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Envelope
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An envelope is a packaging product, usually made of flat material such as paper or cardboard, and designed to contain a flat object, which in a postal-service context is usually a letter, card or bills.
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Encyclopedia
An envelope is a packaging product, usually made of flat material such as paper or cardboard, and designed to contain a flat object, which in a postal-service context is usually a letter, card or bills. The traditional type is made from a sheet of paper cut to one of three shapes: the rhombus (also referred to as a lozenge or diamond), the short-arm cross, and the kite. These designs ensure that in the course of envelope manufacture when the sides of the sheet are folded about a delineated central rectangular area, a rectangular-faced, usually oblong, enclosure is formed with an arrangement of four flaps on the reverse side, which, by virtue of the shapes of sheet traditionally used, is inevitably symmetrical.
In 1876 William Irwin Martin published the Stationer's Handbook. He worked for the Samuel Raynor & Company in New York. He created the first commercial sizes of envelopes and simply numbered them from 0 through 12.
Overview
When the folding sequence is such that the last flap to be closed is on a short side it is referred to in commercial envelope manufacture as a '"pocket"' - a format frequently employed in the packaging of small quantities of seeds. Although in principle the flaps can be held in place by securing the topmost flap at a single point (for example with a wax seal), generally they are pasted or gummed together at the overlaps. They are most commonly used for enclosing and sending mail (letters) through a prepaid-postage postal system.
Window envelopes have a hole cut in the front side that allows the paper within to be seen. They are generally arranged so that the sending address printed on the letter is visible, saving the sender from having to duplicate the address on the envelope itself. The window is normally covered with a transparent or translucent film to protect the letter inside, as was first designed by Americus F. Callahan in 1901 and patented the following year. In some cases, shortages of materials or the need to economize resulted in envelopes that had no film covering the window. One innovative process, invented in Europe about 1905, involved using hot oil to saturate the area of the envelope where the address would appear. The treated area became sufficiently translucent for the address to be readable. A typical use for window envelopes is courtesy reply mail.
An aerogram is related to a lettersheet, both being designed to have writing on the inside to minimize the weight. Any handmade envelope is effectively a lettersheet because prior to the folding stage it offers the opportunity for writing a message on that area of the sheet that after folding becomes the inside of the face of the envelope.
The "envelope" used to launch the Penny Post component of the British postal reforms of 1840 was a lozenge-shaped lettersheet known as a Mulready. If desired, a separate letter could be enclosed with postage remaining at one penny provided the combined weight did not exceed half an ounce (about 13 grams). This was a legacy of the previous system of calculating postage, which partly depended on the number of sheets of paper used.
During the U.S. Civil War those in the CSA occasionally used envelopes made from wallpaper, due to financial hardship.
A "return envelope" is a pre-addressed, smaller envelope included as the contents of a larger envelope and can be used for courtesy reply mail, metered reply mail, or freepost (business reply mail). Some envelopes are designed to be reused as the return envelope, saving the expense of including a return envelope in the contents of the original envelope. The direct mail industry makes extensive use of return envelopes as a response mechanism.
Up until 1840 all envelopes were handmade, each being individually cut to the appropriate shape out of an individual rectangular sheet. In that year George Wilson in the United Kingdom patented the method of tessellating (tiling) a number of envelope patterns across and down a large sheet, thereby reducing the overall amount of waste produced per envelope when they were cut out. In 1845 Edwin Hill and Warren de la Rue obtained a patent for a steam-driven machine that not only cut out the envelope shapes but creased and folded them as well. (Mechanised gumming had yet to be devised.) The convenience of the sheets ready cut to shape popularized the use of machine-made envelopes, and the economic significance of the factories that had produced handmade envelopes gradually diminished.
As envelopes are made of paper, they are intrinsically amenable to embellishment with additional graphics and text over and above the necessary postal markings. This is a feature that the direct mail industry has long taken advantage of -- and more recently the Mail Art movement. Custom printed envelopes has also become an increasingly popular marketing method for small business.
Most of the over 400 billion envelopes of all sizes made worldwide are machine-made.
Post office requirements
According to international postal conventions, a letter envelope must measure at least 90 × 140 mm. The length of postcards and aerograms must be at least the width times the square root of 2. These requirements help sorting letters by making it easier to line up all the envelopes with the addresses reading the same way.
The same regulations also reserve certain regions on the envelope for the address, the postage, as well as markings that can be added by sorting machines.
In some countries using postcodes, common envelopes are preprinted with lines and boxes that help write those postcodes in a consistent way in a consistent position.
In Australia, post office-preferred envelopes have four boxes printed in orange ink at the bottom right-hand corner where handwritten postcodes are meant to be written. Character recognition software is used to read the postcode number.
Envelopes in the Soviet Union were printed with something like the common 7 segment LCD, to assist the user to write the 6-character postcode directly in machine-readable format.
While conforming to postal regulations can save postage and lead to a faster and more reliable delivery, postal workers usually try to deliver also more non-standard forms of envelope.
International standard sizes
International standard ISO 269 defines several standard envelope sizes, which are designed for use with ISO 216 standard paper sizes:
| Format | Dimensions (mm) | Suitable for content format |
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| DL | 110 × 220 | 1/3 A4 |
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| C7/C6 | 81 x 162 | 1/3 A5 |
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| C6 | 114 × 162 | A6 (or A4 folded in half twice) |
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| C6/C5 | 114 × 229 | 1/3 A4 |
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| C5 | 162 × 229 | A5 (or A4 folded in half once) |
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| C4 | 229 × 324 | A4 |
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| C3 | 324 × 458 | A3 |
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| B6 | 125 × 176 | C6 |
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| B5 | 176 × 250 | C5 |
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| B4 | 250 × 353 | C4 |
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| E3 | 280 × 400 | B4 |
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The German standard DIN 678 defines a similar list of envelope formats.
North American sizes
There are dozens of sizes of envelopes available. Not all are used for posting mail, but for such things as former pay packets or putting a gift card or a key in. U.S. and Canadian postal regulations differ from those of the rest of the world; although envelopes are still deliverable worldwide by the regulations of the Universal Postal Union, the sorting machines will not accept the international sizes. This is not as much a difference as usually thought, for the location of sending address and return address differ between Germany and France, for example.
The designations such as "A2" do not correspond to ISO paper sizes.
| Format | Dimensions (in) | Dimensions (mm) | Ratio |
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| A2 | 4 3/8 × 5 3/4 | 110.3 × 144.9 | 131% |
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| A6 | 4 3/4 × 6 1/2 | 119.7 × 163.8 | 137% |
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| A7 | 5 1/4 × 7 1/4 | 132.3 × 182.7 | 138% |
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| No. 6¾ | 3 5/8 × 6 1/2 | 92.1 × 165.1 | 179% |
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| No. 9 | 3 7/8 × 8 7/8 | 98.5 × 225.5 | 229% |
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| No. 10 | 4 1/8 × 9 1/2 | 104.0 × 239.4 | 230% |
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| No. 11 | 4 1/5 × 10 3/8 | 114.3 × 263.5 | 231% |
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| No. 12 | 4 3/4 × 11 | 120.7 × 279.4 | 232% |
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| No. 14 | 5 × 11 1/2 | 127.0 × 292.1 | 230% |
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See also
External links
- : ISO 216 details and rationale
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