Encyclopedia
The
Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential order on January 1 1863 declaring the freedom of all slaves in those areas of the
Confederate States of America that had not already returned to Union control. It was not a law passed by a Congress but a proclamation issued by President
Abraham Lincoln, based on the war powers given to the
President by the Constitution. Its immediate impact was only upon slaves that had already escaped to the Union side, but as the Union armies advanced, hundreds or thousands of slaves were liberated each day — until nearly all 4 million were free by summer 1865. The emancipation was permanently effected by the
Thirteenth Amendment ratified in December 1865. The Emancipation Proclamation was never tested in court one way or the other, but no court or legal scholar has questioned its validity.
How the Emancipation Proclamation was issued
The Proclamation was issued in two parts. The first part, issued on September 22, 1862, was a preliminary announcement outlining the intent of the second part, which officially went into effect 100 days later on January 1, 1863, during the second year of the
American Civil War. It was
Abraham Lincoln's declaration that all
slaves would be permanently freed in all areas of the Confederacy that had not already returned to federal control by January 1, 1863. The ten affected states were individually named in the second part. Not included were the Union slave states of
Maryland,
Delaware,
Missouri and
Kentucky. Specific exemptions were stated for all 48 counties that would soon become
West Virginia, 7 other named counties of Virginia, and also for
New Orleans and 13 nearby named parishes already under Union control. That is, areas under Union control on January 1, 1863 were not affected.
Background
A strict application of the
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 could have required return of fugitive slaves to their masters, but on March 13, 1862, Lincoln forbade all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves. On April 10, 1862, Congress declared that the federal government would compensate slave owners who freed their slaves. All slaves in the District of Columbia were freed in this way on April 16, 1862. On June 19, 1862, Congress prohibited slavery in United States territories, thus nullifying the 1857 decision of the Supreme Court in the
Dred Scott Case, which had ruled that Congress was powerless to regulate slavery in the territories.
In January 1862,
Thaddeus Stevens, the Republican leader in the House, called for total war against the rebellion, arguing that emancipation would ruin the rebel economy. In July 1862 Congress passed, and Lincoln signed, the "Second Confiscation Act." It liberated the slaves held by rebels. . It provided:
SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall hereafter incite, set on foot, assist, or engage in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the United States, or the laws thereof, or shall give aid or comfort thereto, or shall engage in, or give aid and comfort to, any such existing rebellion or insurrection, and be convicted thereof, such person shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, and by the liberation of all his slaves, if any he have; or by both of said punishments, at the discretion of the court.
...
SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That all slaves of persons who shall hereafter be engaged in rebellion against the government of the United States, or who shall in any way give aid or comfort thereto, escaping from such persons and taking refuge within the lines of the army; and all slaves captured from such persons or deserted by them and coming under the control of the government of the United States; and all slaves of such person found or being within any place occupied by rebel forces and afterwards occupied by the forces of the United States, shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves.
Lincoln himself had declared in peacetime he had no constitutional authority to free the slaves. The war gave him war powers. Emancipation was still a risky political act, because of strong opposition among Copperhead Democrats, and the uncertain impact on loyal border states. As such, the proclamation was a military order issued by Lincoln in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief, rather than the equivalent of a statute enacted by Congress, or a constitutional amendment. The Emancipation Proclamation also allowed for the enrollment of freed slaves into the United States military. Nearly 200,000 blacks did join, most of them ex-slaves. This gave the North an additional manpower resource that the South would not emulate until the final days before its defeat.
A mass rally in
Chicago on September 7 1862 demanded an immediate and universal emancipation of slaves. A delegation headed by
William W. Patton was sent to Washington and met the president at the White House on September 13
Lincoln first discussed the proclamation with his cabinet in July 1862, but he felt that he needed a Union victory on the battlefield so it would not look like a desperate effort. After the
Battle of Antietam, in which Union troops turned back a Confederate invasion of Maryland, he issued a preliminary proclamation on September 22, 1862. The final proclamation was then issued in January of the following year.
The Emancipation Proclamation itself took effect only as the Union armies advanced into the Confederacy. Slaves in the border states were emancipated by separate state action . Secretary of State William Seward commented on this by remarking, "We show our sympathy with slavery by emancipating slaves where we cannot reach them and holding them in bondage where we can set them free." Had any seceding state rejoined the Union before January 1, 1863, it could have kept slavery, at least temporarily.
Although implicitly granted authority by Congress, Lincoln used his powers as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, "as a necessary war measure" as the basis of the proclamation.
