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Eurasian
Eurasian

Eurasian, also Euroasian or Euro-Asian can mean:...
 nomads are a large group of peoples of the Eurasian Steppe
Eurasian Steppe

The Eurasian Steppe is the term often used to describe the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia stretching from the western borders of the steppes of Hungary#Geography to the eastern border of the steppes of Mongolia#Geography and climate, for roughly 5000 km....
. This generic title encompasses the ethnic groups inhabiting the steppe
Steppe

In physical geography, a steppe , pronounced , is a grassland plain without trees . The prairie can be considered a steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with Poaceae or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude....
s of Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
, Mongolia
Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and People's Republic of China to the south, east and west....
, and Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i...
. They domesticated the horse
Domestication of the horse

There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Although horses appeared in Paleolithic cave art as early as 30,000 BC, these were truly wild horses and were probably hunted for meat....
, and their economy and culture emphasizes horse breeding
Horse breeding

Horse breeding refers to reproduction in horses, and particularly the human-directed process of selective breeding of animals, particularly purebred horses of a given list of horse breeds....
 and horse riding. They developed the chariot
Chariot

The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples. Chariots were built in Mesopotamia by the Mesopotamians as early as 3000 BC and in China during the 2nd millennium BC....
, cavalry
Cavalry

The Cavalry is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat, it represents the mobility and offensive power of the armed forces....
, and horse archery, introducing innovations such as the bridle
Bridle

A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct a horse. As defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, the "bridle" includes both the headstall that holds a Bit that goes in the mouth of a horse, and the reins that are attached to the bit....
, bit
Horse tack

Tack is a term used to describe any of the various equipment and accessories worn by horses in the course of their use as domestication of the horse animals....
, and stirrup
Stirrup

The stirrup is a ring with a flat bottom fixed on a leather strap, usually hung from each side of a saddle by an adjustable strap to create a footrest for a person using a riding animal , used as a support for the foot of a rider when seated in the saddle and as an aid in mounting....
, and often appear in history as invaders of Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
, Anatolia
Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
, and China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
. Horse people is a generalized and somewhat obsolete term for such nomads.

The Roman army
Roman army

The Roman Army was employed by the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire, as part of the Roman military. Its most important infantry constituent for much of its history was the Roman legion....
 hired Sarmatians as elite cavalrymen.






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Eurasian
Eurasian

Eurasian, also Euroasian or Euro-Asian can mean:...
 nomads are a large group of peoples of the Eurasian Steppe
Eurasian Steppe

The Eurasian Steppe is the term often used to describe the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia stretching from the western borders of the steppes of Hungary#Geography to the eastern border of the steppes of Mongolia#Geography and climate, for roughly 5000 km....
. This generic title encompasses the ethnic groups inhabiting the steppe
Steppe

In physical geography, a steppe , pronounced , is a grassland plain without trees . The prairie can be considered a steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with Poaceae or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude....
s of Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
, Mongolia
Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and People's Republic of China to the south, east and west....
, and Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i...
. They domesticated the horse
Domestication of the horse

There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Although horses appeared in Paleolithic cave art as early as 30,000 BC, these were truly wild horses and were probably hunted for meat....
, and their economy and culture emphasizes horse breeding
Horse breeding

Horse breeding refers to reproduction in horses, and particularly the human-directed process of selective breeding of animals, particularly purebred horses of a given list of horse breeds....
 and horse riding. They developed the chariot
Chariot

The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples. Chariots were built in Mesopotamia by the Mesopotamians as early as 3000 BC and in China during the 2nd millennium BC....
, cavalry
Cavalry

The Cavalry is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat, it represents the mobility and offensive power of the armed forces....
, and horse archery, introducing innovations such as the bridle
Bridle

A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct a horse. As defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, the "bridle" includes both the headstall that holds a Bit that goes in the mouth of a horse, and the reins that are attached to the bit....
, bit
Horse tack

Tack is a term used to describe any of the various equipment and accessories worn by horses in the course of their use as domestication of the horse animals....
, and stirrup
Stirrup

The stirrup is a ring with a flat bottom fixed on a leather strap, usually hung from each side of a saddle by an adjustable strap to create a footrest for a person using a riding animal , used as a support for the foot of a rider when seated in the saddle and as an aid in mounting....
, and often appear in history as invaders of Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
, Anatolia
Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
, and China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
. Horse people is a generalized and somewhat obsolete term for such nomads.

