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Dovber Schneuri
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Dovber Schneuri (1773-11-13 - 1827-11-16 OS) was the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. Rabbi Dovber was the first Chabad rebbe to live in the town of Lyubavichi (now in present-day Russia), the town for which this Hasidic dynasty is named. He is also known as Der Mitteler Rebbe ("The Middle Rebbe" in Yiddish), being the second of the first three generations of Chabad leaders.
i Dovber was born in Liozna, Belarus, on 9 Kislev 5534.
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Encyclopedia
Dovber Schneuri (1773-11-13 - 1827-11-16 OS) was the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. Rabbi Dovber was the first Chabad rebbe to live in the town of Lyubavichi (now in present-day Russia), the town for which this Hasidic dynasty is named. He is also known as Der Mitteler Rebbe ("The Middle Rebbe" in Yiddish), being the second of the first three generations of Chabad leaders.
Biography
Rabbi Dovber was born in Liozna, Belarus, on 9 Kislev 5534. His father, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, was Rebbe of the community there, and of many Chassidim in White Russia and Lithuania, and other parts of Russia. His father named him after his own teacher, Rabbi Dovber of Mezeritch, the disciple and successor of the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of the Chassidic movement. Dovber was a prodigious student, and had begun to study Talmud at the age of seven. His father taught him Zohar, and transmitted to him the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov. Rabbi Dovber adopted the family name of "Schneuri," after his father, but succeeding generations changed it to "Schneersohn," or "Schneerson."
In 1788 he married Sheine, the daughter of a local Rabbi. In 1790 Rabbi Dovber was appointed the Mashpia (spiritual guide) of the Hasidim who would come to visit his father. At the age of 39, while studying in the city of Kremenchug, his father died.
He then moved to the small border-town of Lubavichi, from which the movement would take its name.. His accession was disputed by one of his father's prime students, Rabbi Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye, however the majority of Shneur Zalman's followers stayed with Dovber, and moved to Lubavichi. Thus Chabad had now split into two branches, each taking the name of their location to differentiate themselves from each other.
He established a Yeshivah in Lubavitch, which attracted gifted young scholars. His son-in-law, who later became his successor, Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch, headed the Yeshivah.
Like his father, Rabbi Dovber considered it his sacred task to help the Jews of Russia, whether Chassidim or not, not only spiritually but also economically. The position of the Jews under the Czars was never easy, but it became much worse when Czar Alexander I was succeeded by Czar Nicholas I in 1825. The restrictions against the Jews increased in number and severity. The Jews were confined to a small area, called the Pale of Settlement. They had no right to live, work or do business outside this crowded Pale, where conditions had become very difficult in the wake of the Franco-Russian war.
Rabbi Dovber thus launched a campaign (in 1822, or 1823) to urge Jews to learn trades and skilled factory work. He urged communities to organize trade schools. He also encouraged the study of agriculture, dairy farming, and the like, reminding them that once upon a time, when the Jewish people lived in their own land, they were a people of farmers, fruit growers and herdsmen. He urged that boys who did not show promise of becoming Torah scholars, should, after the age of thirteen, devote part of their time to the learning of a trade, or work in the fields, to help support the family.
In 1815, with government permission and sponsorship, he set up Jewish agricultural colonies in the Kherson region. He took to the road to raise funds for this purpose, and he personally visited the Jewish farmers and encouraged them in their pioneer work, also seeing that their spiritual needs and the education of the farmers' children should not be neglected.
He was active in the collection and distribution of financial aid from Russia to the Jewish population in the Holy Land.
He intended to settle in Hebron himself, believing that this was the "gate of heaven," and prayers to be particularly effective there. He instructed Chabad followers living in the Holy Land to move to the city for this reason.
Like his father, he was informed upon by his enemies, accused of being a danger to the Russian government. He was arrested on charges of having sent 200-300 rubles to the Sultan, and was ordered to appear for a trial in Vitebsk; however, due to the efforts of several non-Jewish friends he was later released before the trial. The day of his release, 10 Kislev 5587, is celebrated joyously to this day by Chabad Chassidim. He died in Nizhyn a year later, on 9 Kislev - his birthday - 5588, the very day he was born 54 years earlier.
He had two sons, Menachem Nahum and Baruch, and seven daughters. The oldest of his daughters, Chaya Mushka, was married to her cousin Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, another grandchild of Shneur Zalman of Liadi. Menachem Mendel succeeded his father-in-law cum uncle as Rebbe.
In addition to his many talents, Rabbi Dovber inherited from his father a great love for sacred music and Chassidic melody. His father had composed ten soul-stirring melodies (niggunim), and Rabbi Dov Ber knew their powerful effect to rouse the singers and listeners to great heights of ecstasy and attachment to G-d. He encouraged the singing of these and other melodies of his own composition at certain occasions of solemn and joyous gatherings, known as farbrengens. He even had an organized choir from among his Chassidim who led in the singing, known as the kapelye.
Works
Rabbi Dovber wrote many works on Chabad philosophy and Kabbalah, including a commentary on the Zohar. He was a brilliant thinker and a fast writer. His Chassidic works tend to be very long and very intricate.
It is said that when he finished writing the bottom line on a sheet of paper, the ink of the top line has not yet dried. About twenty of his works have been published, a good many of them during his lifetime.
One of his most famous works, entitled "Sha'ar HaYichud" (The Gate of Unity), now translated to English , describes the creation and entire make-up of the world according to Kabbalah. The work begins with the "Essence of G-d," and traces the creation of the universe down to the physical world itself, using complicated parables to illustrate difficult points. The book also describes, in its first ten chapters, the proper way to meditate on these Kabbalistic ideas.
Works
- - Chassidic discourses on the Torah and festivals - 20 vols.
- - explanation of the Zohar
- - Chassidic explanation of the liturgy
- Kuntres HaHispaalus - on meditation and ecstasy in prayer; also known as Kuntres HaHisbonenus
- - on Teshuvah, repentance
- Derech Chaim - continuation of Shaarei Teshuvah
- Ateres Rosh - Chassidic discourses for the Days of Awe
- - explanation of the Mitzvah of faith and the festival of Pesach
- - explanation of Seder hishtalshelus
- Shaarei Orah - on the festivals of Chanukah and Purim
- - explanation of the Mitzvah of reading the Shema and donning the Tefillin
Citations
External links
Timeline
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