Eucalyptus oil

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Eucalyptus oil

Eucalyptus oil is the generic name for distilled oil from Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of Flowering plant trees in the Myrtus family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia....
, a genus of the plant family Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtus, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and eucalyptus belong here....
native to Australia

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
and cultivated worldwide. Eucalyptus oil has a history of wide application, as a pharmaceutical, antiseptic

Antiseptic

Antiseptics are antimicrobials that are applied to living biological tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction....
, repellent

Repellent

Repellent can refer to:* Insect repellent* Animal repellent...
, flavouring, fragrance and industrial

Industry

An industry is the manufacturing of a Good or Service within a category. Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics and urban planning industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing of raw materials into goods and products....
uses.

lyptus oils in the trade are categorized into three broad types according to their composition and main end-use: medicinal, perfumery and industrial

Industry

Discussion

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Encyclopedia

Myrtaceae

The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtus, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and eucalyptus belong here....
native to Australia

Australia

Antiseptic

Antiseptics are antimicrobials that are applied to living biological tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction....
, repellent

Repellent

Repellent can refer to:* Insect repellent* Animal repellent...
, flavouring, fragrance and industrial

Industry

Types and production

Eucalyptus oils in the trade are categorized into three broad types according to their composition and main end-use: medicinal, perfumery and industrial

Industry

An industry is the manufacturing of a Good or Service within a category. Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics and urban planning industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing of raw materials into goods and products....
. The most prevalent is the standard cineole based 'oil of eucalyptus', a colourless mobile liquid (yellow with age) with a penetrating, camphoraceous, woody

Woody

Woody may mean:* a name in its own right - Woody* a short form of Woodrow *an adjective for wood*the code name for version 3.0 of the Debian Linux distribution...
-sweet scent.

China

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
produces about 70% of the world trade, but most of this is derived from camphor oil fractions rather than being true eucalyptus oil. Significant producers of true eucalyptus oil include South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, also known by Official names of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa....
, Portugal

Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
, Spain

Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
, Brazil

Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
, Australia

Australia

Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean....
and Swaziland

Swaziland

The Kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south, and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique....
.

Global production is dominated by Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus globulus

The Tasmanian Blue Gum, Southern Blue Gum or Blue Gum, is an evergreen tree, one of the most widely cultivated trees native to Australia....
. However, Eucalyptus kochii
Eucalyptus kochii

Eucalyptus kochii is a native tree of Western Australia.There are two subspecies:* Eucalyptus kochii subsp. kochii* Eucalyptus kochii subsp....
and Eucalyptus polybractea have the highest cineole content - ranging from 80-95%. The British Pharmacopoeia

British Pharmacopoeia

Published annually, the British Pharmacopoeia is a collection of quality standards for United Kingdom medicinal substances. It is used by individuals and organizations involved in pharmaceutical research, development, manufacture and testing....
states that the oil must have a minimum cineole content of 70% if it's pharmaceutical grade. Rectification

Rectification

Rectification has the following technical meanings:* Natal chart#Rectification, in astrology* Rectification * Chinese history: see Cheng Feng...
is used to bring lower grade oils up to the high cineole standard required. Global annual production of eucalyptus oil is estimated at 3,000 tonnes.

The eucalyptus genus also produces non-cineole oils, including piperitone

Piperitone

Piperitone is a natural monoterpene ketone which is a component of some essential oils. Both stereoisomers, the D-form and the L-form, are known....
, phellandrene

Phellandrene

Phellandrene is the name for a pair of organic compounds that have a similar molecular structure and similar chemical properties. a-Phellandrene and ?-phellandrene are cyclic terpene and are double bond isomers....
, citral

Citral

Citral, or 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal or lemonal, is either of a pair of terpenoids with the molecular formula Carbon10Hydrogen16Oxygen....
, methyl cinnamate

Methyl cinnamate

Methyl cinnamate is the methyl ester of cinnamic acid. It is found naturally in a variety of plants, including in fruits, like strawberry, and some culinary spices, such as Sichuan pepper and some varieties of basil....
and geranyl acetate

Geranyl acetate

Geranyl acetate is a natural organic compound that is classified as a terpene. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant floral or fruity rose aroma....
.

