Ernst Jünger (March 29, 1895 – February 17, 1998) was a
GermanThe German people are an ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent, and speaking the German language as a mother tongue. Within Germany, Germans are defined by citizenship , distinguished from people of German ancestry...
writerA writer is anyone who creates a written work, though the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, as well as those who have written in many different forms.-Profession:...
. In addition to his
novelA novel is a long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied the present generic term in the late 18th century....
s and
diariesA diary is a record with discreet entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records , business ledgers and military records...
, he is well known for
Storm of SteelStorm of Steel is the memoir of German officer Ernst Jünger's experiences on the Western Front during the First World War. It was originally printed privately in 1920, making it one of the first personal accounts to be published. The book is a graphic account of trench warfare...
, an account of his experience during
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
. Many regard him as one of Germany's greatest modern writers and a hero of the
conservative revolutionary movementThe Conservative Revolutionary movement was a German national conservative movement, prominent in the years following the First World War. The Conservative Revolutionary school of thought advocated a "new" conservatism and nationalism that was specifically German, or Prussian in particular...
following World War I. Others dismiss him as a
militaristMilitarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests....
or
reactionaryReactionary refers to any political or social movement or ideology that seeks a return to a previous state . The term originated in the French Revolution, to denote the counter-revolutionaries who wanted to restore the real or imagined conditions of the monarchical Ancien Régime...
.
Life and work
Jünger was born in
HeidelbergHeidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2008, over 145,000 people live within the city's area. Heidelberg is a unitary authority...
and grew up in Hannover as the son of a chemical engineer become pharmacist. He went to school between the years of 1901 and 1913 and was member of the
WandervogelWandervogel is the name adopted by a popular movement of German youth groups from 1896 onward. The name can be translated as migratory bird and the ethos is to shake off the restrictions of society and get back to nature and freedom...
movement. In 1913, he ran away from home to join the
French Foreign LegionThe French Foreign Legion is a unique unit in the French Army, established in 1831. The legion was specifically created for foreign nationals wishing to serve in the French Armed Forces, but commanded by French officers. However, it is also open to French citizens, who amount to 24% of recruits...
where he served very briefly in
North AfricaNorth Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the UN definition of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia,Mauritania, and...
. During
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
he served with distinction in the Imperial
German ArmyThe German Army is the land component of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. Traditionally the German military forces have been composed of Army, the Navy, and an Air Force after World War I. It was reinstalled in 1955 as the West German Army and as a part of the newly formed...
on the Western Front. In the first week of January 1917 he was awarded the
Iron Cross First ClassThe Iron Cross was a military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia, and later of Germany, which was established by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and first awarded on 10 March 1813 in Breslau...
and in September 1918 was awarded the
German EmpireThe German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871 to 1918, when it became a German republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of Wilhelm II .The term Second Reich...
's highest military decoration of that time, the
Pour le MériteThe Pour le Mérite, known informally during World War I as the Blue Max , was the Kingdom of Prussia's highest military order until the end of World War I....
(informally known as the "Blue Max"). Received as a Lieutenant at the age of 23, he was one of the youngest soldiers ever to be given this award.
His war experiences are first described in
Storm of Steel (German title:
In Stahlgewittern) which was published in 1920 (
self-publishingSelf-publishing is the publishing of books and other media by the authors of those works, rather than by established, third-party publishers. Although it represents a small percentage of the publishing industry in terms of sales, it has been present in one form or another since the beginning of...
). This book by which Jünger became suddenly famous has been seen as glorifying war. Jünger served as a
lieutenantLieutenant is a military, naval, paramilitary, fire service, emergency medical services or police officer rank....
in the army of the
Weimar RepublicThe Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government, named after Weimar, the place where the constitutional assembly took place. Its official name was still Deutsches Reich , however...
until his demobilisation in 1923. He studied
marine biologyMarine biology is the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment...
,
zoologyZoology, also spelled zoölogy, is the branch of biology that focuses on the structure, function, behavior, and evolution of animals. The zoologist's pronunciation of "zoology" is , though a common spelling pronunciation is .-Systems of classification:...
,
botanyBotany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology and is the scientific study of plant life and development...
