Ethnic Russians in China
Encyclopedia
Ethnic Russians form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China
, according to the ethnicity classification as applied in mainland China. Those in mainland China are the descendants of Russians who settled there since the 17th century, and hold PRC rather than Russian citizenship.
There are currently over 15,000 ethnic Russians in China holding PRC citizenship; however, at least 70,000 Russians are residing in China while keeping their Russian or other nationality.
launched several military actions against Qing China
. In 1644, a group of Russian army was defeated by Qing army, part of the captives were incorporated into the Eight Banners
. During the Battle of Yagsi, nearly 100 Russians surrendered to the Qing authorities, Emperor Kangxi authorized them to join the Bordered Yellow Banner
. Their descendants exists to this day and are known as Albazinians
. From 1860 to 1884, lots of Russians came to Hulun Buir panning for gold, and in 1900, Russian troops entered China, destroyed several sentries, before 1907 there were already 1000 households of Russian settlers in Ergun Right Banner.
were the Jirjaks, who were persecuted under the reign of Czar Peter because of refusing to convert to the Russian Orthodox Church
. They sent four heralds to negotiate with the Kazakh chief Kala Usman, and were allowed to settle down in Burqin
. After several years they also pioneered some settlements in Kanas, Chuguchak and Ili
. In 1861, 160 Jirjaks entered the area of Lop Nur
to settle down.
Almost all the Jirjaks were devout Christians; they rarely communicated with other groups. According to the census in 1943, there were 1200 Jirjaks in Bulqin and Kaba
. A lot of them moved to Australia after the establishment of the People's Republic of China
.
was established, and many Russian merchants swarmed into Xinjiang
. The Russian merchants killed approximately 200 mineworkers at Chuguchak, which enraged the local people, who burned the Russian trade circle down under the lead of two Hui men
Xu Tianrao and An Yuxian. As a result, the Russians forced the Qing government to pay heavy war reparations
. In 1871, the Russian Empire conquered the area of Ili
, and many Russian merchants migrated there.
and Chuguchak, but were finally suppressed by the Chinese warlord Yang Zengxin
. Part of them later joined the Guihua soldiers recruited by the Xinjiang government.
government forced a lot of Chinese and their Russian relatives to move to China. More than 20,000 Russians entered China through the Crossings of Xinjiang. And after 1941, many refugees fled to Xinjiang.
In 1928, when Jin Shuren
came to power, he reinforced the supervision and imposition of the Russians. The freedom of movement and trade were forbidden. According to the records from Xinjiang Gazette, from 1930 to 1931 there were 207 Russians who went through the Guihua procedure in Ürümqi
, and 288 in Chuguchak.
In 1933, Jin abdicated. In 1935, the 2nd People's Congress was held, and the Guihua people were officially recognized as a minority group of Xinjiang.
bandits escaping from the Russian Civil War
were responsible for vandalizing much the Buddhist art at the Mogao Grottoes. They had caused trouble in Xinjiang
, but were defeated when they tried to attack Qitai. The Governor of Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin
, arranged for them to be transported to Dunhuang at the Mogao Grottoes, after talks with Governor Lu Hongtao of Gansu. The bandits wrote profanities onto Buddhist statues, destroying and ravaging paintings, gouging eyes off and amputating the limbs of the statues, in addition to committing arson. At present, the damage remains.
's troops. So Jin Shuren ordered Zhang Peiyuan
to form the Guihua army. The conscripted Russians were organized as the 1st Guihua Cavalry under the regimental commander Mogutnov. Later the cavalry were expanded into two groups, with Antonov and Bapingut as the commanders. Zhang Peiyuan commanded the Guihua Army and the Province Army finally defeated Ma's army, reoccupied Zhenxi and raised the siege of Hami. In 1932, the peasants of Turpan rebelled under the lead of Makhsut, but were beaten down by Guihua Army. Near the Chinese New Year Eve of 1933, the capital Ürümqi was besieged by Ma Shimin's units, Jin Shuren
formed the 2nd Guihua Cavalry and destroyed them.
. Later that night Jin's troops fought back, but were finally walloped, and Jin had to return to give up his office, more than 70 Russians died in that battle.
