Erzurum

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Erzurum

Theodosiopolis redirects here; it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace.

Erzurum ( (Karin), see also its former and other names) is a city

List of cities in Turkey

This is a list of cities in Turkey by population.Included are cities that are provincial capitals or have a population of at least 7,000....
in eastern Anatolia, Turkey

Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in southwest Asia and Thrace in the Balkans region of Southern Europe....
. The name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-u Rûm" (literally The Land of the Romans in Arabic

Arabic language

Arabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages languages such as Hebrew language and Aramaic language....
).

Erzurum has a population of 361,235 (2000 census). It is the capital of Erzurum Province

Erzurum Province

The Province of Erzurum is a Province of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region of the country. It is bordered by the provinces of Kars Province and Agri Province to the east, Mus Province and Bing?l Province to the south, Erzincan Province and Bayburt Province to the west, Rize Province and Artvin Province to the north and Ardahan Province...
, the largest province in Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region

Eastern Anatolia Region

Eastern Anatolia Region encompasses the eastern provinces of Turkey, and it is one of the 7 non-administrative subdivisions used for census purposes....
.

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Theodosiopolis redirects here; it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace.

Erzurum ( (Karin), see also its former and other names) is a city

List of cities in Turkey

This is a list of cities in Turkey by population.Included are cities that are provincial capitals or have a population of at least 7,000....
in eastern Anatolia, Turkey

Turkey

Arabic language

Erzurum Province

Eastern Anatolia Region

Eastern Anatolia Region encompasses the eastern provinces of Turkey, and it is one of the 7 non-administrative subdivisions used for census purposes....
. The city is situated 1757 meters (5766 feet) above sea level and has an extreme continental climate

Continental climate

Continental climate is a climate that is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of snow cover each year, and relatively moderate precipitation occurring mostly in summer, although east coast areas may show an even distribution of precipitation....
with an average January temperature of . Temperatures often drop below in the winter, with heavy snowfall.

Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization , also called the Atlantic Alliance, is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949....
code, has served as NATO's southeasternmost air force post during the Cold War

Cold War

The Cold War was the continuing state of conflict, tension and competition that existed between a number of world powers, including the United States, the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, France, United Kingdom and those countries' respective allies from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s....
.

The city uses the double-headed Anatolian Seljuk Eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif based on the double-headed Byzantine Eagle

Double-headed eagle

The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in heraldry and vexillology. It is most commonly associated with the Holy Roman Empire and with the Byzantine Empire....
that was a common symbol throughout Anatolia and the Balkans in the medieval period.

History

Erzurum existed since the ancient times as Karin and at various times belonged to ancient Armenia

Armenia

Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in South Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea....
, Persian

Persian Empire

The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
, Roman

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
, Seljuk Turks, and Ottoman

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
Empires.

The town was known in Byzantine times as Theodosiopolis, acquiring its present name only after its final Muslim conquest following the battle of Manzikert

Battle of Manzikert

The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Great Seljuq Empire forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert ....
.

Saltuklu

Saltuklu

Saltuklu dynasty were the rulers of an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period founded after the Battle of Manzikert and centered in Erzurum, who ruled between 1071 to 1202....
s were rulers of an Anatolian Turkish Beylik (principality) centered in Erzurum, who ruled between 1071 to 1202. Melike Mama Hatun

Melike Mama Hatun

Melike Mama Hatun, or simply Mama Hatun, was a female ruler of the Saltuklu dynasty, with its capital in Erzurum, for an estimated nine years between 1191 to 1200....
, sister of Nâsirüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.

The city was captured by Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
in 1829, but given back to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople

Treaty of Adrianople

The Peace Treaty of Adrianople concluded the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It was signed on September 14, 1829 in Adrianople by Russia's Count Aleksey Orlov and by Turkey's Abdul Kadyr-bey....
(Edirne). During the Crimean war

Crimean War

The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Oriental War was fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other....
Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of Kars. The city was attacked and, after overcoming strong resistance, captured by a Russian army in the Russo-Turkish War

Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877?1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian Empiren goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the Black Sea and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire....
of 1877-78, but was returned to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of San Stefano

Treaty of San Stefano

The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire signed at the end of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877?78....
.