, and
philosophyPhilosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned...
, and became a well-known entomologist. He married Gretha von Jeinsen (1906 - 1960) in 1925; they had two children, Ernst (1926-1944) and Alexander (1934-1993).
In the 1920s Jünger published articles in several right-wing
nationalistNationalism is an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. It is a type of collectivism emphasizing the collective of a specific nation...
journals, and further novels. As in
Storm of Steel, in the book
Feuer und Blut (1925,
"Fire and Blood"), Jünger glorified war as an internal event. According to Jünger, war elevates the soldier's life, isolated from normal humanity, into a mystical experience. The extremities of modern military techniques tested the capacity of the human senses. He criticized the fragile and unstable
democracyDemocracy is a system of government in which either the actual governing is carried out by the people governed , or the power to do so is granted by them...
of the
Weimar RepublicThe Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government, named after Weimar, the place where the constitutional assembly took place. Its official name was still Deutsches Reich , however...
, stating that he "hated democracy like the plague." Although never a member of the
National SocialistThe National Socialist German Workers' Party , commonly known in English as the Nazi Party , was a political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945...
movement around
Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , popularly known as the Nazi Party...
, Jünger never publicly criticized the regime before the war. Jünger however refused a chair offered to him in the Reichstag following the Nazi Party's ascension to power in 1933, and he refused the invitation to head the German Academy of Literature (Die deutsche Akademie der Dichtung). Even though he never endorsed the Nazi Party, and indeed kept them at a careful distance, Jünger's
Storm of Steel sold well into the six-figure range by the end of the 1930s. In the essay
On Pain, written and published in 1934, Jünger rejects the liberal values of liberty, security, ease, and comfort, and seeks instead the measure of man in the capacity to withstand pain and sacrifice. It gives valuable insights into the cult of courage and death in Nazi Germany.
In 1927 he moved to
BerlinBerlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union...
. In 1929 was issued his
The Adventurous Heart (German title:
Das abenteuerliche Herz). In
Über Nationalismus und Judenfrage (1930,
"On Nationalism and the Jewish Question"), Jünger describes
JewThe Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
s as a threat for the unity of
GermansThe German people are an ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent, and speaking the German language as a mother tongue. Within Germany, Germans are defined by citizenship , distinguished from people of German ancestry...
. In 1932 he published
The Worker (German title:
Der Arbeiter), which called for the creation of a totally mobilized society run by warrior-worker-scholars. Jünger left
BerlinBerlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union...
in 1933, his house was searched by the
GestapoThe was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning in April 1934, it was under the overall administration of the Schutzstaffel under Heinrich Himmler in his position as leader of the SS and Chief of German Police...
secret police, and from 1938 he was banned by the Nazis from writing.
On the Marble CliffsOn the Marble Cliffs is a novella by Ernst Jünger published in 1939 describing the upheaval and ruin of a serene agricultural society...
(1939, German title:
Auf den Marmorklippen) uses
metaphorA metaphor is a figure of speech concisely comparing two things, saying that one is the other. The English metaphor derives from the 16th c...
to describe Jünger's negative perceptions of the situation in Hitler's Germany. He served in
World War IIWorld War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
as an army captain. Assigned to an administrative position in Paris, he socialized with prominent artists of the day such as Picasso and
Jean CocteauJean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager, playwright, artist and filmmaker...
. His early time in France is described in his diary
Gärten und Straßen (1942,
Gardens and Streets).
Jünger appears on the fringes of the
Stauffenberg bomb plotThe 20 July plot of 1944 was a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, inside his "Wolf's Lair" field headquarters near Rastenburg, East Prussia. The plot was the culmination of the efforts of the German Resistance to overthrow the Nazi regime...
. He was clearly an inspiration to anti-Nazi conservatives in the German Army, and while in Paris he was close to the old, mostly
PrussianThe Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918, until the defeat of Germany in World War I, was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising almost two-thirds of the area of the empire...
officers who carried out the assassination attempt against Hitler. He was only peripherally involved in the events however, and in the aftermath suffered only dismissal from the army (summer of 1944), rather than execution.