The Roman army
Roman army

The Roman Army was employed by the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire, as part of the Roman military. Its most important infantry constituent for much of its history was the Roman legion....
 hired Sarmatians as elite cavalrymen. Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
 was exposed to several waves of invasions by horse people, from the Cimmerians
Cimmerians

The Cimmerians or Kimmerians were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Ukraine and Russia, in the 8th century BC and 7th century BC....
 in the 8th century BC, down to the Migration period
Migration Period

The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or V?lkerwanderung , was a period of human migration which occurred within the period of roughly 300?700 Common Era in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages....
, and the Mongols
Mongols

The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
 and Seljuks in the High Middle Ages
High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages was the periodization of history of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries . The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500....
, and the Kalmuks and the Kazakh
Kazakh

Kazakh may refer to:*Kazakhs, an ethnic group*Kazakh language*Kazakh cuisine*Kazakhstan*Culture of Kazakhstan*Qazakh Rayon, Azerbaijan*Qazax, Azerbaijan...
s down into modern times. The earliest example of an invasion by a horse people may have been by the Proto-Indo-Europeans
Proto-Indo-Europeans

The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, and likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, or possibly earlier, during the Neolithic or Paleolithic eras....
 themselves, following the domestication of the horse
Domestication of the horse

There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Although horses appeared in Paleolithic cave art as early as 30,000 BC, these were truly wild horses and were probably hunted for meat....
 in the 4th millennium BC (see Kurgan hypothesis
Kurgan hypothesis

The Kurgan hypothesis is one of the proposals about early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language....
). Cimmerian is the first invasion of equestrian steppe nomads that we can grasp from historical sources.

The concept of "horse people" was of some importance in 19th century scholarship, in connection with the rediscovery of Germanic pagan
Germanic paganism

Germanic paganism refers to the religion beliefs of the Germanic peoples preceding Christianization. The best documented version of the Germanic pagan religions is 10th and 11th century Norse paganism, though other information can be found from Anglo-Saxon paganism and Continental Germanic mythology....
 culture by Romanticism
Romanticism

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution....
 (see Viking revival
Viking revival

The Viking revival was an increase in popular and scholarly interest in and enthusiasm for the history and culture of the Vikings and other Norsemen of the Viking Age....
), which idealized the Goths
Goths

The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
 in particular as a heroic horse-people. J. R. R. Tolkien
J. R. R. Tolkien

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Order of the British Empire was an English people English literature, poetry, Philology, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion....
's Rohirrim
Rohirrim

In J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, the Rohirrim were a horse people, settling in the land of Rohan, named after them. The name is Sindarin for People of the Horse-lords and was mostly used by outsiders: the name they had for themselves was Eorlingas, after their king Eorl the Young who had first brought them to Rohan....
 may be seen as an idealized Germanic people influenced by these romantic notions.

They can be divided into several large groups, on linguistic grounds:

  • Indo-European
    Proto-Indo-Europeans

    The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, and likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, or possibly earlier, during the Neolithic or Paleolithic eras....
    • Proto-Indo-Europeans
      Proto-Indo-Europeans

      The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, and likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, or possibly earlier, during the Neolithic or Paleolithic eras....
       (Chalcolithic/Bronze Age)
    • Indo-Iranians
      Indo-Iranians

      Indo-Iranian people consist of the Indo-Aryans, Iranian people, Dard people and Nuristani people, that is, speakers of Indo-Iranian languages....
       (Bronze Age/Iron Age)
      • Indo-Aryans
        Indo-Aryans

        Indo-Aryan is an ethno-linguistic term referring to the wide collection of peoples united as native speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages of the family of Indo-European languages....
      • Iranians
        Iranians

        Iranians may refer to:*the inhabitants and/or citizens of the country of Iran, see Demographics of Iran*speakers of Iranian languages, see Iranian peoples...
  • Altaic
    • Mongols
      Mongols

      The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
    • Tungusic
      Tungusic languages

      The Tungusic languages are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Although it is a very debated subject, many linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages language phylum, which, if it actually exists as a genetic entity, also includes the Turkic languages and Mongolic languages language families....
    • Turkic
      Turkic peoples

      The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....
  • Uralic
    Uralic languages

    The Uralic languages constitute a language families of 39 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian language, Finnish language, Estonian language, Mari language and Udmurt language....
    • Ugric
      Ugric languages

      Ugric or Ugrian languages are a branch of the Finno-Ugric languages language family. The term derives from Yugra.They include three languages: Hungarian language , and the Ob-Ugric languages, Khanty language and Mansi language ....
       (Magyar
      Hungarian people

      Hungarians are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 10 million Magyars in Hungary . Hungarians were the main inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary that existed through most of the second millennium....
      )
    • Finnic
      Finnic peoples

      Finnic peoples are a historical linguistics group of peoples that speak Finnic languages: Baltic Finns, who live near the Baltic Sea, Volga Finns, who live near the Volga River, the Permians, who live in north-central Russia....


Chronological list:
  • Iron Age
    Iron Age

    In archaeology, the Iron Age was the stage in the development of any people in which tools and weapons whose main ingredient was iron were prominent....
    /Classical Antiquity
    Classical antiquity

    Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome....
    • Cimmerians
      Cimmerians

      The Cimmerians or Kimmerians were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Ukraine and Russia, in the 8th century BC and 7th century BC....
       | Issedones
      Issedones

      The Issedones were an ancient people of Central Asia at the end of the trade route leading north-east from Scythia, described in the lost Arimaspeia of Aristeas, by Herodotus in his History and by Ptolemy in his Geography....
       / Wusun
      Wusun

      The Wusun were a nomadic steppe people who, according to the Chinese histories, originally lived to the northwest of China near the Yuezhi people but fled circa 176 BCE to the region of the Ili river and Issyk Kul and formed a powerful force there after being defeated by the Xiongnu where they remained for at least five centuries....
       | Parthians / Parni
      Parni

      The Parni were an "Eastern Iranian language people" of the Ochos/Ochus River valley, south-east of the Caspian Sea. The Parni were one of the three tribes of the Dahae confederacy....
       | Saka
      Saka

      The Sakas or Sacae were a population of Central Asian nomadic tribes speaking an eastern Iranian languages language....
       / Issedones
      Issedones

      The Issedones were an ancient people of Central Asia at the end of the trade route leading north-east from Scythia, described in the lost Arimaspeia of Aristeas, by Herodotus in his History and by Ptolemy in his Geography....
       / Massagetae
      Massagetae

      The Massageteans or Massagetaeans were an Ancient Iranian peoples of antiquity known primarily from the writings of Herodotus. Their name was probably akin to Getae and Thyssagetae....
       / Scythians / Sarmatians
      Sarmatians

      The Sarmatians, Sarmat? or Sauromat? were a people of Ancient Iranian peoples origin. Mentioned by Classics authors, they migrated from Central Asia to the Ural Mountains around fifth century B.C....
       | Sigynnae
      Sigynnae

      The Sigynnae were an obscure people of antiquity. They are variously located by ancient authors.According to Herodotus , they dwelt beyond the Danube, and their frontiers extended almost as far as the Adriatic Veneti on the Adriatic....
       | Yuezhi
      Yuezhi

      The Yuezhi or Rouzhi , also known as the Da Yuezhi or Da Rouzhi , were an ancient Central Asian people.They are believed by most scholars to have been an Indo-European people, and may have been the same as or closely related to the Tocharians of Classical sources....
        / Hephthalite
      Hephthalite

      The Hephthalites or White Huns were a Central Asian nomadic confederation whose precise origins and composition remain obscure. They were called Ephthalites by the Huns, and Hunas by the Indian subcontinent....
      s


  • Migration period
    Migration Period

    The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or V?lkerwanderung , was a period of human migration which occurred within the period of roughly 300?700 Common Era in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages....
    • Alans
      Alans

      The Alans or Alani were a group among the Sarmatians people, Eurasian nomads of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian language and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian language....
       | Avars
      Eurasian Avars

      The 'Avars' were a highly organized and powerful Turkic confederation. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit retinue of nomad warriors, an organization characteristic of Turkic peoples groups....
       | Gepids | Goths
      Goths

      The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
       | Huns
      Huns

      The Huns were a confederation of Central Asian Eurasian nomads or semi-nomads, who had established an empire in Eurasia. The Huns may have stimulated the Migration Period, a contributing factor in the collapse of the Roman Empire....
       | Rugians
      Rugians

      The Rugii were an East Germanic tribe whose ultimate origins have been traced to Rogaland in Norway, whose population probably was the Rugii that Jordanes mentioned as a tribe that still remained in Scandza....
       | Xiongnu
      Xiongnu

      The Xiongnu were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes. They lived on the steppes north of China, and appear in Chinese sources from the 3rd century BC as controlling an empire stretching beyond the borders of modern day Mongolia....


  • Middle Ages
    Middle Ages

    File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
    • Bashkirs
      Bashkirs

      The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. Some Bashkirs also live in the republic of Tatarstan, as well as in Perm Krai and Chelyabinsk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Samara Oblast, and Saratov Oblasts of Russia....
       | Burtas
      Burtas

      Burtas or Bortas were a tribe of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation inhabiting the steppe region north of the Caspian Sea in medieval times ....
       | Bulgar
      Bulgar

      Bulgar may refer to:*Bulgars, an ancient group of peoples from Central Asia*Bulgar language, the extinct language of the Bulgars*Bulgarians, a contemporary nation in Eastern Europe...
      s | Jurchen
      Jurchen

      Jurchen may refer to:* Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century* Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people...
       | Kalmuks | Khazars
      Khazars

      The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who dominated the Pontic steppe and the North Caucasus from the 7th to the 10th century CE. The name 'Khazar' seems to be tied to a Turkic languages verb form meaning "wandering"....
       | Kimaks | Kipchaks
      Kipchaks

