The Encyclopædia Britannica
Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the Encyclopædia BritannicaThe Encyclopædia Britannica , published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia that is available in print, as a DVD, and on the Internet. It is written and continuously updated by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 expert...
. It was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. This edition of the encyclopedia is now in the
public domainWorks are in the public domain if the intellectual property rights have expired, if the intellectual property rights are forfeited, or if they are not covered by intellectual property rights at all...
, but the outdated nature of some of its content makes its use as a source for modern scholarship problematic. Some articles have special value and interest to modern scholars as
cultural artifactA cultural artifact is a term used in the social sciences, particularly anthropology, ethnology, and sociology for anything created by humans which gives information about the culture of its creator and users...
s of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Background
The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled with the management of American publisher
Horace Everett HooperHorace Everett Hooper was the publisher of Encyclopædia Britannica from 1897 until his death.-Early life:...
.
Hugh ChisholmHugh Chisholm was a British journalist, and editor of the 11th and 12th editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica....
, who had edited the previous edition, was appointed editor in chief, with
Walter Alison PhillipsWalter Alison Phillips was an English historian, a specialist in the history of Europe in the 19th century. From 1914 to 1939 he was the first holder of the Lecky chair of History in Trinity College, Dublin. Most of his writing is in the name of W...
as his principal assistant editor.
Originally, Hooper bought the rights to the 25-volume ninth edition and persuaded the British newspaper
The TimesThe Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register . The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary since 1981 of News International...
to issue its reprint, with eleven additional volumes (35 volumes total) as the tenth edition, which was published during 1902. Hooper's association with The Times ceased during 1909, and he negotiated with the
Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest publishing house, and the second largest university press in the world...
to publish the 29-volume eleventh edition. Though it is generally perceived as a quintessentially British work, the eleventh edition had substantial American influences, not only in the increased amount of American and Canadian content, but also in the efforts made to make it more popular. American marketing methods also assisted sales. Some 11% of the contributors were American, and a New York office was established to manage that part of the enterprise.
The initials of the encyclopedia's contributors appear at the end of selected articles (at the end of a section in the case of some longer articles, such as that on China) and a key is given in each volume to these initials. Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time, such as
Edmund GosseSir Edmund William Gosse CB was an English poet, author and critic; the son of Philip Henry Gosse and Emily Bowes.-Early life:...
,
J. B. BuryJohn Bagnell Bury , known as J. B. Bury, was an Irish historian, classical scholar, Byzantinist and philologist.-Biography:...
,
Algernon Charles SwinburneAlgernon Charles Swinburne was an English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic. He invented the roundel form, wrote several novels, and contributed to the famous Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica...
,
John MuirJohn Muir was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions...
,
Peter KropotkinPrince Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin was a Russian zoologist, evolutionary theorist, philosopher, economist, geographer, author and one of the world's foremost anarcho-communists. Kropotkin advocated a communist society free from central government and based on voluntary associations between...
, T. H. Huxley and
William Michael RossettiWilliam Michael Rossetti was an English writer and critic.-Biography:Born in London, he was a son of immigrant Italian scholar Gabriele Rossetti, and the brother of Maria Francesca Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Georgina Rossetti.He was one of the seven founder members of the...
. Among the then lesser-known contributors were some who would later become distinguished, such as
Ernest RutherfordErnest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson OM, FRS was a New Zealand-born British chemist and physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics...
and
Bertrand RussellBertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these things...
. Many articles were carried over from the ninth edition, some with minimal updating, some of the book-length articles divided into smaller parts for easier reference, yet others much abridged. The best-known authors generally contributed only a single article or part of an article. Most of the work was done by journalists,
British MuseumThe British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its...
scholars and other scholars. The 1911 edition for the first time included a number of female contributors, with 34 women contributing articles to the edition.
The eleventh edition introduced a number of changes of the format of the Britannica
. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The print typeLetterpress printing is relief printing of text and image using a press with a "type-high bed" printing press and movable type, in which a reversed, raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheet of paper to obtain a positive right-reading image...
was kept in galley proofsIn printing and publishing, proofs are the preliminary versions of publications meant for review by authors, editors, and proofreaders, often with extra wide margins. Galley proofs may be uncut and unbound, or in some cases electronic...
and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of Britannica
to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It was the first not to include long treatise-length articles. Even though the overall length of the work was about the same as that of its predecessor, the number of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It was also the first edition of Britannica to include biographies of living people.