His elder son Ernst Jr., then a
KriegsmarineThe Kriegsmarine was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945, during the Nazi regime, superseding the Reichsmarine, and the Kaiserliche Marine of World War I. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches of the Wehrmacht.-Command structure:Adolf Hitler was the commander-in-chief...
cadetA cadet is a trainee officer in the military, a junior branch of an important family, or simply a person who is a junior trainee.- Etymology :...
, was imprisoned that year for engaging in "subversive discussions" in his
Wilhelmshaven||-||}Wilhelmshaven is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the western side of Jadebusen, a bay of the North Sea.-History:...
Naval Academy. Transfered to
Penal UnitStrafbatallion were Wehrmacht punishment units created during Second World War for soldiers convicted by court martial and sentenced to a deferred execution.-Formation:...
999, he was killed near
CarraraCarrara is a city in the province of Massa-Carrara , famous for the white or blue-gray marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione river, some 100 km west-northwest of Florence....
in
occupied ItalyThe Italian Social Republic was a puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the Nation" and "Minister of Foreign Affairs" Benito Mussolini. The RSI exercised official sovereignty in northern Italy but was largely dependent on the Wehrmacht to maintain control...
on November 29.
After the war, Jünger was initially under some suspicion for his nationalist past, and he was banned from publishing in Germany for several years by the British occupying forces for not resisting the Nazi regime enough. His work
The Peace (German title:
Der Friede), written in 1943 and published abroad in 1947, marked the end of his involvement in politics. Rehabilitated by the 1950s, he went on to be regarded as a towering figure of German literature. German publisher Klett put out a ten-volume
Collected Works (
Sämtliche Werke) in 1965. The same publishers issued a second edition in 1983, turning Jünger into one of four German authors who lived to see two editions of his
Collected Works published; the other three are Goethe, Klopstock, and Wieland. He remained highly controversial, though, in the eyes of the German Marxist Left, both for his past, and his ongoing role as conservative philosopher and icon. Jünger was immensely popular in France, where at one time 48 of his translated books were in print. In 1984, he spoke at the Verdun memorial, alongside with his admirers, French president
François MitterrandFrançois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand served as the President of France from 1981 to 1995, elected as representative of the Socialist Party . First elected during the May 1981 presidential election, he became the first socialist President of the Fifth Republic and the first left-wing head of...
and German chancellor
Helmut KohlHelmut Josef Michael Kohl is a German conservative politician and statesman. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 and the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union from 1973 to 1998...
.
His diaries from 1939 to 1949 were published under the title
Strahlungen (1948,
Reflections). In the 1950s and 1960s Jünger travelled extensively. His first wife, Gretha, died in 1960, and in 1962 he married Liselotte Lohrer. He continued writing prodigiously his entire life, publishing more than 50 books.
Jünger was among the forerunners of magical realism. His vision in
The Glass BeesThe Glass Bees is a science fiction novel written by the German author Ernst Jünger in 1957. When first published in English in 1960, critics dismissed the book's vision as lacking contemporary relevance. More recently, however, writers and critics have hailed this novel's "speculations on...
(1957, German title:
Gläserne Bienen), of a future in which an overmechanized world threatens individualism, could be seen as
science fictionScience fiction is a genre of fiction. It differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically-established or scientifically-postulated laws of nature...
. A sensitive poet with training in botany and zoology, as well as a soldier, his works in general are infused with tremendous details of the natural world. His critics claim there is an excess of emotional control and precision in his writing. In 1981 he was awarded the
Prix mondial Cino Del DucaThe Prix mondial Cino Del Duca is a major international literary award established in 1969 in France by Simone Del Duca to continue the work of her late husband, publishing magnate Cino Del Duca...
.
Throughout his whole life he had experimented with
drugsA psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior...
such as
etherDiethyl ether, also known as ether, ethyl ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear, colorless, and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a characteristic odor. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known generically as ethers. It is an isomer of butanol...
,
cocaineCocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant...
, and
hashishHashish is a preparation of cannabis composed of the compressed stalked resin glands called trichomes, collected from the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than other parts of the plant such as the buds or the leaves...
