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In engineering
Engineering

Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying Technology and science knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and process that safely realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria....
, electromechanics combines the science
Science

In its broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research....
s of electromagnetism
Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field, a field which exerts a force on Elementary particles with the property of electric charge and which is reciprocally affected by the presence and motion of such particles....
 of electrical engineering
Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism....
  and mechanics
Mechanical engineering

Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of physics#branches of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of machine....
. Mechanical engineering in this context refers to the larger discipline which includes chemical engineering, physics, and othe related disciplines. Electrical engineering in this context also encompasses software engineering, computer engineering, and other related fields. This refers to the 3 major engineering disciples of electrical engineering
Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism....
, mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering

Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of physics#branches of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of machine....
 and civil engineering
Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a Professional Engineer discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings....
 under which all other engineering disciples are classified.
History
Relay
Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an magnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts....
s originated with telegraphy
Telegraphy

Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters. Radiotelegraphy or wireless telegraphy transmits messages using radio....
 as electromechanical devices used to regenerate
Signal regeneration

In telecommunications, signal regeneration is signal processing that restores a Signal to its original specifications.The signal may be electrical, as in a repeater on a T-carrier line, or optical communication, as in an OEO optical cross-connect....
 telegraph signals.

The Strowger switch
Strowger switch

The Strowger switch, also known as Step-by-Step or SXS, is an early electromechanical telephone switching system invented by Almon Brown Strowger....
, Panel switch
Panel switch

File:Panel_Office_Typical_OGT.jpgThe panel switching system was an early type of automatic telephone exchange, first put into urban service by the Bell System in the 1920s and removed during the 1970s....
 and similar ones were widely used in early automated telephone exchange
Telephone exchange

In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls....
s.






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In engineering
Engineering

Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying Technology and science knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and process that safely realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria....
, electromechanics combines the science
Science

In its broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research....
s of electromagnetism
Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field, a field which exerts a force on Elementary particles with the property of electric charge and which is reciprocally affected by the presence and motion of such particles....
 of electrical engineering
Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism....
  and mechanics
Mechanical engineering

Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of physics#branches of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of machine....
. Mechanical engineering in this context refers to the larger discipline which includes chemical engineering, physics, and othe related disciplines. Electrical engineering in this context also encompasses software engineering, computer engineering, and other related fields. This refers to the 3 major engineering disciples of electrical engineering
Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism....
, mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering

Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of physics#branches of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of machine....
 and civil engineering
Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a Professional Engineer discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings....
 under which all other engineering disciples are classified.

History


Relay
Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an magnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts....
s originated with telegraphy
Telegraphy

Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters. Radiotelegraphy or wireless telegraphy transmits messages using radio....
 as electromechanical devices used to regenerate
Signal regeneration

In telecommunications, signal regeneration is signal processing that restores a Signal to its original specifications.The signal may be electrical, as in a repeater on a T-carrier line, or optical communication, as in an OEO optical cross-connect....
 telegraph signals.

The Strowger switch
Strowger switch

The Strowger switch, also known as Step-by-Step or SXS, is an early electromechanical telephone switching system invented by Almon Brown Strowger....
, Panel switch
Panel switch

File:Panel_Office_Typical_OGT.jpgThe panel switching system was an early type of automatic telephone exchange, first put into urban service by the Bell System in the 1920s and removed during the 1970s....
 and similar ones were widely used in early automated telephone exchange
Telephone exchange

In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls....
s. Crossbar switch
Crossbar switch

A crossbar switch is a switch connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs in a matrix manner.Originally the term was used literally, for a matrix switch controlled by a grid of crossing metal bars, and later was broadened to matrix switches in general....
es were first widely installed in the middle 20th century in Sweden, the United States
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
 and Britain
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
, and quickly spread to the rest of the world. The electromechanical television systems of the late 19th century were less successful.

Electric typewriter
Typewriter

A typewriter is a Machine or electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that, when pressed, cause Typeface to be printed on a medium, usually paper....
s developed, up to the 1980s, as "power-assisted typewriters." They contained a single electrical component in them, the motor. Where the keystroke had previously moved a typebar directly, now it engaged mechanical linkages that directed mechanical power from the motor into the typebar. This was also true of the forthcoming IBM Selectric. At Bell Labs
Bell Labs

Bell Laboratories is the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company .Bell Laboratories has had its headquarters at Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, and it has research and development facilities throughout the world....
, in the 1940s, the Bell Model V computer was developed. It was an electromechanical relay-based monster with cycle times in seconds. In 1968 Garrett Systems
Garrett Systems

Honeywell Turbo Technologies is a unit of the Honeywell Transportation Systems division of Honeywell International. Formerly a manufacturer of turboprop engines and a pioneer in numerous aerospace technologies, the company has continued to manufacture high-end turbochargers and components for the automobile and truck industry....
 were invited to produce a digital computer to compete with electromechanical systems then under development for the main flight control computer in the US Navy's new F-14 Tomcat
F-14 Tomcat

The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is a supersonic, twin-engine, two-seat, variable-sweep wing aircraft. The F-14 was the United States Navy's primary maritime air superiority fighter, fleet defense Interceptor aircraft and tactical reconnaissance platform from 1974 to 2006....
 fighter.

Modern practice


Common items which in the 20th century would have used electromechanical devices for control, today us, a less expensive and more effective standard integrated microcontroller
Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, watchdog, serial and analog I/O etc....
 circuit containing a few million transistors and a computer program to carry out the same task through logic. Such chips have replaced most electromechanical devices, are used in most simple feedback control systems, and appear in huge numbers in everything from traffic light
Traffic light

Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, stop lights, traffic lamps, stop-and-go lights, robots or semaphore, are signaling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossing, or other location to control the flow of traffic....
s to washing machine
Washing machine

A washing machine, or washer, is a machine designed to clean laundry, such as clothing, towels and Bed sheets. The term is mostly applied only to machines that use water as the primary cleaning solution, as opposed to dry cleaning or even ultrasonic cleaners....
s, though the latter case, as others where mechanical motion is involved, requires that the transistors control mechanical electric actuator
Electric actuator

Actuators are used for the automation of valves and can be found in all kinds of technical process plants: they are used in wastewater treatment plants, power plants and even refinery....
s.

See also


  • Adding machine
    Adding machine

    An adding machine is a type of calculator, usually specialized for bookkeeping calculations.In the United States, the earliest adding machines were usually built to read in dollars and cents....
  • Kerrison Predictor
    Kerrison Predictor

    The Kerrison Predictor was one of the first fully-automated anti-aircraft predictors, fire-control systems which would aim a weapon at a plane based on simple inputs like the observed speed and angle to the target....
  • Thermostat
    Thermostat

    A thermostat is a Measuring instrument for regulating the temperature of a system so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint temperature....
  • Automatic transmission system
    Automatic transmission system

    An automatic transmission system is an automated system designed to keep a radio transmitter and antenna running without direct human oversight or attention for long periods....
  • Power engineering
    Power engineering

    Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the electric power generation, electric power transmission and electric power distribution of electric power as well as the electrical devices connected to such systems including electric generators, electric motors and tr...
  • Electric power conversion
  • Torpedo Data Computer
    Torpedo Data Computer

    The Torpedo Data Computer was an early electromechanical analog computer used for torpedo fire-control system on US Navy submarines during World War II ....
  • Power rating
    Power rating

    In electrical engineering, the power rating of a device is a guideline set by the manufacturer as a maximum Electric power to be used with that device....
  • Stepping switch
    Stepping switch

    In electrical controls, a stepping switch, also known as a stepping relay, is an Electromechanics device which allows an input connection to be connected to one of a number of possible output connections, under the control of a series of electrical pulses....
  • Robotic telescope
    Robotic telescope

    A robotic telescope is an astronomy telescope and detector system that makes observations without the intervention of a human. In astronomical disciplines, a telescope qualifies as robotic if it makes those observations without being operated by a human, even if a human has to initiate the observations at the beginning of the night, or end t...
  • Electricity meter
    Electricity meter

    An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electricity energy supplied to or produced by a House, business or machine....
  • Solenoid valve
    Solenoid valve

    A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas controlled by running or stopping an electric current through a solenoid, which is a coil of wire, thus changing the state of the valve....
  • Relay
    Relay

    A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an magnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts....
  • Unit record equipment
    Unit record equipment

    Before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines or tabulating machines....


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