According to Coleman and Simmons, p 32 the content of the encyclopedia was comprised as follows:
| Subject |
Content |
| Geography Geography is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes...
|
29% |
Pure and applied scienceScience is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe...
|
17% |
| History History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...
|
17% |
LiteratureLiterature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...
|
11% |
Fine artFine art or the fine arts encompass art forms developed primarily for aesthetics and/or concept rather than practical application. Art is often a synonym for fine art, as employed in the term "art gallery"....
|
9% |
| Social science |
7% |
PsychologyPsychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society...
|
1.7% |
| Philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
|
0.8% |
Hooper sold the rights to Sears Roebuck of Chicago during 1920, completing the Britannicas transition to becoming a substantially American publication.
During 1922, an additional three volumes (also edited by Hugh Chisholm), were published, covering the events of the intervening years, including
World War IWorld War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
. These, together with a reprint of the eleventh edition, formed the twelfth edition of the work. A similar thirteenth edition, consisting of three volumes plus a reprint of the twelfth edition, was published during 1926, so the twelfth and thirteenth editions were of course closely related to the eleventh edition and shared much of the same content. However, it became increasingly apparent that a more thorough update of the work was required.
The fourteenth edition, published during 1929, was considerably revised, with much text eliminated or abridged to make room for new topics. Nevertheless, the eleventh edition was the basis of every later version of the
Encyclopædia Britannica until the completely new fifteenth edition was published during 1974, using modern information presentation.
The eleventh edition's articles are still of value and interest to modern readers and scholars, especially as a
cultural artifactA cultural artifact is a term used in the social sciences, particularly anthropology, ethnology, and sociology for anything created by humans which gives information about the culture of its creator and users...
: the
British EmpireThe British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the...
was at its maximum,
imperialismImperialism, as defined by Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationships, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination." The imperialism of the last 500 years,...
was largely unchallenged, much of the world was still ruled by
monarchA monarch is the person who heads a monarchy. This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and occasionally rules for life or until abdication...
s, and the tragedy of the modern
world warA world war is a war affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations. World wars span multiple countries on multiple continents, with battles fought in multiple theaters....
s were still in the future. They are an invaluable resource for topics omitted from modern encyclopedias, particularly for biography and the history of science and technology. As a literary text, the encyclopedia has value as an example of early 20th-century prose. For example, it employs literary devices, such as
pathetic fallacyThe pathetic fallacy, anthropomorphic fallacy or sentimental fallacy is the treatment of inanimate objects as if they had human feelings, thought, or sensations. The pathetic fallacy is a special case of the fallacy of reification...
(attribution of human-like traits to impersonal forces or inanimate objects), which are not as common in modern reference texts.
Notable commentaries on the Eleventh Edition
During 1917, using his pseudonym of S. S. Van Dine, the US art critic and author Willard Huntington Wright published
Misinforming a Nation, a 200+ page criticism of inaccuracies and biases of the
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Wright claimed that Britannica was "characterized by misstatement, inexcusable omissions, rabid and patriotic prejudices, personal animosities, blatant errors of fact, scholastic ignorance, gross neglect of non-British culture, an astounding egotism, and an undisguised contempt for American progress."
Amos Urban ShirkAmos Urban Shirk was an American businessman, author and reader of encyclopedias.As a businessman he worked in the food industry. He wrote Marketing Through Food Brokers, published in 1939 by McGraw-Hill. He invented a synthetic chicle and introduced vitamin capsules to grocery stores.He was also...
, who read both the entire eleventh and fourteenth editions during the 1930s, said he found the fourteenth edition to be a "big improvement" over the eleventh, stating that "most of the material had been completely rewritten".
Robert Collison, in
Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout The Ages (1966), wrote of the eleventh edition that it "was probably the finest edition of the
Britannica ever issued, and it ranks with the
Enciclopedia ItalianaThe Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti , is an Italian encyclopedia, generally regarded as the most authoritative of that language...
and the
EspasaThe Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana is a Spanish encyclopedia comprising 72 volumes published from 1908 to 1930 plus a ten-volume appendix published 1930-1933...
as one of the three greatest encyclopaedias. It was the last edition to be produced almost in its entirety in Britain, and its position in time as a summary of the world's knowledge just before the outbreak of World War I is particularly valuable."
Sir
Kenneth ClarkKenneth McKenzie Clark, Baron Clark, OM, CH, KCB, FBA was a British author, museum director, broadcaster, and one of the best-known art historians of his generation...