; and later in life he used
mescalineMescaline or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class. It is mainly used as an entheogen, and a tool to supplement various practices for transcendence, including in meditation, psychonautics, art projects, and psychedelic...
and
LSDLysergic acid diethylamide, LSD-25, LSD, formerly lysergide, commonly known as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family...
. These experiments were recorded comprehensively in
Annäherungen (1970,
Approaches). The novel
Besuch auf Godenholm (1952,
Visit to Godenholm) is clearly influenced by his early experiments with
mescalineMescaline or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class. It is mainly used as an entheogen, and a tool to supplement various practices for transcendence, including in meditation, psychonautics, art projects, and psychedelic...
and
LSDLysergic acid diethylamide, LSD-25, LSD, formerly lysergide, commonly known as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family...
. He met several times with LSD inventor
Albert HofmannAlbert Hofmann was a Swiss scientist best known for having been the first to synthesize, ingest and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide . Hofmann authored more than 100 scientific articles and wrote a number of books, including LSD: My Problem Child...
and they took LSD together. Hofmann's memoir
LSD, My Problem Child describes some of these meetings.
One of his most important literary contributions was the metahistoric figure of the
Anarch (sovereign individual)An Anarch is a Conservative Revolutionary ideal of a sovereign individual, conceived by Ernst Jünger in his novel Eumeswil . Jünger was greatly influenced by individualist anarchist Max Stirner and described the Anarch as embodying Stirner's conception of the unique , a man who can form a bond...
, which evolved from his earlier conception of the Waldgaenger, or Forest Fleer. The anarch is Jünger's answer to the question of survival of individual freedom in a totalitarian world. It is developed primarily through the character of Martin Venator in his novel
Eumeswil.
Jünger's 100th birthday on March 29, 1995, was met with praise from many quarters, including the
socialistThe Socialist Party is the largest left-wing political party in France. It replaced the French Section of the Workers' International in 1969....
French president
François MitterrandFrançois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand served as the President of France from 1981 to 1995, elected as representative of the Socialist Party . First elected during the May 1981 presidential election, he became the first socialist President of the Fifth Republic and the first left-wing head of...
.
Jünger was a friend of
Martin HeideggerMartin Heidegger was an influential German philosopher. His best known book, Being and Time, is considered to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century...
. Jünger was admired by
Julius EvolaBarone Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola also known as Julius Evola, was an Italian philosopher, esotericist, author, artist, poet, political activist, soldier and Perennial Traditionalist...
who published a book called
L'Operaio nel pensiero di Ernst Juenger (1960), in which he summarized
The Worker.
On September 26, 1996 Jünger, by then a practicing
ChristianChristianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented by the revelations in the New Testament....
, converted to the
Roman Catholic ChurchThe Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church. With more than a billion members, over half of all Christians and more than one-sixth of the world's population, the Catholic Church is a communion of the Western, or Latin Rite Church, and...
and began to receive the
SacramentA sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is what Roman Catholics believe to be "a rite in which God is uniquely active." Augustine of Hippo defined a Christian sacrament as "a visible sign of an invisible reality." The Anglican Book of Common Prayer speaks of them as "an...
s.
Ernst Jünger died on February 17, 1998 in
RiedlingenRiedlingen is a town in the district of Biberach, Baden-Württemberg, in the south-west of Germany. It is situated on the Danube. It has about 10,000 inhabitants....
,
Upper SwabiaUpper Swabia is a region in Germany in the federal states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. The name refers to the area between the Swabian Alb, Lake Constance and the Lech...
, the last living bearer of the military version of the order of the
Pour le MériteThe Pour le Mérite, known informally during World War I as the Blue Max , was the Kingdom of Prussia's highest military order until the end of World War I....
.
His brother Friedrich Georg Jünger (1898-1977) was a poet and essayist. His younger son Alexander, a physician, committed suicide in 1993.
Despite the controversy surrounding his life, Jünger said he never regretted anything he wrote, nor would he ever take it back.
Yet he joined Chancellor Helmut Kohl and President Francois Mitterrand of France at a 1984 Franco-German ceremony at Verdun, France, where he called the
ideology of war in Germany before and after World War I "a calamitous mistake".
Accusations of Fascism
Some critics of Jünger have derided him as a fascist. Jünger never betrayed sympathy to the political style of "blood and soil" (
Blut und Boden) popular among the Nazis, but according to some of his critics his conservative literature made Nazism highly attractive. The ontology of war depicted in
Storm of Steel could be interpreted as a model for a new, hierarchically ordered society beyond democracy, beyond the security of bourgeois society and ennui.
In fiction
- Ernst Jünger has a brief and marginal appearance in Jonathan Littell
Jonathan Littell is a bilingual writer living in Barcelona. He grew up in France and United States and is a dual citizen of both countries. After acquiring his bachelor degree he worked for a humanitarian organisation for nine years, leaving his job in 2001 in order to concentrate on writing...
's docudramaA docudrama is a dramatization of actual historical events. As a neologism, the term is often confused with docufiction.-Generalities:Docudramas tend to demonstrate some or most of the following characteristics:...
Les BienveillantesThe Kindly Ones is a novel, in the form of historical fiction, written in French by the American-born author Jonathan Littell. It tells the story of a former SS officer who helped carry out massacres during the Holocaust...
.
- He makes brief appearances in Roberto Bolaño
Roberto Bolaño Ávalos was a Chilean novelist and poet. In 1999 he won the Rómulo Gallegos Prize for his novel Los detectives salvajes , and in 2008 he was posthumously awarded the National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction for his novel 2666.-Life:Bolaño was born in Santiago, the son of a...
's Nocturno de Chile (By Night in Chile) and 2666.
- He appears in Günter Grass
Günter Wilhelm Grass is a Nobel Prize-winning German author and playwright.He was born in the Free City of Danzig...
's Mein Jahrhundert (My Century) in conversation with fellow German author Erich Maria RemarqueErich Maria Remarque was a German author, most famous today for his anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front.-Life:...
.
Selected works
- In Stahlgewittern, 1920
The year 1920 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*"Hercule Poirot" makes his first appearance.*Beyond the Horizon, Eugene O'Neill's first full-length play, opens at a special matinee at the Morosco Theater on February 2 – partly as an experiment on the part...
- Storm of SteelStorm of Steel is the memoir of German officer Ernst Jünger's experiences on the Western Front during the First World War. It was originally printed privately in 1920, making it one of the first personal accounts to be published. The book is a graphic account of trench warfare...
(ISBN 0865273103)
- Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis, 1922
The year 1922 in literature involved some significant events and new books.Under the current U.S. copyright law, all works published before January 1, 1923 with a proper copyright notice entered the public domain no later than 75 years from the date of the copyright...
- Das Wäldchen 125 - Copse 125: A Chronicle from the Trench Warfare of 1918 (ISBN 0865273790)
- Feuer und Blut, 1925
- Das abenteuerliche Herz, 1929 - The Adventurous Heart
- Die totale Mobilmachung, 1931
- Der Arbeiter, Herrschaft und Gestalt, 1932
- Geheimnisse der Sprache, 1934
- Blätter und Steine, 1934
- Über den Schmerz, 1934 - On Pain (ISBN 9780914386407)
- Afrikanische Spiele, 1936
- Auf den Marmorklippen, 1939
The year 1939 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*December 25 - A Christmas Carol is read before a radio audience for the first time.*Frank Herbert lies about his age to get his first job as a local newspaper reporter....
- On the Marble CliffsOn the Marble Cliffs is a novella by Ernst Jünger published in 1939 describing the upheaval and ruin of a serene agricultural society...
(ISBN 0140029850)
- Gärten und Straßen - 1942
The year 1942 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*André Gide leaves France to live in Tunis.*Robertson Davies becomes editor of the Peterborough Examiner.*Thomas Mann emigrates to California....
- Myrdun. Briefe aus Norwegen, 1943
The year 1943 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*George Orwell resigns from the BBC to become literary editor of Tribune.*Isaac Bashevis Singer becomes a naturalized citizen of the United States....
- Der Friede, 1947
The year 1947 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*The Diary of Anne Frank is published for the first time.*Jack Kerouac makes the journey which he will later chronicle in his book On the Road....
