Dyskinesia
Encyclopedia
Dyskinesia is a movement disorder
which consists of effect
s including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements, similar to tic
s or choreia. Dyskinesia can be anything from a slight tremor of the hands to uncontrollable movement of, most commonly, the upper body but can also be seen in the lower extremities. Discoordination can also occur internally especially with the respiratory muscles and it often goes unrecognised. Dyskinesia is a symptom
of several medical disorders and is distinguished by the underlying cause.
, and biliary dyskinesia
, are caused by specific kinds of ineffective movement of the body, and are not movement disorder
s.
Movement disorder
Movement disorders include:* Akathisia * Akinesia * Associated Movements * Athetosis...
which consists of effect
Adverse effect
In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery.An adverse effect may be termed a "side effect", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect. If it results from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or...
s including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements, similar to tic
Tic
A tic is a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups. Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching. Common motor and phonic tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat clearing...
s or choreia. Dyskinesia can be anything from a slight tremor of the hands to uncontrollable movement of, most commonly, the upper body but can also be seen in the lower extremities. Discoordination can also occur internally especially with the respiratory muscles and it often goes unrecognised. Dyskinesia is a symptom
Symptom
A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality...
of several medical disorders and is distinguished by the underlying cause.
Chronic/tardive
- Late onset dyskinesia, which is also known as tardive dyskinesiaTardive dyskinesiaTardive dyskinesia is a difficult-to-treat form of dyskinesia that can be tardive...
occurs after treatmentTherapyThis is a list of types of therapy .* Adventure therapy* Animal-assisted therapy* Aquatic therapy* Aromatherapy* Art and dementia* Art therapy* Authentic Movement* Behavioral therapy* Bibliotherapy* Buteyko Method* Chemotherapy...
with an antipsychoticAntipsychoticAn antipsychotic is a tranquilizing psychiatric medication primarily used to manage psychosis , particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A first generation of antipsychotics, known as typical antipsychotics, was discovered in the 1950s...
drugDrugA drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage.In pharmacology, a...
such as haloperidolHaloperidolHaloperidol is a typical antipsychotic. It is in the butyrophenone class of antipsychotic medications and has pharmacological effects similar to the phenothiazines....
(Haldol) or amoxapineAmoxapineAmoxapine is a tetracyclic antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine family, though it is often classified as a secondary amine tricyclic antidepressant.- Uses :...
(Asendin). The symptoms include tremors and writhing movements of the body and limbs but is also seen in the face and mouth in the form of 'tongue rolling'. It may also involve involuntary lip smacking, repetitive pouting of the lips and tongue protrusions.
- Rabbit syndromeRabbit syndromeRabbit syndrome is a rare form of extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic drugs in which perioral tremors occur at a rate of 5 Hz. Rabbit syndrome is characterized by involuntary, fine, rhythmic motions of the mouth along a vertical plane, without involvement of the tongue...
- Dyskinesia observed in a patient with Parkinson's diseaseParkinson's diseaseParkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system...
(PD) is labeled as Levodopa-induced dyskinesiaLevodopa-induced dyskinesiaLevodopa-induced dyskinesia is a form of dyskinesia associated with Levodopa used to treat Parkinson's disease.It has been suggested that it involves disruption of the blood brain barrier, though not all evidence supports this....
(LID), and is more commonly a jerky, dance-like movement of the arms and/or head, which usually presents after several years of treatment with L-DOPA (Levodopa).
- Oral-Facial dyskinesia may be related to persistent replication of Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (Gonzales GR, 1992)
Non-motor
Two other types, primary ciliary dyskinesiaPrimary ciliary dyskinesia
Primary ciliary dyskinesia , also known as immotile ciliary syndrome or Kartagener Syndrome ', is a rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes a defect in the action of the cilia lining the respiratory tract and fallopian tube, and also of the flagella of sperm in...
, and biliary dyskinesia
Biliary dyskinesia
Biliary dyskinesia refers to altered tonus of the sphincter of Oddi , disturbance in the coordination of contraction of the biliary ducts, and/or reduction in the speed of emptying of the biliary tree....
, are caused by specific kinds of ineffective movement of the body, and are not movement disorder
Movement disorder
Movement disorders include:* Akathisia * Akinesia * Associated Movements * Athetosis...
s.
See also
- AkathisiaAkathisiaAkathisia, or acathisia, is a syndrome characterized by unpleasant sensations of inner restlessness that manifests itself with an inability to sit still or remain motionless...
- Akinesia
- Antiparkinsonian
- DopamineDopamineDopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter present in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the brain, this substituted phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five known types of dopamine receptors—D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5—and their...
- HemiballismusHemiballismusHemiballismus is a very rare movement disorder. It is 500 times rarer than Parkinson's disease. Its effects can sometimes be severe enough to prevent patients from being able to perform daily functions. It is usually associated with structural brain lesions but can occur with metabolic abnormalities...
- PsychosisPsychosisPsychosis means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality"...
- SchizophreniaSchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social...
- SerotoninSerotoninSerotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and in the central nervous system of animals including humans...