, in
Another Part of the Wood (1974), wrote of the eleventh edition, "One leaps from one subject to another, fascinated as much by the play of mind and the
idiosyncrasiesAn idiosyncrasy is an unusual feature of a person . The term is often used to express eccentricity or peculiarity. A synonym may be .-Etymology:...
of their authors as by the facts and dates. It must be the last encyclopaedia in the tradition of
DiderotDenis Diderot was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the Encyclopédie....
which assumes that information can be made memorable only when it is slightly coloured by prejudice. When
T. S. EliotThomas Stearns "T. S." Eliot OM was a playwright, literary critic, and arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century. Although he was born an American he moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 and was naturalised as a British subject in 1927 at age 39.The poem that made his...
wrote 'Soul curled up on the window seat reading the
Encyclopædia Britannica,' he was certainly thinking of the eleventh edition." (Clark refers to Eliot's 1929 poem "Animula".) It was one of
Jorge Luis BorgesJorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo , known as Jorge Luis Borges , was an Argentine writer, essayist, poet and translator born in Buenos Aires. In 1914 his family moved to Switzerland where he attended school, receiving his baccalauréat from the Collège de Genève in 1918. The family...
's favorite works, and was a source of information and enjoyment for his entire working life.
1911 Britannica in the 21st century
The 1911 edition is no longer restricted by
copyrightCopyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, giving the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time...
, and it is available in several more modern forms. While it may have been a reliable description of the consensus of its time, for some modern readers, the Encyclopedia has several major errors, ethnocentric remarks, and other issues:
- Contemporary opinions of race and ethnicity are included in the Encyclopedia's articles. For example, the entry for "Negro
The word Negro is used in the English-speaking world to refer to a person of black ancestry or appearance, whether of African descent or not...
" states, "Mentally the negro is inferior to the white... the arrest or even deterioration of mental development [after adolescence] is no doubt very largely due to the fact that after puberty sexual matters take the first place in the negro's life and thoughts." The article about the American War of Independence attributes the success of the United States in part to "a population mainly of good English blood and instincts".
- Many articles are now outdated factually, in particular those concerning science, technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...
, internationalPublic international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states; analogous entities, such as the Holy See; and intergovernmental organizations. To a lesser degree, international law also may affect multinational corporations and individuals, an impact increasingly evolving beyond...
and municipal lawMunicipal law is the national, domestic, or internal law of a sovereign state defined in opposition to international law. Municipal law includes not only law at the national level, but law at the state, provincial, territorial, regional or local levels...
, and medicineMedicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
. For example, the article on the vitamin deficiency disease beriberiBeriberi is a nervous system ailment caused by a thiamine deficiency in the diet. Thiamine is involved in the breakdown of energy molecules such as glucose and is also found on the membranes of neurons...
speculates that it is caused by a fungus, vitamins not having been discovered at the time. Articles about geographic places mention rail connections and ferry stops in towns that no longer employ such transport presently.
- Even where the facts might still be accurate, new information, theories and perspectives developed since 1911 have substantially changed the way the same facts might be interpreted. For example, the modern interpretation of the history of the Visigoths is very different from that represented by the eleventh edition which used the now out-of-favor Great man theory
The Great Man Theory was a popular 19th century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of "great men", or heroes: highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or Machiavellianism utilized their power in a way that...
, such that there are not any entries for Visigoth or Goth; rather the history of the tribe is found under the entry for Alaric IAlaric I was the King of the Visigoths from 395–410. Alaric is most famous for his sack of Rome in 410, which marked a decisive event in the decline of the Roman Empire....
.
The eleventh edition of
Encyclopædia Britannica has become a commonly quoted source, both because of the reputation of the
Britannica and because it is now in the
public domainWorks are in the public domain if the intellectual property rights have expired, if the intellectual property rights are forfeited, or if they are not covered by intellectual property rights at all...
and has been made available on the Internet. It has been used as a source by many modern projects including
WikipediaWikipedia is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its 20 million articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world. Almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site,...
and the
Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia.
Gutenberg Encyclopedia
The
Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia is the eleventh edition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica, renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns.
Project GutenbergProject Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks". Founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, it is the oldest digital library. Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books...
's offerings are summarized below in the External links section and include text and graphics.
Distributed ProofreadersDistributed Proofreaders is a web-based project that supports the development of e-texts for Project Gutenberg by allowing many people to work together in proofreading drafts of e-texts for errors.- History :...
are currently working on producing a complete electronic edition of the 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica.
Free, public-domain sources for 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica text
- Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed. 1911, separate volumes in several formats, on the Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is a non-profit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It offers permanent storage and access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, music, moving images, and nearly 3 million public domain books. The Internet Archive...