Immediate impact
Booker T. Washington, as a boy of 9, remembered the day in early 1865: [
Up from Slavery pp19-21]
As the great day drew nearer, there was more singing in the slave quarters than usual. It was bolder, had more ring, and lasted later into the night. Most of the verses of the plantation songs had some reference to freedom.... Some man who seemed to be a stranger made a little speech and then read a rather long paper—the Emancipation Proclamation, I think. After the reading we were told that we were all free, and could go when and where we pleased. My mother, who was standing by my side, leaned over and kissed her children, while tears of joy ran down her cheeks. She explained to us what it all meant, that this was the day for which she had been so long praying, but fearing that she would never live to see.
Emancipation took place without violence by masters or ex-slaves. The proclamation represented a shift in the war objectives of the North—merely reuniting the nation would no longer become the sole outcome. It represented a major step toward the ultimate abolition of slavery in the United States and the formation of a "more perfect Union."
Some slaves were freed immediately by the proclamation. Runaway slaves who made it to Union lines had been held by the Union army as "contraband of war" in contraband camps; when the proclamation took effect they were told at midnight that they were free to leave. Also, the
Sea Islands off the coast of
Georgia had been occupied by the Union navy earlier in the war. The whites had fled to the mainland while the blacks stayed, largely running their own lives. Naval officers read the proclamation to them and told them they were free.
In the military, the reaction to this proclamation varied widely, with some units coming to near mutiny in protest, and desertions were reported because of it. On the other hand, other units were inspired with the adoption of a cause that seemed to them to ennoble their efforts, such that at least one unit took up the motto "For Union and Liberty".
Slaves had been part of the "engine of war" for the Confederacy. They produced and prepared food; sewed uniforms; repaired railways; worked on farms and in factories, shipping yards, and mines; built fortifications; and served as hospital workers and common laborers. News of the Proclamation spread rapidly by word of mouth, arousing hopes of freedom, creating general confusion, and encouraging many to escape.
International impact
Abroad, as Lincoln hoped, the Proclamation turned foreign popular opinion in favor of the Union for its new commitment to end slavery. That shift ended any hope the Confederacy might have had of gaining official recognition, particularly with Britain. If Britain or France, both of which had abolished slavery, continued to support the Confederacy, it would seem as though they were supporting slavery. Prior to Lincoln's decree, Great Britain's actions had favored the confederacy, especially in its construction of war ships such as the
CSS Alabama and CSS Florida. As
Henry Adams noted, "The Emancipation Proclamation has done more for us than all our former victories and all our diplomacy."
Giuseppe Garibaldi hailed Lincoln as "the heir of the aspirations of John Brown." Workers from
Manchester,
England wrote to Lincoln saying, "We joyfully honor you for many decisive steps toward practically exemplifying your belief in the words of your great founders: 'All men are created free and equal.'"
Postbellum
Near the end of the war, Republican
abolitionists were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation would be construed solely as a war act and thus unconstitutional once fighting ended. They were also increasingly anxious to secure the freedom of all slaves, not just those freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. Thus pressed, Lincoln staked a large part of his 1864 presidential campaign on a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery uniformly throughout the United States. Lincoln's campaign was bolstered by separate votes in both Maryland and Missouri to abolish slavery in those states. Maryland's new constitution abolishing slavery took effect in November 1864. Winning re-election, Lincoln pressed the lame-duck
38th Congress to pass the proposed amendment immediately rather than wait for the incoming
39th Congress to convene. In January 1865, Congress sent to the state legislatures for ratification what became the
13th Amendment, banning slavery in all U.S. states and territories. The amendment was ratified by the legislatures of enough states by December 6, 1865. As a practical matter, by the time that the amendment was ratified,
Kentucky was the only remaining state in the nation where there were still some slaves who had not already been freed by other means.
References
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- Christopher Ewan, "The Emancipation Proclamation and British Public Opinion" The Historian, Vol. 67, 2005
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- Guelzo, Allen C. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America
- Harold Holzer, Edna Greene Medford, and Frank J. Williams. The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views
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- Silvana R. Siddali, From Property To Person: Slavery And The Confiscation Acts, 1861-1862
- John Syrett. Civil War Confiscation Acts: Failing to Reconstruct the South
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See also
- Slavery Abolition Act- an act passed by UK parliament abolishing slavery
- Juneteenth - a holiday commemorating the freeing of slaves
- Gettysburg Address - which took place between the two parts of the proclamation, and referred to a "new birth of freedom"
External links
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- First Edition in 1862 Harper's Weekly
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