Ma Zhongying heard the coup took place in Xinjiang, led the army to the west promptly, and sent his general Ma Heying to Altay. In May 1933, the Russian and Kazakh peasants of Bulqin armed themselves to fight against Ma's army, but was forced to give ground. Sheng ordered Guihua colonel Helovsky to reinforce them, and defeated Ma Heying after two days. In June 1933, Sheng Shicai and Ma Zhongying fought a decisive battle at Ziniquan, Ma was defeated, and was forced to flee to Turpan.
In the summer of 1934, when the war ended pro tempore, Sheng retracted the Guihua Headquarters, and selected about 500 Russians to form the 6th Cavalry to quarter at Ürümqi. In 1937, the Cavalry and the Red Army
finally defeated Ma Hushan's troops. And later it was disbanded, all the Guihua soldiers became ordinary people.
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
, according to the ethnicity classification as applied in mainland China. Those in mainland China are the descendants of Russians who settled there since the 17th century, and hold PRC rather than Russian citizenship.
There are currently over 15,000 ethnic Russians in China holding PRC citizenship; however, at least 70,000 Russians are residing in China while keeping their Russian or other nationality.
Immigrants in Manchuria and Beijing
During the 17th century, the Russian EmpireRussian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
launched several military actions against Qing China
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. In 1644, a group of Russian army was defeated by Qing army, part of the captives were incorporated into the Eight Banners
Eight Banners
The Eight Banners were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. They provided the basic framework for the Manchu military organization...
. During the Battle of Yagsi, nearly 100 Russians surrendered to the Qing authorities, Emperor Kangxi authorized them to join the Bordered Yellow Banner
Eight Banners
The Eight Banners were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. They provided the basic framework for the Manchu military organization...
. Their descendants exists to this day and are known as Albazinians
Albazinians
The Albazinians are one of the few groups of Chinese of Russian descent. There are approximately 250 Albazinians in China who are descendants of about fifty Russian Cossacks from Albazin on the Amur River that were resettled by the Kangxi Emperor in the northeastern periphery of Beijing in 1685...
. From 1860 to 1884, lots of Russians came to Hulun Buir panning for gold, and in 1900, Russian troops entered China, destroyed several sentries, before 1907 there were already 1000 households of Russian settlers in Ergun Right Banner.
The Jirjak people
The earliest Russian immigrants who came to XinjiangXinjiang
Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2...
were the Jirjaks, who were persecuted under the reign of Czar Peter because of refusing to convert to the Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church or, alternatively, the Moscow Patriarchate The ROC is often said to be the largest of the Eastern Orthodox churches in the world; including all the autocephalous churches under its umbrella, its adherents number over 150 million worldwide—about half of the 300 million...
. They sent four heralds to negotiate with the Kazakh chief Kala Usman, and were allowed to settle down in Burqin
Burqin County
Burqin County , is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China and is under the administration of the Altay Prefecture. It has an area of 10,362 km² with a population of 70,000. The postcode is 836600.- Transport :...
. After several years they also pioneered some settlements in Kanas, Chuguchak and Ili
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , in northernmost Xinjiang, is the only Kazakh autonomous prefecture of the People's Republic of China.-Geography and coordinates:The following figures excludes both Tacheng Prefecture and Altay Prefecture....
. In 1861, 160 Jirjaks entered the area of Lop Nur
Lop Nur
Lop Lake or Lop Nur is a group of small, now seasonal salt lake sand marshes between the Taklamakan and Kuruktag deserts in the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, southeastern portion of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China.The lake system into which the Tarim...
to settle down.
Almost all the Jirjaks were devout Christians; they rarely communicated with other groups. According to the census in 1943, there were 1200 Jirjaks in Bulqin and Kaba
Habahe County
Habahe County is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Altay Prefecture. It has an area of 8,179 km² with a population of 80,000. The Postcode is 836700....
. A lot of them moved to Australia after the establishment of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
.
Later migration to Xinjiang during the Imperial period
In 1851, the Treaty of KuljaTreaty of Kulja
The Treaty of Kulja was a treaty established in 1851 between Qing Dynasty and Russian Empire, opening Kulja and Chuguchak to Sino-Russian trade...
was established, and many Russian merchants swarmed into Xinjiang
Xinjiang
Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2...