- The Peace
- Atlantische Fahrt, 1947
- Sprache und Körperbau, 1947
- Ein Inselfrühling, 1948
- Heliopolis
Heliopolis is an utopistic or dystopian novel by Ernst Jünger published in 1949. In the fictional city of Heliopolis the henchmen of a Proconsul and a Landvogt fight each other. Commander Lucius de Geer belongs to the staff of the Proconsul, but he stands more and more aloof these inner fights....
, 1949
- Strahlungen, 1949
- Über die Linie, 1950
- Der Waldgang, 1951
- Besuch auf Godenholm, 1952
- Der Gordische Knoten, 1953
- Das Sanduhrbuch, 1954
- Am Sarazenenturm, 1955
- Rivarol, 1956
- Serpentara, 1957
- Gläserne Bienen, 1957 - The Glass Bees
The Glass Bees is a science fiction novel written by the German author Ernst Jünger in 1957. When first published in English in 1960, critics dismissed the book's vision as lacking contemporary relevance. More recently, however, writers and critics have hailed this novel's "speculations on...
(ISBN 0374521735)
- San Pietro, 1957
- Jahre der Okkupation, 1958
- An der Zeitmauer, 1959
- Sgraffiti, 1960
- Der Weltstaat, 1960
- Ein Vormittag in Antibes, 1960
- Das spanische Mondhorn, 1963
- Sturm, 1963
- Geheimnisse der Sprache, 1963
- Typus, Name, Gestalt, 1963
- Werke, 1961-1965 (10 vols.)
- Grenzgänge, 1966
- Subtile Jagden, 1967
- Im Granit, 1967
- Federbälle, 1969
- Annäherungen: Drogen und Rausch, 1970
- Ad hoc, 1970
- Lettern und Ideogramme, 1970
- Sinn und Bedeutung, 1971
- Die Zwille, 1973
- Zahlen und Götter; Philemon und Baukis, 1974
- Eumeswil, 1977 - Eumeswil (ISBN 0941419975)
- Sämtliche Werke, 1979 ff (18 vols.)
- Paul Léautaud in Memoriam, 1980
- Siebzig Verweht, 1980-81
- Flugträume, 1983
- Aladins Problem, 1983 - Aladdin's Problem (ISBN 070430208X)
- Author und Autorschaft, 1984
- Eine gefährliche Begegnung, 1985 - A Dangerous Encounter (ISBN 0941419371)
- Zwei Mal Halley, 1987
- Die Schere, 1990
Books about Jünger
- The Violent Eye: Ernst Jünger's Visions and Revisions on the European Right by Marcus P. Bullock (Wayne State University
Wayne State University is a public research university located in Detroit, Michigan, in the city's Midtown Cultural Center. Founded in 1868, WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering more than 350 major subject areas to over 31,000 graduate and undergraduate students...
Press, 1992, ISBN 0814323340)
- The Details of Time: Conversations With Ernst Jünger by Julien Hervier (Marsilio Pub, 1995, ISBN 0941419959)
- Ernst Jünger and Germany: Into the Abyss, 1914-1945 by Thomas Nevin (Duke University Press
Duke University Press is a publisher of books and journals, owned by Duke University. It publishes approximately 120 books annually and more than 35 journals, as well as offering five electronic collections. The Press publishes primarily in the humanities and social sciences....
, 1996, ISBN 0822318792)
- A Dubious Past: Ernst Jünger and the Politics of Literature After Nazism by Elliot Y. Neaman. (University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley is a public research university located in Berkeley, California, United States. The oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines...
, 1999. ISBN 0520216288)
- Ernst Jünger A Writer Of Our Time by J. P. Stern
Joseph Peter Stern, in full: Joseph Peter Maria Stern , was an authority on German literature. He was Professor at University College London from 1972 to 1986....
in the "Studies In Modern European Literature And Thought" Series (Bowes & Bowes, CambridgeThe city of Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north of London. It is also at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen....
, 1953)
- Ernst Jünger and the Nature of Political Commitment by R. Woods (Stuttgart
Stuttgart is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,038 while the metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million ....
, 1982)
- Ernst Jünger by Gerhard Loose. (ISBN 0805724796)
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