:
Internet Archive – Text Archives
Individual Volumes |
| Volume | DjVu DjVu is a computer file format designed primarily to store scanned documents, especially those containing a combination of text, line drawings, and photographs. It uses technologies such as image layer separation of text and background/images, progressive loading, arithmetic coding, and lossy...
| From | To |
| Volume 1 |
DjVu 1 |
A |
Androphagi |
| Volume 2 |
DjVu 2 |
Andros, Sir Edmund |
Austria |
| Volume 3 |
DjVu 3 |
Austria, Lower |
Bisectrix |
| Volume 4 |
DjVu 4 |
Bisharin |
Calgary |
| Volume 5 |
DjVu 5 |
Calhoun, John Caldwell |
Chatelaine |
| Volume 6 |
DjVu 6 |
Châtelet |
Constantine |
| Volume 7 |
DjVu 7 |
Constantine Pavlovich |
Demidov |
| Volume 8 |
DjVu 8 |
Demijohn |
Edward the Black Prince |
| Volume 9 |
DjVu 9 |
Edwardes, Sir Herbert Benjamin |
Evangelical Association |
| Volume 10 |
DjVu 10 |
Evangelical Church Conference |
Francis Joseph I |
| Volume 11 |
DjVu 11 |
Franciscans |
Gibson, William Hamilton |
| Volume 12 |
DjVu 12 |
Gichtel, Johann Georg |
Harmonium |
| Volume 13 |
DjVu 13 |
Harmony |
Hurstmonceaux |
| Volume 14 |
DjVu 14 |
Husband |
Italic |
| Volume 15 |
DjVu 15 |
Italy |
Kyshtym |
| Volume 16 |
DjVu 16 |
L |
Lord Advocate |
| Volume 17 |
DjVu 17 |
Lord Chamberlain |
Mecklenburg |
| Volume 18 |
DjVu 18 |
Medal |
Mumps |
| Volume 19 |
DjVu 19 |
Mun, Adrien Albert Marie de |
Oddfellows, Order of |
| Volume 20 |
DjVu 20 |
Ode |
Payment of members |
| Volume 21 |
DjVu 21 |
Payn, James |
Polka |
| Volume 22 |
DjVu 22 |
Poll |
Reeves, John Sims |
| Volume 23 |
DjVu 23 |
Refectory |
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin |
| Volume 24 |
DjVu 24 |
Sainte-Claire Deville, Étienne Henri |
Shuttle |
| Volume 25 |
DjVu 25 |
Shuválov, Peter Andreivich |
Subliminal self |
| Volume 26 |
DjVu 26 |
Submarine mines |
Tom-Tom |
| Volume 27 |
DjVu 27 |
Tonalite |
Vesuvius |
| Volume 28 |
DjVu 28 |
Vetch |
Zymotic diseases |
| Volume 29 |
DjVu 29 |
Index |
List of contributors |
| Volume 1 of 1922 supp |
|
Abbe |
English History |
| Volume 2 of 1922 supp |
|
English History |
Oyama, Iwao |
| Volume 3 of 1922 supp |
|
Pacific Ocean Islands |
Zuloaga |
| Reader's Guide - 1913 |
|
|
|
- Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks". Founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, it is the oldest digital library. Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books...
Encyclopedia:
Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia
|
| Section | From | | To |
| Volume 1: |
A |
– |
Androphagi |
| Volume 2.1: |
Andros, Sir Edmund |
– |
Anise |
| Volume 2.2: |
Anjar |
– |
Apollo |
| Volume 2.3: |
Apollodorus |
– |
Aral |
| Volume 2.4: |
Aram, Eugene |
– |
Arcueil |
| Volume 2.5: |
Arculf |
– |
Armour, Philip |
| Volume 2.6: |
Armour Plates |
– |
Arundel, Earls of |
| Volume 2.7: |
Arundel, Thomas |
– |
Athens |
| Volume 2.8: |
Atherstone |
– |
Austria |
| Volume 3.1: |
Austria, Lower |
– |
Bacon |
| Volume 3.2: |
Baconthorpe |
– |
Bankruptcy |
| Volume 3.3: |
Banks |
– |
Bassoon |
| Volume 3.4: |
Basso-relievo |
– |
Bedfordshire |
| Volume 3.5: |
Bedlam |
– |
Benson, George |
| Volume 3.6: |
Bent, James |
– |
Bibirine |
| Volume 3.7: |
Bible |
– |
Bisectrix |
| Volume 4.1: |
Bisharin |
– |
Bohea |
| Volume 4.2: |
Bohemia |
– |
Borgia, Francis |
| Volume 4.3: |
Borgia, Lucrezia |
– |
Bradford, John |
| Volume 4.4: |
Bradford, William |
– |
Brequigny, Louis |
| Volume 4.5: |
Bréquigny |
– |
Bulgaria |
| Volume 4.6: |
Bulgaria |
– |
Calgary |
| Volume 5.1: |
Calhoun |
– |
Camoens |
| Volume 5.2: |
Camorra |
– |
Cape Colony |
| Volume 5.3: |
Capefigue |
– |
Carneades |
| Volume 5.4: |
Carnegie, Andrew |
– |
Casus Belli |
| Volume 5.5: |
Cat |
– |
Celt |
| Volume 5.6: |
Celtes, Konrad |
– |
Ceramics |
| Volume 5.7: |
Cerargyrite |
– |
Charing Cross |
| Volume 5.8: |
Chariot |
– |
Chatelaine |
| Volume 6.1: |
Châtelet |
– |
Chicago |
| Volume 6.2: |
Chicago, University of |
– |
Chiton |
| Volume 6.3: |
Chitral |
– |
Cincinnati |
| Volume 6.4: |
Cincinnatus |
– |
Cleruchy |
| Volume 6.5: |
Clervaux |
– |
Cockade |
| Volume 6.6: |
Cockaigne |
– |
Columbus, Christopher |
| Volume 6.7: |
Columbus |
– |
Condottiere |
| Volume 6.8: |
Conduction, Electric |
– |
|
| Volume 7.1: |
Prependix |
– |
|
| Volume 7.2: |
Constantine Pavlovich |
– |
Convention |
| Volume 7.3: |
Convention |
– |
Copyright |
| Volume 7.4: |
Coquelin |
– |
Costume |
| Volume 7.5: |
Cosway |
– |
Coucy |
| Volume 7.6: |
Coucy-le-Château |
– |
Crocodile |
| Volume 8.2: |
Demijohn |
– |
Destructor |
| Volume 8.3: |
Destructors |
– |
Diameter |
| Volume 8.4: |
Diameter |
– |
Dinarchus |
| Volume 8.5: |
Dinard |
– |
Dodsworth |
| Volume 8.6: |
Dodwell |
– |
Drama |
| Volume 8.7: |
Drama |
– |
Dublin |
| Volume 8.8: |
Dubner |
– |
Dyeing |
| Volume 8.9: |
Dyer |
– |
Echidna |
| Volume 8.10: |
Echinoderma |
– |
Edward |
| Volume 9.1: |
Edwardes |
– |
Ehrenbreitstein |
| Volume 9.2: |
Ehud |
– |
Electroscope |
| Volume 9.3: |
Electrostatics |
– |
Engis |
| Volume 9.4: |
England |
– |
English Finance |
| Volume 9.5: |
English History |
– |
|
| Volume 9.6: |
English Language |
– |
Epsom Salts |
| Volume 9.7: |
Equation |
– |
Ethics |
| Volume 9.8: |
Ethiopia |
– |
Evangelical Association |
| Volume 10.1: |
Evangelical Church Conference |
– |
Fairbairn, Sir William |
| Volume 10.2: |
Fairbanks, Erastus |
– |
Fens |
| Volume 10.3: |
Fenton, Edward |
– |
Finistère |
| Volume 10.4: |
Finland |
– |
Fleury, Andre |
| Volume 10.5: |
Fleury, Claude |
– |
Foraker |
| Volume 10.6: |
Foraminifera |
– |
Fox, Edward |
| Volume 10.7: |
Fox, George |
– |
France |
| Volume 10.8: |
France |
– |
Francis Joseph I. |
| Volume 11.1: |
Franciscians |
– |
French Language |
| Volume 11.2: |
French Literature |
– |
Frost, William |
| Volume 11.3: |
Frost |
– |
Fyzabad |
| Volume 11.4: |
G |
– |
Gaskell, Elizabeth |
| Volume 11.5: |
Gassendi, Pierre |
– |
Geocentric |
| Volume 11.6: |
Geodesy |
– |
Geometry |
| Volume 11.7: |
Geoponici |
– |
Germany |
| Volume 11.8: |
Germany |
– |
Gibson, William |
Other sources for 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica text
- The "LoveToKnow Classic Encyclopedia" is a wiki that is "based" on the original encyclopædia text, and claims copyright on the modified text.
- The JRank "Online Encyclopedia" includes original and contributed articles; the originals may have been edited and the collection is subject to a claimed copyright.