. The Russian merchants killed approximately 200 mineworkers at Chuguchak, which enraged the local people, who burned the Russian trade circle down under the lead of two Hui men
Hui people
The Hui people are an ethnic group in China, defined as Chinese speaking people descended from foreign Muslims. They are typically distinguished by their practice of Islam, however some also practice other religions, and many are direct descendants of Silk Road travelers.In modern People's...
Xu Tianrao and An Yuxian. As a result, the Russians forced the Qing government to pay heavy war reparations
War reparations
War reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.- History :...
. In 1871, the Russian Empire conquered the area of Ili
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , in northernmost Xinjiang, is the only Kazakh autonomous prefecture of the People's Republic of China.-Geography and coordinates:The following figures excludes both Tacheng Prefecture and Altay Prefecture....
, and many Russian merchants migrated there.
Migration during the October Revolution period
When the White Army was defeated in the war against the Bolsheviks, many Cossacks and refugees fled to Xinjiang under the lead of General Ivanov. Some of them rioted in IliIli Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , in northernmost Xinjiang, is the only Kazakh autonomous prefecture of the People's Republic of China.-Geography and coordinates:The following figures excludes both Tacheng Prefecture and Altay Prefecture....
and Chuguchak, but were finally suppressed by the Chinese warlord Yang Zengxin
Yang Zengxin
Yang Zengxin , born in Mengzi, Honghe, Yunnan in 1859, was the ruler of Xinjiang after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 until his assassination in 1928.-Life:...
. Part of them later joined the Guihua soldiers recruited by the Xinjiang government.
Migration during World War II
From 1931 to 1938, the Soviet UnionSoviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
government forced a lot of Chinese and their Russian relatives to move to China. More than 20,000 Russians entered China through the Crossings of Xinjiang. And after 1941, many refugees fled to Xinjiang.
Russians under the reign of Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai
Under the reign of Yang Zengxin, the Russians in Xinjiang were mainly divided into 3 parts: some of the refugees had joined the Chinese nationality, they were called "Guihua people" (归化人 lit. Naturalised people), and had to fill out applications and write volunteer certificates. Yang ordered officials from various regions to distribute land for them, and gave them farm animals and seeds. Some had joined the USSR nationality. The others refused to join either nationalities.In 1928, when Jin Shuren
Jin Shuren
Jin Shuren , governor of Xinjiang, succeeded Yang Zengxin after Yang was assassinated in 1928. Jin ruled Xinjiang for about half a decade, and his reign was characterized by corruption and suppression. Under his rule, both ethnic and religion conflicts were greatly deepened, resulting in numerous...
came to power, he reinforced the supervision and imposition of the Russians. The freedom of movement and trade were forbidden. According to the records from Xinjiang Gazette, from 1930 to 1931 there were 207 Russians who went through the Guihua procedure in Ürümqi
Ürümqi
Ürümqi , formerly Tihwa , is the capital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, in the northwest of the country....
, and 288 in Chuguchak.
In 1933, Jin abdicated. In 1935, the 2nd People's Congress was held, and the Guihua people were officially recognized as a minority group of Xinjiang.
Vandalism of Mogao Caves
Besides damage done by previous European explorers, White movementWhite movement
The White movement and its military arm the White Army - known as the White Guard or the Whites - was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces.The movement comprised one of the politico-military Russian forces who fought...
bandits escaping from the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
were responsible for vandalizing much the Buddhist art at the Mogao Grottoes. They had caused trouble in Xinjiang
Xinjiang
Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2...
, but were defeated when they tried to attack Qitai. The Governor of Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin
Yang Zengxin
Yang Zengxin , born in Mengzi, Honghe, Yunnan in 1859, was the ruler of Xinjiang after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 until his assassination in 1928.-Life:...
, arranged for them to be transported to Dunhuang at the Mogao Grottoes, after talks with Governor Lu Hongtao of Gansu. The bandits wrote profanities onto Buddhist statues, destroying and ravaging paintings, gouging eyes off and amputating the limbs of the statues, in addition to committing arson. At present, the damage remains.