There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the Hamidian massacres

Hamidian massacres

The Hamidian massacres, also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896, refers to the massacring of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire, with estimates of the dead ranging from 80,000 to 300,000, and at least 50,000 orphans as a result....
(1894-1896). It was also a major extermination and deportation center during the Armenian Genocide

Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide , also known as the Armenian Holocaust, the Armenian Massacres and, by Armenians, the Great Calamity —refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian people population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I....
of 1915. The deportation route for the Armenians

Armenians

The Armenians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands. A large concentration of them has remained there, especially in Armenia, but many of them are also scattered elsewhere throughout the world ....
of Erzurum and neighbouring areas in eastern Anatolia

Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
went through the city of Harput.

The city was the location of one of the key battles

Battle of Erzurum (1916)

The Erzerum Offensive or Battle of Erzerum was a major winter offensive by the Imperial Russian Army on the Caucasus Campaign that led to the capture of the strategic city of Erzurum....
in the Caucasus Campaign

Caucasus Campaign

The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Democratic Republic of Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I or alternatively part of the Caucasian Front during World War I....
of World War I

World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
between the armies of the Ottoman

Ottoman Empire

Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
Empires which resulted in capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich

Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich

Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich , was a commander of the Caucasus Campaign and one of the most successful generals of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I....
on February 16, 1916. It was returned to the Ottomans with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers, marking Russia's exit from World War I....
in 1918.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atat?rk was a Turkish people army officer, revolutionary statesman, and Father of the Nation Turkey as well as its List of Presidents of Turkey....
, one of the founders of the modern Turkish Republic

Turkish republic

Turkish republic is a phrase which refers to republics of Turkish people or Turkic peoples. It is also the misuse of the phrase Republic of Turkey....
, resigned from the Ottoman Army in Erzurum, and was declared the "Honorary Native" and the freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdani) of the new Turkish Republic. The Erzurum Congress

Erzurum Congress

Erzurum Congress was an assembly of Turkish Revolutionaries held from 23 July to 4 August 1919 in the city of Erzurum, in eastern Turkey, in accordance with the previously issued Amasya Circular....
of 1919 was one of the starting points of the Turkish War of Independence

Turkish War of Independence

The Turkish War of Independence is the political and military resistance developed by Turkish revolutionaries to the Allies of World War I partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat in World War I....
.

Economy

The largest economy, in recent years, has been the university. Atatürk University is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism, also, provides a large proportion of the province's income.

Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips.

Tourism

Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the Çifte Minareli Medrese

Çifte Minareli Medrese

?ifte Minareli Medrese is an architectural monument of the late Seljuk Sultanate of R?m period in the Turkey city of Erzurum. Built as a theological school a few years before 1265, it takes its name, Twin Minaret Madrasah, from the two fluted minarets that crown the monumental fa?ade....
.

Six kilometres to the south of the center of Erzurum is an important skiing

Skiing

Snow skiing is a group of sports using skis as primary equipment. Skis are used in conjunction with ski boots that connect to the ski with use of a ski bindings....
center on the Palandöken Mountain

Palandöken Mountain

Paland?ken Mountain is a high tectonic mountain in Erzurum Province, Turkey. The summit is at a distance of only from Erzurum city center, which itself extends at an elevation of ....
range. There are several ski runs; the south ski run is 8 km long, the north ski run is intended for advanced skiers. The highest point of Mt. Palandöken, Great Ejder at 3188m, can be reached to an altitude of 3100 metres by a chair lift. The International University Sports Federation (FISU) World Winter Games, 2011 Winter Universiade

2011 Winter Universiade

The 2011 Winter Universiade, the XXV Winter Universiade, is scheduled to take place in Erzurum, Turkey. Erzurum is the city at the highest altitude in Turkey , and has over 320 cultural landmarks....
, will be held in Erzurum.