Eucalyptus oil should not be confused with the term 'eucalyptol

Eucalyptol

Eucalyptol is a natural organic compound which is a colorless liquid. It is a cyclic ether and a monoterpenoid.Eucalyptol is also known by a variety of synonyms: 1,8-cineol, 1,8-cineole, limonene oxide, cajeputol, 1,8-epoxy-p-menthane, 1,8-oxido-p-menthane, eucalyptol, eucalyptole, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, cineol, cineole...
' - another name for cineole.

Uses

Medicinal and antiseptic

The cineole-based oil is used as component in pharmaceutical preparations to relieve the symptoms of influenza

Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease that affects birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the biological family Orthomyxoviridae ....
and colds, in products like cough

Cough

A cough , in medicine, is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defense reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from excess secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes....
sweets, lozenges, and inhalants. Eucalyptus oil has antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacteria

Bacteria

The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
in the respiratory tract

Respiratory tract

In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy that has to do with the process of Respiration .The respiratory tract is divided into 3 segments:...
. Inhaled eucalyptus oil vapor is a decongestant and treatment for bronchitis

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the large bronchus in the lungs. It can progress to pneumonia. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses or bacteria and may last several days or weeks....
. Cineole controls airway mucus

Mucus

In vertebrates, mucus is a slippery secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes and immunoglobulins that serves to protect Epithelium in the respiratory,...
hypersecretion and asthma

Asthma

Asthma is a common chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in which the Lung constrict, become inflammation, and are lined with excessive amounts of thickened mucus, often in response to one or more triggers....
via anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids which affect the brain....
cytokine

Cytokine

Cytokines are a category of signaling molecules that, like hormones and neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cell communication. They are proteins, peptides or glycoproteins....
inhibition. Eucalyptus oil also stimulates immune system

Immune system

An immune system is a collection of biological processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells....
response by affects on the phagocytic ability of human monocyte

Monocyte

Monocyte is a type of leukocyte, part of the human body's immune system. Monocytes have two main functions in the immune system: replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into mac...
derived macrophages.

Eucalyptus oil also has anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory

Analgesic

An analgesic is any member of the diverse group of Medication used to relieve pain . The word analgesic derives from Greek an- and algos ....
qualities as a topically applied liniment

Liniment

File:Herb Knudson's Surgical 11.jpgLiniment, from the Latin linere, to anoint, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin....
ingredient.

Eucalyptus oil is also used in personal hygiene products for antimicrobial

Antimicrobial

An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, protozoals or viruses. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes or prevent the growth of microbes ....
properties in dental care

Dental care

Dental care is the taking care of teeth. It includes, and may refer to:* Oral hygiene, the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean in order to prevent Dental caries , gum disease, and other dental disorders....
and soaps. It can also be applied to wounds to prevent infection

Infection

An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. In an infection, the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host resources to multiply ....
.

Repellent and biopesticide

The cineole based oils can also be used as an insect repellent

Insect repellent

An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects from landing or climbing on that surface....
and biopesticide. Eucalyptus oil has been used as an effective way of killing dust mites according to the Asthma Foundation of Victoria.

Flavouring

Eucalyptus oil is used in flavouring. Cineole based eucalyptus oil is used as a flavouring at low levels (0.002%) in various products, including baked goods, confectionery

Confectionery

Confectionery is the set of food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well....
, meat

Meat

In modern English usage, meat most often refers to animal biological tissue used as food, mostly skeletal muscle and associated fat, but it may also refer to offal, including livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, in some countries lungs, and a variety of other internal organs as well as blood....
products and beverages. Non-cineole peppermint gum

Eucalyptus dives

Eucalyptus dives or broad-leaved peppermint is a small tree native to temperate dry sclerophyll woodlands and forests of south-eastern Australia....
, strawberry gum

Eucalyptus olida

Eucalyptus olida, also known as the Strawberry Gum, is a medium-sized tree to 20 m, restricted to sclerophyll woodlands on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, in Eastern Australia....
and lemon ironbark

Eucalyptus staigeriana

Eucalyptus staigeriana, Lemon Ironbark or Lemon-scented Ironbark, is a small rough barked sclerophyll tree that grows naturally in pure stands on hills in the Palmer River region of Cape York, North Queensland, Australia....
are also used as flavouring.