Formation of the Guihua Army
In 1931, war broke out in Xinjiang, and the Province Army was defeated by Ma ZhongyingMa Zhongying
Ma Zhongying, also Ma Chung-ying was a Tungan Chinese Muslim warlord during the Warlord era of China. Ma Zhongying's birth name was Ma Buying . Zhongying was a warlord of Gansu province in China during the 1930s. He allied himself with the Kuomintang, which gave his soldiers an official...
's troops. So Jin Shuren ordered Zhang Peiyuan
Zhang Peiyuan
Zhang Peiyuan was a Han chinese general, commander of the Ili garrison. He fought against Uighur and Tungans during the Kumul revolt, but then secretly negotiated with the Tungan general, Ma Zhongying to form an alliance against Sheng Shicai and the Soviet Union. Zhang's army had about 3,000...
to form the Guihua army. The conscripted Russians were organized as the 1st Guihua Cavalry under the regimental commander Mogutnov. Later the cavalry were expanded into two groups, with Antonov and Bapingut as the commanders. Zhang Peiyuan commanded the Guihua Army and the Province Army finally defeated Ma's army, reoccupied Zhenxi and raised the siege of Hami. In 1932, the peasants of Turpan rebelled under the lead of Makhsut, but were beaten down by Guihua Army. Near the Chinese New Year Eve of 1933, the capital Ürümqi was besieged by Ma Shimin's units, Jin Shuren
Jin Shuren
Jin Shuren , governor of Xinjiang, succeeded Yang Zengxin after Yang was assassinated in 1928. Jin ruled Xinjiang for about half a decade, and his reign was characterized by corruption and suppression. Under his rule, both ethnic and religion conflicts were greatly deepened, resulting in numerous...
formed the 2nd Guihua Cavalry and destroyed them.
Guihua Army under the reign of Sheng Shicai
The Guihua soldiers were dissatisfied with Jin's arrears of military expenditures. Several dissenters of Jin persuaded Bupingut and Antonov to launch a coup d'état, and they occupied the city defense command on the afternoon of April 12. Later Jin Shuren fled to the outskirts. At the same night, they established the Interim Sustain Committee, and sent liaison officers to contact Sheng ShicaiSheng Shicai
Sheng Shicai was a Chinese warlord who "ruled" Xinjiang province from April 12, 1933 to August 29, 1944....
. Later that night Jin's troops fought back, but were finally walloped, and Jin had to return to give up his office, more than 70 Russians died in that battle.
Ma Zhongying heard the coup took place in Xinjiang, led the army to the west promptly, and sent his general Ma Heying to Altay. In May 1933, the Russian and Kazakh peasants of Bulqin armed themselves to fight against Ma's army, but was forced to give ground. Sheng ordered Guihua colonel Helovsky to reinforce them, and defeated Ma Heying after two days. In June 1933, Sheng Shicai and Ma Zhongying fought a decisive battle at Ziniquan, Ma was defeated, and was forced to flee to Turpan.
In the summer of 1934, when the war ended pro tempore, Sheng retracted the Guihua Headquarters, and selected about 500 Russians to form the 6th Cavalry to quarter at Ürümqi. In 1937, the Cavalry and the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
finally defeated Ma Hushan's troops. And later it was disbanded, all the Guihua soldiers became ordinary people.