Cuisine

One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is Cag Kebab

Cag kebab

Cag kebab is a kebab variety, originating in Turkey's Erzurum Province,and Artvin with the districts of Tortum, Oltu and Yusufeli hotly disputing the title for the actual place of origin....
. Although this kebab

Kebab

Kebab refers to a variety of meat dishes in Middle Eastern cuisine, Mediterranean cuisine, Cuisine of Africa, Central Asian cuisine, and South Asian cuisine cuisines, consisting of Grilling or broiled meats on a skewer or stick....
variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining wide-spread popularity around Turkey.

Besides, Kadayif Dolmasi is an exquisite sugary. There is walnut in Kadayif Dolmasi.

Transport

The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Erzurum is also the main railroad endpoint for the Eastern Anatolia region. Erzurum Airport

Erzurum Airport

Erzurum Airport is a airbase and public airport serving the city of Erzurum in eastern Turkey. Inaugurated in 1966, it is 11 km far from the city....
, also used by the Turkish Air Force

Turkish Air Force

The Turkish Air Force is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. It is one of the oldest air forces in the world and operates one of the largest combat aircraft fleets of NATO....
, has runways that are the second longest in Turkey.

Notable natives

Arif Sag
Arif Sag

Arif Sag With the initiation of Roman Herzog, then-president of Germany, he gave a concert on 5 May 1996 with K?ln Philharmonic Orchestra....
, Turkish singer, baglama virtuoso
Cemal Gürsel
Cemal Gürsel

Cemal G?rsel , was a Turkey army Officer , and the 4th president of Turkey....
, the fourth president of Turkey
Fethullah Gülen
Fethullah Gülen

Fethullah G?len is an Islamic preacher from Turkey, and leader of the G?len movement.His critics accuse him of undermining the secular roots of the Republic of Turkey by advocating Islamization, while his supporters hail him as an open-minded Islamic scholar who has been subject to a long-lasting hate campaign....
, modernist Islamic scholar and writer
Ibrahim Hakki Erzurumi
Ibrahim Hakki Erzurumi

Ibrahim Hakki Erzurumi , Turkish and Sufi philosopher and encyclopedist. In 1756 he published his work Marifetname which was a compilation and commentary on astronomy, mathematics, anatomy, psychology, philosophy, and Islamic mysticism....
, Turkish and Sufi philosopher and encyclopedist
Johannes Avetaranian
Johannes Avetaranian

Johannes Avetaranian was a Turkish descendent of Muhammad who later became a Christian missionary. While a mullah in Turkey, he converted to Christianity, and later became a missionary to Eastern Turkestan ...
, a descendent of Mohammed
Karekin Pastermadjian, a leader of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Armenian Revolutionary Federation

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation is an Armenian people political party founded in Tbilisi in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian....
and an ambassador of Armenia
Armenia

Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in South Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea....
Markos Vafiadis
Markos Vafiadis

Markos Vafiadis was a leading cadre of the Communist Party of Greece during the Greek Civil War....
, leading cadre of the Communist Party of Greece
Communist Party of Greece

The Communist Party of Greece , better known by its acronym, ??? , is the communism party of Greece and the oldest party in the Greek political scene....
(KKE), Prime Minister of Greece
Nene Hatun
Nene Hatun

Nene Hatun, aka Nenehatun, was a Turkey folk heroine, who at her age of twenty showed bravery during the recapture of Fort Aziziye in Erzurum Province from Russian Empire at the start of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78....
, female defender of Erzurum during the Russo-Turkish War
Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877?1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian Empiren goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the Black Sea and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire....
of 1877-78
Orhun Ene
Orhun Ene

Orhun Ene is a former professional basketball player from Turkey. He was famous with his managing the team and helped lot of times to Turkey national basketball team....
, Turkish Basketball player
Vartkes Serengülian
Vartkes Serengülian

Vartkes Sereng?lian also known as Hovhannes or Gisak was an Armenian political and public activist, member of Ottoman Parliament....
, ethnic Armenian deputy in the Ottoman parliament from 1908-1915 representing Erzurum.
Acun Ilicali
Acun Ilicali

Acun Ilicali is a Turkey television personality, producer and sport journalist. He is also the founder and head of Acun Medya....
Television programmer

External links

Erzurum
Erzurum
Erzurum Yerel Radio
Ihsan Dogramaci Vakfi Özel Bilkent Erzurum Laboratuvar Lisesi