Fragrance

Eucalyptus oil is also used as a fragrance component to impart a fresh and clean aroma in soaps, detergents, lotions and perfumes.

Industrial

Phellandrene and piperitone based eucalyptus oils have been used in mining

Mining

Mining is the extraction of value minerals or other geology materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or seam. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, Sodium chloride and potash....
to separate metallic sulphides via flotation

Flotation

}Flotation involves phenomenon related to the relative buoyancy of objects. The term may refer to:*Flotation, any material added to the Hull of a watercraft to keep the hull afloat...
.

Research shows that cineole based eucalyptus oil (5% of mixture) prevents the separation problem with ethanol

Ethanol

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatility , flammable, colorless liquid....
and petrol fuel

Fuel

Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy and to heat or to move an object. Fuel releases its energy either through a chemical reaction means, such as combustion, or nuclear means, such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion....
blends. Eucalyptus oil also has a respectable octane rating

Octane rating

The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline and other fuels to detonation in spark plug internal combustion engines. High-performance engines typically have higher compression ratios and are therefore more prone to detonation, so they require higher octane fuel....
and can be used as a fuel in its own right. However, production costs are currently too high to be economically viable as a fuel.

Safety and toxicity

If consumed internally at low dosage as a flavouring component or in pharmaceutical products at the recommended rate, eucalyptus oil is safe for adults. However, eucalyptus oil in its pure form is poisonous according to dosage.

The probable lethal dose of pure eucalyptus oil for an adult is in the range of 0.05 mL to 0.5 mL/per kg of body weight.

Because of their low body weight, children are more vulnerable to poisons. Severe poisoning has occurred in children after ingestion of 4 mL to 5 mL of eucalyptus oil.

History

Australian Aboriginals

Australian Aborigines

Australian Aborigines are a Class of peoples who are identified by Australian law as being members of a Race indigenous to the Australia .In the High Court of Australia, Australian Aborigines have been specifically identified as a group of people who share, in common, biological ancestry back to the original occupants of this continent....
use eucalyptus leaf infusions - whereby eucalyptus oil is a fraction - as a traditional medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
for treating body pains, sinus

Sinus

Sinus may refer to:In anatomy, where a sinus is a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue:*Sinus , description of the general term*Paranasal sinuses, air cavities in the cranial bones, especially those near the nose, including:...
congestion, fever

Fever

Fever is a frequent medical sign that describes an increase in internal body temperature to levels above normal. Fever is most accurately characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's thermoregulatory set-point, usually by about 1?2 ?C ....
, and colds.

Dennis Considen

Dennis Considen

Dennis Considen was an Ireland-born surgeon, best known for his pioneering role in the use of Australian native plants for pharmaceutical use, especially eucalyptus oil, which he used to treat the convicts....
and John White

John White (surgeon)

John White was an England surgery and botany collector.White was born in Sussex and entered the Royal Navy on 26 June 1778 as third surgeon's mate....
, surgeons on the First Fleet

First Fleet

First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on 13 May 1787 to establish the first European colony in New South Wales....
, distilled eucalyptus oil from Eucalyptus piperita
Eucalyptus piperita

Eucalyptus piperita, commonly known as Sydney Peppermint and Urn-fruited Peppermint, is a small to medium forest tree native to New South Wales, Australia....
found growing on the shores of Port Jackson

Port Jackson

Port Jackson, containing Sydney Harbour, is the harbor of Sydney, Australia. It is known for its beauty, and in particular, as the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge....
in 1788 to treat convicts and marines. Eucalyptus oil was subsequently extracted by early colonialists, but was not commercially exploited for some time.