      Kipchaks were an ancient Turkic people who originally formed part of the group of Kimek in Siberia along the middle reaches of Irtysh or along the Ob....
       | Magyars | Mongols
      Mongols

      The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
       | Nogai
      Nogai

      The term Nogai can refer to more than one thing:* Nogai Khan was a de facto ruler of the Golden Horde.* Nogai Horde was a Turkic state which split from the Golden Horde in late 1400s....
      s | Petchenegs | Seljuks | Slavs | Tartars


  • Modern times
    • Kalmuks | Kazakhs
      Kazakhs

      The Kazakhs are a Turkic peoples of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
       | Kyrgyz
      Kyrgyz

      The Kyrgyz are a Turkic peoples ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan....
       | Qaraqalpaqs


Bibliography

  • Amitai, Reuven; Biran, Michal (editors). Mongols, Turks, and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world (Brill's Inner Asian Library, 11). Leiden: Brill
    Brill Publishers

    Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is an international academic publisher and is listed on Euronext, Amsterdam. With offices in Leiden and Boston , Brill today publishes more than 100 journals and around 500 new books and reference works each year....
    , 2005 (ISBN 90-04-14096-4).
  • Drews, Robert. Early riders: The beginnings of mounted warfare in Asia and Europe. N.Y.: Routledge, 2004 (ISBN 0-415-32624-9).
  • Golden, Peter B. Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs (Variorum Collected Studies). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003 (ISBN 0-86078-885-7).
  • Hildinger, Erik. Warriors of the steppe: A military history of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700. New York: Sarpedon Publishers, 1997 (hardcover, ISBN 1-885119-43-7); Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2001(paperback, ISBN 0-306-81065-4).
  • Kradin, Nikolay
    Nikolay Kradin

    Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin is a Russian anthropologist and archaeologist. Since 1985 he has been a Research Fellow of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Vladivostok....
    . Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective. In Alternatives of Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotayev, Dmitri Bondarenko
    Dmitri Bondarenko

    Dmitri Bondarenko is a Russia anthropologist, historian, and Africanist. He is Vice-Director of the Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Curator of this Institute's Centers of History and Cultural Anthropology and of Tropical African Studies, Full Professor of the Center of Social Anthropology, Russian State University...
    , V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 274-288). Vladivostok
    Vladivostok

    File:vladivostokrussia.jpgVladivostok is Russia's largest port types of inhabited localities in Russia on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai....
    : Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by Leonid Grinin
    Leonid Grinin

    Leonid Grinin is a philosophy of history and sociologist.Born in Kamyshin , Grinin attended Volgograd Pedagogical University, where he got an Master's degree in 1980....
     et al. (?. 501-524). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004.
  • Kradin, Nikolay N. 2002. .
  • Kradin, Nikolay N. 2003. Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, Dmitri Bondarenko
    Dmitri Bondarenko

    Dmitri Bondarenko is a Russia anthropologist, historian, and Africanist. He is Vice-Director of the Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Curator of this Institute's Centers of History and Cultural Anthropology and of Tropical African Studies, Full Professor of the Center of Social Anthropology, Russian State University...
    , and T. Barfield
    Barfield

    Barfield is a surname, and may refer to:* Doug Barfield* Jesse Barfield* Josh Barfield* Owen Barfield* Ron Barfield* Velma Barfield* Warren Barfield...
     (p. 73-87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
    Russian Academy of Sciences

    The Russian Academy of Sciences consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation as well as auxiliary scientific and social units like libraries, publishers and hospitals....
    .
  • Kradin, Nikolay N. 2006. .
  • Littauer, Mary A.; Crouwel, Joost H.; Raulwing, Peter (Editor). Selected writings on chariots and other early vehicles, riding and harness (Culture and history of the ancient Near East, 6). Leiden: Brill
    Brill Publishers

    Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is an international academic publisher and is listed on Euronext, Amsterdam. With offices in Leiden and Boston , Brill today publishes more than 100 journals and around 500 new books and reference works each year....
    , 2002 (ISBN 90-04-11799-7).
  • Shippey, Thomas "Tom" A. Goths and Huns: The rediscovery of Northern culture in the nineteenth century, in The Medieval legacy: A symposium. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 1981 (ISBN 87-7492-393-5), pp. 51–69.


See also

  • Eurasian Steppe
    Eurasian Steppe

    The Eurasian Steppe is the term often used to describe the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia stretching from the western borders of the steppes of Hungary#Geography to the eastern border of the steppes of Mongolia#Geography and climate, for roughly 5000 km....
  • Horse archer
  • Nomads
  • Nomadism
  • Nomadic empire
    Nomadic empire

    Nomadic Empires, sometimes also called Steppe Empires, Central or Inner Asian Empires, are the empires erected by the bow wielding, horse riding, Eurasian nomads, from Classical Antiquity to the Early Modern era ....