the welds inspected in the secondary containment steel liner are not in accordance with norms, and that cracks have been found in the concrete base. EDF stated that progress is being made on these issues raised very early in construction, however on 21 May ASN ordered a suspension of concrete pouring on the site. A month later concreting work resumed after ASN accepted EDF's corrective action plan which included external oversight checks.

In August 2010 the regulator, ASN, reported further welding problems on the secondary containment steel liner.

Taishan 1 & 2

In 2006, there was a bidding in process to build four new EPR reactors in China, Areva SA lost this bid in favor Westinghouse Electric Company

Westinghouse Electric Company

Westinghouse Electric Company LLC is a nuclear power company, offering a wide range of nuclear products and services to utilities throughout the world, including nuclear fuel, service and maintenance, instrumentation and control and advanced nuclear plant designs...

to build four AP1000 reactors, because of its refusal to transfer the expertise and knowledge to China.
In February 2007 Areva won another deal, worth about €

Euro

5 billion, for two other nuclear reactors located in Taishan

Taishan Nuclear Power Plant

Two units at the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant are under construction in Chixizhen, Taishan, Guangdong province, China.It is planned to go online in 2013 and will be the third site to house Areva's 1,700 megawatt European Pressurized Reactor units.The project is owned by Guangdong Taishan...

, Guangdong Province

Guangdong

Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...

in southern China in spite of sticking to its previous conditions. The local partner for this project is the China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company.
In November 2007, French president Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Sarkozy is the 23rd and current President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra. He assumed the office on 16 May 2007 after defeating the Socialist Party candidate Ségolène Royal 10 days earlier....

signed a $12 billion deal that will allow the third and fourth EPR units to be constructed in China.

Progress

The construction of the first reactor at Taishan

Taishan Nuclear Power Plant

started officially on 18 November 2009, and the second on 15 April 2010.
Construction of each unit is planned to take 46 months, significantly faster and cheaper than the first two EPRs in Finland and France.

France

In July 2008 the French President announced a second EPR would be built in France due to high oil and gas prices. Penly

Penly Nuclear Power Plant

The Penly Nuclear power station is found some northeast of Dieppe. It lies on the border of two French municipalities: Penly and Saint-Martin-en-Campagne in the département of Seine-Maritime, Normandy, on the English Channel coast.-Data:...

was chosen as the site in 2009, with construction planned to start in 2012. However in 2011, following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

The is a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011. The plant comprises six separate boiling water reactors originally designed by General Electric ,...

, EdF postponed public consultations putting in doubt the 2012 construction start date.

United Kingdom

The EPR is one of two reactors undergoing Generic Design Assessment by the Health and Safety Executive

Health and Safety Executive

The Health and Safety Executive is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom. It is the body responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for research into occupational risks in England and Wales and Scotland...

, along with the Westinghouse AP1000. The 4th GDA report was expected to be released in June 2011 with possible interim Design Acceptance Confirmations. Any such interim Design Acceptance Confirmations have been postponed until recent learnings from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

has been taken into account.

UK plans to introduce a carbon floor tax which will increase the cost for using fossil energy. Building new nuclear power capacity based on AP1000 and EPR has attracted interest from many continental electric utilities.

EDF bought British Energy

British Energy

British Energy was the UK's largest electricity generation company by volume, before being taken over by Électricité de France in 2009. British Energy operated eight former UK state-owned nuclear power stations and one coal fired power station....

in 2009. EDF want to build 4 new EPRs
Horizon Nuclear Power

Horizon Nuclear Power

Horizon Nuclear Power is a British energy company expecting to build new nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom. It is an E.ON UK and RWE npower joint venture, established in 2009, with its head office in Gloucester....

is planning to build 6,000MWe based on AP1000, EPR or a combination of both types.
NuGeneration also want to build new nuclear power, possibly 2 EPRs or 3 AP1000s.

Areva has been signing a strategic partnership with Rolls Royce

Rolls-Royce plc

Rolls-Royce Group plc is a global power systems company headquartered in the City of Westminster, London, United Kingdom. It is the world’s second-largest maker of aircraft engines , and also has major businesses in the marine propulsion and energy sectors. Through its defence-related activities...

to support the build of EPRs.

Finland

In 2010 the Finnish parliament decided to allow two new reactors. Both TVO

Teollisuuden Voima

Teollisuuden Voima Oyj is a Finnish nuclear power company owned by a consortium of power and industrial companies. The biggest shareholders are Pohjolan Voima and Fortum...

and Fennovoima

Fennovoima

Fennovoima Ltd is a Finnish nuclear power company owned by E.ON and a consortium of Finnish power and industrial companies. E.ON Kärnkraft Finland owns 34% of Fennovoima and Voimaosakeyhtiö SF owns 66%. Voimaosakeyhtiö SF has 69 shareholders....

are considering the EPR.

United States

The US-EPR is one of the competitors for the next generation of nuclear plants in the United States, along with the AP1000 and the ESBWR. It is currently in the Design Certification Application Review process at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is an independent agency of the United States government that was established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 from the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and was first opened January 19, 1975...

(NRC), with expectation to submit an application for final design approval and standard design certification on December 14, 2007. UniStar

Unistar

Unistar, founded in 2005 and formally organized in august 2007, is a joint venture by Constellation Energy and EDF. Unistar is developing four nuclear plants in the United States: Calvert Cliffs 3 in Maryland, Callaway 2 near Fulton , Bell Bend near Berwick and Nine Mile Point 2 near Scriba ....

, Amarillo Power, PPL Corp and AmerenUE announced plans to file a Combined Construction and Operating License

Combined Construction and Operating License

The Combined Construction and Operating License replaced the previous Draft Regulatory Guide 1145 as the licensing process for new nuclear power plants in the United States...

application in 2008 for the US-EPR at its Callaway

Callaway Nuclear Generating Station

The Callaway Plant is a nuclear power plant located on a 5,228-acre site in Callaway County, Missouri, near Fulton, Missouri. It began operating on December 19, 1984. The plant, which is the state's only commercial nuclear unit, has one 1,190-megawatt Westinghouse four-loop pressurized water...

plant. UniStar filed a partial application in July 2007 for a proposed third unit at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant

Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant

The Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant located on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay near Lusby, Calvert County, Maryland.-Overview:...

in Maryland. However, both proposals were subsequently cancelled.

In April 2009, Missouri legislators balked at preconstruction rate increases, prompting AmerenUE to suspend plans for its reactor.

In July 2010, Constellation Energy Group cut spending on UniStar for the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant because of uncertainties for a loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy, and subsequently pulled out of the project.

In October 2008, Areva announced that it will partner with US defense firm Northrop Grumman

Northrop Grumman

Northrop Grumman Corporation is an American global aerospace and defense technology company formed by the 1994 purchase of Grumman by Northrop. The company was the fourth-largest defense contractor in the world as of 2010, and the largest builder of naval vessels. Northrop Grumman employs over...

to establish a US$380 million facility to construct modules and assemblies for the EPR and US-EPR reactors at Northrop Grumman's Newport News Shipyard in Virginia

Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...

.
The project was suspended indefinitely in May 2011http://nuclearstreet.com/nuclear_power_industry_news/b/nuclear_power_news/archive/2011/05/11/areva-halts-construction-of-virginia-reactor-component-plant-051102.aspx

India

In February 2009, NPCIL

Nuclear Power Corporation of India

The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a government-owned corporation of India based in Mumbai. One of the public sector undertakings, it is wholly owned by the Union Government and is responsible for the generation of nuclear power for electricity. NPCIL is administered by the...

Signed MOU with Areva to setup two 1650 MWe reactors at Jaitapur

Jaitapur nuclear power project

Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is a proposed 9900 MW power project of Nuclear Power Corporation of India at Madban village of Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra...

in Maharashtra.

In December 2010, NPCIL signed a framework with Areva for 2 EPRs and 25 years supply or nuclear fuel. The contract and pricing is yet to be finalised. Construction is unlikely to start before 2014 because of regulatory issues and difficulty in sourcing major components from Japan due to India not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to...

.

NPCIL has ambitions to build up to 9900MW at the Jaitapur site, equating to 6 EPRs.

Abu Dhabi

In March 2008, French president Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Sarkozy

reached an agreement with the UAE cabinet that "outlines a cooperation framework for the assessment and possible use of nuclear energy for peaceful ends." This agreement was not a contract for EPR construction by any of the French nuclear companies, Total S.A.

Total S.A.

Total S.A. is a French multinational oil company and one of the six "Supermajor" oil companies in the world.Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and...

, Suez or Areva.

In May 2009, US President Barack Obama

Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.Born in...

signed a similar agreement with the UAE. The deal, which has not yet been ratified by the US Congress, pledges US aid in the development of a civilian nuclear energy program in the UAE. Contracts for reactors were not given, nor was there any guarantee made that US companies would receive them.

In December 2009 the United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates, abbreviated as the UAE, or shortened to "the Emirates", is a state situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman, and Saudi Arabia, and sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Iran.The UAE is a...

declined both the American and French bids and awarded a contract for construction of four non-EPR plants (APR-1400) to a South Korean group including Korea Electric Power Corporation, Hyundai Engineering and Construction

Hyundai Engineering and Construction

Hyundai Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd. is a major construction company in South Korea which has carried out projects not only in Korea but around the world. The company was founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947 as the Hyundai Civil Works Company, and was a major component of the Hyundai Group...

, Samsung

Samsung

The Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea...

and Doosan Heavy Industries.

After losing this order, Areva is considering whether it should reintroduce the marketing of a smaller and simpler second-generation reactor design alongside the EPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power. As of 2011 Areva and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

, or MHI, is a Japanese company. It is one of the core companies of Mitsubishi Group.-History:In 1870 Yataro Iwasaki, the founder of Mitsubishi took a lease of Government-owned Nagasaki Shipyard. He named it Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works, and started the shipbuilding business on a full scale...

offer a smaller 1100MWe ATMEA1

Atmea

Atmea is a joint venture between Mitsubishi and Areva that will develop, market, license and sell a new generation III pressurized water reactor. A memorandum of understanding between the two companies effectively creating the entity was signed October 19, 2006 and the name of the joint venture...

Generation III PWR, although none have been ordered so far.

Italy

On 24 February 2009, Italy and France agreed to study the feasibility of building 4 new nuclear power stations in Italy. Following this, on 3 August 2009, EDF and Enel

Enel

Enel may refer to:*Enel SpA, an Italian electricity company*Enel , a fictional villain in the One Piece manga and anime series*Enel, meaning third in the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, cf. Awakening of the Elves...

established a joint venture, Sviluppo Nucleare Italia, to study the feasibility of building at least four EPRs.

However in the 2011 referendum, soon after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Italians voted to abrogate the new regulations permitting nuclear power in Italy. Abrogation of new laws is put in effect when at least 50%+1 electors make a valid vote and a majority of these voters are in favour of abrogation. In this referendum there was a 55% valid voter turnout

Voter turnout

Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election . After increasing for many decades, there has been a trend of decreasing voter turnout in most established democracies since the 1960s...

and 94% voted to abrogate the new regulations.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

Design

Olkiluoto 3 (Areva's first plant)

Progress

Flamanville 3 (EDF's first plant)

Protests

Progress

Taishan 1 & 2

Progress

France

United Kingdom

Finland

United States

India

Abu Dhabi

Italy

See also

External links