People's Republic of China
The 1957 census counted 9,000 ethnic Russians in China, while the 1978 census counted just 600. That number rose again to 2,935 in the 1982 census and 13,504 in the 1990 census. There continues to be disagreement over the number of ethnic Russians living in China.Demography
Statistics as of the 2002 Census. Pink designates native region.| Area |
Total Population |
Russians in China (Eluosi Zu) |
Proportion of all Russians in China (%) |
Russians as proportion of local minority population |
Russians as proportion of total local population（%） |
| Total | 1,245,110,826 | 15,631 | 100 | 0.0148 | 0.00126 |
| 31 Province area | 1,242,612,226 | 15,609 | 99.86 | 0.0148 | 0.00126 |
| Northwest China | 89,258,221 | 9,128 | 58.40 | 0.0523 | 0.01023 |
| North China North China thumb|250px|Northern [[People's Republic of China]] region.Northern China or North China is a geographical region of China. The heartland of North China is the North China Plain.... |
145,896,933 | 5,406 | 34.59 | 0.0620 | 0.00371 |
| Northeast China Northeast China Northeast China, historically known in English as Manchuria, is a geographical region of China, consisting of the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. The region is sometimes called the Three Northeast Provinces... |
104,864,179 | 479 | 3.06 | 0.0044 | 0.00046 |
| East China East China East China is a geographical and a loosely-defined cultural region that covers the eastern coastal area of China.Although an intangible and loosely defined concept, for administrative and governmental purposes, the region is defined by the government of the People's Republic of China to include... |
358,849,244 | 271 | 1.73 | 0.0108 | 0.00008 |
| South Central China South Central China South Central China is a region of the People's Republic of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes the provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan, and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, however excluding the 2 special administrative regions : Hong Kong and... |
350,658,477 | 182 | 1.16 | 0.0006 | 0.00005 |
| Southwest China Southwest China Southwest China is a region of the People's Republic of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes the municipality of Chongqing, the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, and the Tibet Autonomous Region.-Provinces:-Municipalities:... |
193,085,172 | 143 | 0.91 | 0.0004 | 0.00007 |
| Xinjiang Xinjiang Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2... |
18,459,511 | 8,935 | 57.16 | 0.0815 | 0.04840 |
| Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation... |
23,323,347 | 5,020 | 32.12 | 0.1033 | 0.02152 |
| Heilongjiang Heilongjiang For the river known in Mandarin as Heilong Jiang, see Amur River' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is 黑... |
36,237,576 | 265 | 1.70 | 0.0150 | 0.00073 |
| Beijing Beijing Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's... |
13,569,194 | 216 | 1.38 | 0.0369 | 0.00159 |
| Liaoning Liaoning ' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" , a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace"... |
41,824,412 | 150 | 0.96 | 0.0022 | 0.00036 |
| Hebei Hebei ' is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "" , named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province that included what is now southern Hebei... |
66,684,419 | 102 | 0.65 | 0.0035 | 0.00015 |
| Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010... |
16,407,734 | 76 | 0.49 | 0.0732 | 0.00046 |
| Shaanxi Shaanxi ' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province... |
35,365,072 | 69 | 0.44 | 0.0391 | 0.00020 |
| Shandong Shandong ' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese... |
89,971,789 | 68 | 0.44 | 0.0108 | 0.00008 |
| Jiangsu Jiangsu ' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. The name comes from jiang, short for the city of Jiangning , and su, for the city of Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" , the second character of its name... |
73,043,577 | 67 | 0.43 | 0.0258 | 0.00009 |
| Jilin Jilin Jilin , is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west... |
26,802,191 | 64 | 0.41 | 0.0026 | 0.00024 |
| Tianjin Tianjin ' is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government... |
9,848,731 | 60 | 0.38 | 0.0225 | 0.00061 |
| Gansu Gansu ' is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east... |
25,124,282 | 55 | 0.35 | 0.0025 | 0.00022 |
| Henan Henan Henan , is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "豫" , named after Yuzhou , a Han Dynasty state that included parts of Henan... |
91,236,854 | 54 | 0.35 | 0.0047 | 0.00006 |
| Guangdong Guangdong Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province... |
85,225,007 | 50 | 0.32 | 0.0039 | 0.00006 |
| Sichuan Sichuan ' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu... |
82,348,296 | 48 | 0.31 | 0.0012 | 0.00006 |
| Qinghai Qinghai Qinghai ; Oirat Mongolian: ; ; Salar:) is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake... |
4,822,963 | 48 | 0.31 | 0.0022 | 0.00100 |
| Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with... |
42,360,089 | 32 | 0.20 | 0.0002 | 0.00008 |
| Guizhou Guizhou ' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Its provincial capital city is Guiyang.- History :... |
35,247,695 | 31 | 0.20 | 0.0002 | 0.00009 |
| Hubei Hubei ' Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting... |
59,508,870 | 26 | 0.17 | 0.0010 | 0.00004 |
| Hunan Hunan ' is a province of South-Central China, located to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting... |
63,274,173 | 25 | 0.16 | 0.0004 | 0.00004 |
| Anhui Anhui Anhui is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny... |
58,999,948 | 22 | 0.14 | 0.0055 | 0.00004 |
| Zhejiang Zhejiang Zhejiang is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital... |
45,930,651 | 21 | 0.13 | 0.0053 | 0.00005 |
| Ningxia Ningxia Ningxia, formerly transliterated as Ningsia, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Located in Northwest China, on the Loess Plateau, the Yellow River flows through this vast area of land. The Great Wall of China runs along its northeastern boundary... |
5,486,393 | 21 | 0.13 | 0.0011 | 0.00038 |
| Tibet Autonomous Region Tibet Autonomous Region The Tibet Autonomous Region , Tibet or Xizang for short, also called the Xizang Autonomous Region is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China , created in 1965.... |
2,616,329 | 20 | 0.13 | 0.0008 | 0.00076 |
| Hainan Hainan Hainan is the smallest province of the People's Republic of China . Although the province comprises some two hundred islands scattered among three archipelagos off the southern coast, of its land mass is Hainan Island , from which the province takes its name... |
7,559,035 | 14 | 0.09 | 0.0011 | 0.00019 |
| Fujian Fujian ' , formerly romanised as Fukien or Huguing or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait... |
34,097,947 | 13 | 0.08 | 0.0022 | 0.00004 |
| Guangxi Guangxi Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in... |
43,854,538 | 13 | 0.08 | 0.0001 | 0.00003 |
| Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the... |
30,512,763 | 12 | 0.08 | 0.0006 | 0.00004 |
| Shanxi Shanxi ' is a province in Northern China. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" , after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.... |
32,471,242 | 8 | 0.05 | 0.0078 | 0.00002 |
| Jiangxi Jiangxi ' is a southern province in the People's Republic of China. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to... |
40,397,598 | 4 | 0.03 | 0.0032 | 0.00001 |
| In active duty | 2,498,600 | 22 | 0.14 | 0.0197 | 0.00088 |
Notable people
- Elizabetha Pavlovna Kishkina , the wife of Li LisanLi LisanLǐ Lìsān was an early leader of the Chinese communists, and the top leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1928 to 1930, member of Polit Bureau, and later member of Central Committee.-Early years:...
, niece of the last Prime MinisterPrime ministerA prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
of pre-Bolshevik RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects... - Chiang Fang-liangChiang Fang-liangFaina Chiang Fang-liang was the wife of President Chiang Ching-kuo and served as First Lady of the Republic of China on Taiwan from 1978 to 1988.-Biography:...
, the First LadyFirst LadyFirst Lady or First Gentlemanis the unofficial title used in some countries for the spouse of an elected head of state.It is not normally used to refer to the spouse or partner of a prime minister; the husband or wife of the British Prime Minister is usually informally referred to as prime...
of the Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
in 1978-88 - Nikolai Ivanovich Lunev , deputy to the tenth Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceChinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceThe Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [], shortened as 人民政协, Rénmín Zhèngxié, i.e. "People's PCC"; or just 政协, Zhèngxié, i.e. "The PCC"), abbreviated CPPCC, is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China...
See also
- Harbin RussiansHarbin RussiansThe term Harbin Russians or Russian Harbinites refers to several generations of Russians who lived in the city of Harbin, a major junction city on the Chinese Eastern Railway , from approximately 1898 to the mid-1960s....
- Shanghai RussiansShanghai RussiansThe Shanghai Russians were a sizable Russian diaspora that flourished in Shanghai, China between the World Wars. By 1937 it is estimated that there were as many as 25,000 anti-Bolshevik Russians living in the city, the largest European group by far...
- China Far East RailwayChina Far East RailwayThe Chinese Eastern Railway or was a railway in northeastern China . It connected Chita and the Russian Far East. English-speakers have sometimes referred to this line as the Manchurian Railway...
- Chinese Eastern Railway Zone
- The Russian ConcubineThe Russian ConcubineThe Russian Concubine is a 2007 novel by Kate Furnivall. Ths book is loosely based on the story of Furnivall's mother Lily, who was a Russian refugee...