Baron Ferdinand von Mueller

Ferdinand von Mueller

Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, KCMG was a German Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist....
, Victorian botanist, promoted the qualities of Eucalyptus as a disinfectant in 'fever districts', and also encouraged Joseph Bosisto, a Melbourne

Melbourne

Melbourne is the more common name for the geographic region and Census in Australia of the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area. It is the second List of cities in Australia by population in Australia, with a population of approximately 3.8 million and serves as the List of Australian capital cities of Victoria ....
pharmacist

Pharmacist

Pharmacists are health professionals who practice the science of pharmacy. In their traditional role, pharmacists typically take a request for medicines from a prescribing health care provider in the form of a medical prescription and dispense the medication to the patient and counsel them on the proper use and adverse effects of that medic...
, to investigate the commercial potential of the oil. Bosisto started the commercial eucalyptus oil industry in 1852 when he built a distillation

Distillation

Distillation is a method of separation process mixtures based on differences in their Volatility in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction....
plant near Dandenong, Victoria

Victoria (Australia)

File:Map Victoria Aboriginal tribes .jpgVictoria is a States and territories of Australia located in the southeastern corner of Australia. It is the smallest mainland state in area but the most Population density and urbanised....
, Australia.

French chemist, F.S. Cloez

F.S. Cloez

A France chemist, F.S. Cloez , who also authored as 'S. Cloez', is known for his pioneering role in analytical chemistry during the 19th Century....
, identified and ascribed the name eucalyptol - now more often called cineole - to the dominant portion of E. globulus oil. By the 1870s oil from Eucalyptus globulus, Tasmanian blue gum, was being exported worldwide and eventually dominated world trade, while other higher quality species were also being distilled to a lesser extent. Surgeons were using eucalyptus oil as an antiseptic

Antiseptic

Antiseptics are antimicrobials that are applied to living biological tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction....
during surgery

Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
by the 1880s.

The Australian eucalyptus oil industry peaked in the 1940s; then the global establishment of eucalyptus plantations for timber

Timber

Timber may refer to:* Lumber, i.e. wood materials* Timber, Oregon, an unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Oregon* Timber , a 1984 arcade game by Bally Midway...
resulted in increased volumes of eucalyptus oil as a plantation by-product. By the 1950s the cost of producing eucalyptus oil in Australia had increased so much that it could not compete against cheaper Spanish and Portuguese oils. Non-Australian sources now dominate commercial eucalyptus oil supply, although Australia continues to produce high grade oils of mainly blue mallee, E. polybractea.

Species utilised

Commercial cineole based eucalyptus oils are produced from several species of Eucalyptus:

Eucalyptus cneorifolia
Eucalyptus cneorifolia

Eucalyptus cneorifolia, the Kangaroo Island narrow-leaf mallee, is a native tree of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. It will grow to roughly 5m in height, and produces a small white flower....
Eucalyptus dives
Eucalyptus dives

Eucalyptus dives or broad-leaved peppermint is a small tree native to temperate dry sclerophyll woodlands and forests of south-eastern Australia....
Eucalyptus dumosa
Eucalyptus dumosa

Eucalyptus dumosa, White Mallee is a mallee of the relatively dry country of South Australia from the northern Flinders Ranges and Murray Mallee eastwards to central western New South Wales and north eastern Victoria ....
Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus globulus

The Tasmanian Blue Gum, Southern Blue Gum or Blue Gum, is an evergreen tree, one of the most widely cultivated trees native to Australia....
Eucalyptus goniocalyx
Eucalyptus goniocalyx

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, Long-leaved box is a small to medium-sized tree with rough and persistent bark to the small branches. It is fibrous, greyish, becoming deeply fissured, thick and shaggy in larger trees....
Eucalyptus horistes
Eucalyptus horistes

Eucalyptus horistes is a mallee type Eucalyptus that is native to Western Australia.References...
Eucalyptus kochii
Eucalyptus kochii

Eucalyptus kochii is a native tree of Western Australia.There are two subspecies:* Eucalyptus kochii subsp. kochii* Eucalyptus kochii subsp....
Eucalyptus leucoxylon
Eucalyptus leucoxylon

Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Yellow Gum, Blue Gum, White Ironbark is a small to medium-sized tree with rough bark on the lower 1-2 metres of the Trunk , above this, the bark becomes smooth with a white, yellow or bluish-grey surface....
Eucalyptus oleosa
Eucalyptus oleosa

Eucalyptus oleosa, red mallee, is a native tree of Australia. The leaves are harvested for the production of cineole based eucalyptus oil....
Eucalyptus polybractea
Eucalyptus radiata
Eucalyptus radiata

Eucalyptus radiata is a medium to tall tree to 30 m high with persistent bark on the trunk and larger branches or persistent to smaller branches....
Eucalyptus sideroxylon
Eucalyptus sideroxylon

Eucalyptus sideroxylon, or Mugga, Red Ironbark or Mugga Ironbark, is a small to medium-sized or occasionally tall tree. The bark is persistent on the trunk and large branches, hard and deeply furrowed, dark grey to black, with upper limbs smooth and whitish....
Eucalyptus smithii
Eucalyptus smithii

Eucalyptus smithii, or gully gum, is a native tree of northern Victoria and southern New South Wales, Australia. In its natural situation it occurs on the lower slopes, gullies, and swamps - where soils do not dry out....
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Eucalyptus tereticornis

Eucalyptus tereticornis is a species of tree native to eastern Australia.It has a great many common names, of which Forest Red Gum is perhaps the most widely known....
Eucalyptus viridis
Eucalyptus viridis

Eucalyptus viridis is a small native tree of Australia. It naturally occurs in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia....

Non-cineole oil producing species:

Eucalyptus dives
Eucalyptus dives

Eucalyptus dives or broad-leaved peppermint is a small tree native to temperate dry sclerophyll woodlands and forests of south-eastern Australia....
- phellandrene variant
Eucalyptus dives - piperitone variant
Eucalyptus elata
Eucalyptus elata

Eucalyptus elata, River peppermint, River white gum, is a medium to tall tree with rough bark on the lower trunk, compact with narrow longitudinal fissures, dark grey, shedding above in long ribbons, often remaining in the crown, to leave a smooth, grey, cream or whitish surface....
- piperitone variant
Eucalyptus macarthurii
Eucalyptus macarthurii

Eucalyptus macarthurii is a medium-size tree endemic to New South Wales, Australia. It is native in the Moss Vale District and South of Jenolan....
- geranyl acetate
Eucalyptus olida
Eucalyptus olida

Eucalyptus olida, also known as the Strawberry Gum, is a medium-sized tree to 20 m, restricted to sclerophyll woodlands on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, in Eastern Australia....
- methyl cinnamate
Eucalyptus radiata
Eucalyptus radiata

Eucalyptus radiata is a medium to tall tree to 30 m high with persistent bark on the trunk and larger branches or persistent to smaller branches....
- phellandrene variant
Eucalyptus staigeriana
Eucalyptus staigeriana

Eucalyptus staigeriana, Lemon Ironbark or Lemon-scented Ironbark, is a small rough barked sclerophyll tree that grows naturally in pure stands on hills in the Palmer River region of Cape York, North Queensland, Australia....
- citral, limonene

The former lemon eucalyptus species Eucalyptus citriodora

Eucalyptus citriodora

Corymbia citriodora is a tall tree, to 50 metres in height, from temperate and Tropics eastern Australia. It is also known as lemon-scented gum, spotted gum and lemon eucalyptus....
is now classified as Corymbia citriodora, which produces a citronellal
Citronellal

Citronellal or rhodinal or 3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-al is a terpenoid, the main component in the mixture of terpenoid chemical compounds that give citronella oil its distinctive lemon scent....
based oil.

See also

Eucalypts

Further reading

Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, Eucalyptus Leaf Oils, 1991, ISBN 0-909605-69-6
FAO Corporate Document Repository, Flavours and fragrances of plant origin

External links

Eucalyptus oil profile, Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations