Dungan Revolt (1895)
Encyclopedia
The Dungan Revolt was a rebellion of various Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai
and Gansu
against the Qing Dynasty.
Ma Yonglin
aroused crowds of Hui
, Dongxiang
, Baoan, and Salars to overthrow Qing in Xunhua, Qinghai. Brigadier General Tang Yanhe
sent troops to destroy the rebels. Ma Dahan
formed a pact with the fellow Dongxiang Ma Wanfu
when rebelling against the Qing dynasty
. They led their followers in Hezhou, Didao, and Xunhua to revolt. They formed a defence line between Guanghe
, Sanjiaji, and Tiaoheyan.
Ma Wanfu's Yihewani sect was named as the new teaching. The Yihewani encouraged the rebellion.
Governor General Yang Changjun
sent troops to crush the rebellion.
Dong Fuxiang was the Commander in Chief of Kashgaria (kashgar), and he received a telegram ordering that he and General Ma Pi-sheng relieve the districts in revolt by conducting forced marches. His loyalist Chinese Muslim troops led by Muslim officers like Ma Anliang
, Ma Guoliang, Ma Fuxiang
, and Ma Fulu
crushed the revolt, reportedly cutting off the heads and ears of rebels. During this rebellion he again indulged in plundering his fellow Muslims. He received the rank of generalissimo
.
Ma Anliang's Muslim cavalry defeated Muslim rebels at Oxheart Mountain, and relieved the siege of Hezhou
on December 4. He led Hui cavalry troops to massacre Salar fighters who had agreed to negotiate at a banquet, and was promoted to General
of Xinjiang
, and Colonel
of Hezhou
for his service, once the revolt was crushed. The loyalist Muslim Generals led their troops to initiate wide spread slaughter of the rebel Muslims. They decapitated the heads of the rebels and removed their ears It was said that Ma Anliang's red cap was dyed with Muslim blood, and the offices of Ma Fuxiang and Ma Fulu were built from Muslim heads.
Ma Wanfu surrendered as the Chinese Muslim loyalist Generals Dong Fuxiang
and Ma Anliang
arrived to crush the rebel Muslims, and Ma Dahan was killed while fighting.
On August 2, 1896, it was reported that the Qing Generals carried out large scale massacres of the rebels, in one Area 8,000 were killed and the females sold into slavery.
Qinghai
Qinghai ; Oirat Mongolian: ; ; Salar:) is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake...
and Gansu
Gansu
' is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east...
against the Qing Dynasty.
Revolt
Rival Sufi Naqshbandi orders fought against each other. They accused each other of various misdeeds, and filed a lawsuit against each other through the office of the Xining prefect. The Judge decided not to issue a ruling on which group was superior to the other in matters of all Islamic affairs, and urged them to behave.Ma Yonglin
Ma Yonglin
Ma Yonglin was a Chinese Muslim leader of the Multicoloured Mosque who participated in the Dungan revolt and the Muslim revolt of 1895 against the Qing dynasty. He antagonized mobs of Hui, Dongxiang, Baoan, and Salars to overthrow the Qing dynasty in Xunhua, Qinghai. Brigadier General Tang Yanhe...
aroused crowds of Hui
Hui people
The Hui people are an ethnic group in China, defined as Chinese speaking people descended from foreign Muslims. They are typically distinguished by their practice of Islam, however some also practice other religions, and many are direct descendants of Silk Road travelers.In modern People's...
, Dongxiang
Dongxiang
Dongxiang may refer to:*China Dongxiang, a sportswear company in China*Dongxiang language, a Mongolic language*Dongxiang people, an ethnic group of China who speak the Dongxiang language*Dongxiang Autonomous County in Gansu, China...
, Baoan, and Salars to overthrow Qing in Xunhua, Qinghai. Brigadier General Tang Yanhe
Tang Yanhe
Tang Yanhe a Han chinese, was born Gansu, China. He commanded an army of Chinese Muslim soldiers along with Dong Fuxiang, and used them to crush the Muslim Rebellion of 1895....
sent troops to destroy the rebels. Ma Dahan
Ma Dahan
Ma Dahan was a Dongxiang muslim who formed a pact with the fellow Dongxiang Ma Wanfu when rebelling against the Qing dynasty in 1895. They led their followers in Hezhou, Didao, and Xunhua to revolt...
formed a pact with the fellow Dongxiang Ma Wanfu
Ma Wanfu
Ma Wanfu was a Dongxiang-Imam of the village Guoyuan in Hezhou...
when rebelling against the Qing dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. They led their followers in Hezhou, Didao, and Xunhua to revolt. They formed a defence line between Guanghe
Guanghe
Guanghe may refer to:*Guanghe County, county in Gansu, China*Guanghe Theatre, theatre located in the Qianmen area of Beijing...
, Sanjiaji, and Tiaoheyan.
Ma Wanfu's Yihewani sect was named as the new teaching. The Yihewani encouraged the rebellion.
Governor General Yang Changjun
Yang Changjun
Yang Changjun was a Governor General in Qing dynasty China. He commanded the armies of the Qing dynasty during the Dungan Revolt . His suboordinates included Tang Yanhe, Dong Fuxiang, and various other generals.-External links:...
sent troops to crush the rebellion.
Dong Fuxiang was the Commander in Chief of Kashgaria (kashgar), and he received a telegram ordering that he and General Ma Pi-sheng relieve the districts in revolt by conducting forced marches. His loyalist Chinese Muslim troops led by Muslim officers like Ma Anliang
Ma Anliang
Ma Anliang , a Hui, was born in 1855, in Linxia, Gansu, China. He became a general in the Qing dynasty army, and of the Republic of China. His father was Ma Zhanao, and his younger brother was Ma Guoliang...
, Ma Guoliang, Ma Fuxiang
Ma Fuxiang
Ma Fuxiang . Ma, a Dongxiang muslim leader, had a military and political career which spanned the Qing dynasty through the early Republic of China and illustrated the power of family, the role of religious affiliations, and the interaction of Inner Asian China and the national government of...
, and Ma Fulu
Ma Fulu
Ma Fulu , a Hui, was the son of General Ma Qianling, and the brother of Ma Fucai, Ma Fushou, and Ma Fuxiang. He joined the martial arts hall and attended military school. In 1895, he served under general Dong Fuxiang, leading loyalist Chinese Muslims to crush a revolt by rebel Chinese Muslims and...
crushed the revolt, reportedly cutting off the heads and ears of rebels. During this rebellion he again indulged in plundering his fellow Muslims. He received the rank of generalissimo
Generalissimo
Generalissimo and Generalissimus are military ranks of the highest degree, superior to Field Marshal and other five-star ranks.-Usage:...
.
Ma Anliang's Muslim cavalry defeated Muslim rebels at Oxheart Mountain, and relieved the siege of Hezhou
Hezhou
-Administration:Hezhou has 2 urban district, 2 counties, and 1 autonomous county.Urban District:*Babu District *Pinggui District Counties:*Zhongshan County *Zhaoping County -Administration:Hezhou has 2 urban district, 2 counties, and 1 autonomous county.Urban District:*Babu District (八步区)*Pinggui...
on December 4. He led Hui cavalry troops to massacre Salar fighters who had agreed to negotiate at a banquet, and was promoted to General
General
A general officer is an officer of high military rank, usually in the army, and in some nations, the air force. The term is widely used by many nations of the world, and when a country uses a different term, there is an equivalent title given....
of Xinjiang
Xinjiang
Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2...
, and Colonel
Colonel
Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
of Hezhou
Hezhou
-Administration:Hezhou has 2 urban district, 2 counties, and 1 autonomous county.Urban District:*Babu District *Pinggui District Counties:*Zhongshan County *Zhaoping County -Administration:Hezhou has 2 urban district, 2 counties, and 1 autonomous county.Urban District:*Babu District (八步区)*Pinggui...
for his service, once the revolt was crushed. The loyalist Muslim Generals led their troops to initiate wide spread slaughter of the rebel Muslims. They decapitated the heads of the rebels and removed their ears It was said that Ma Anliang's red cap was dyed with Muslim blood, and the offices of Ma Fuxiang and Ma Fulu were built from Muslim heads.
Ma Wanfu surrendered as the Chinese Muslim loyalist Generals Dong Fuxiang
Dong Fuxiang
Dong Fuxiang , a Chinese, was born Gansu, China. He commanded an army of Chinese Muslim soldiers, which included the later Ma clique generals Ma Anliang and Ma Fuxiang. According to the Western calendar, his birth date is in 1839.- Religion :Conflicting accounts are given about his religion and...
and Ma Anliang
Ma Anliang
Ma Anliang , a Hui, was born in 1855, in Linxia, Gansu, China. He became a general in the Qing dynasty army, and of the Republic of China. His father was Ma Zhanao, and his younger brother was Ma Guoliang...
arrived to crush the rebel Muslims, and Ma Dahan was killed while fighting.
On August 2, 1896, it was reported that the Qing Generals carried out large scale massacres of the rebels, in one Area 8,000 were killed and the females sold into slavery.
See also
- Dungan revolt
- List of rebellions in China
- Islam in ChinaIslam in ChinaThroughout the history of Islam in China, Chinese Muslims have influenced the course of Chinese history. Chinese Muslims have been in China for the last 1,400 years of continuous interaction with Chinese society...
- History of Islam in ChinaHistory of Islam in ChinaThe History of Islam in China began when four Sahabas- Sa'ad ibn abi Waqqas , Wahb Abu Kabcha, Jafar ibn Abu Talib and Jahsh preached in 616/17 and onwards in China after coming from Chittagong-Kamrup-Manipur route after sailing from Abyssinia in 615/16...
- Islam during the Qing DynastyIslam during the Qing DynastyQing Dynasty . The Qing rulers were Manchu, not Han, and were themselves a minority in China. The Qing Dynasty witnessed five Muslim rebellions.-Early revolts in Xinjiang, Shaanxi and Gansu:...