Doric Greek

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Doric Greek

Doric or Dorian was a dialect of ancient

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese

Peloponnese

The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus is a large peninsula and Regions of Greece in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth....
, Crete

Crete

Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
, Rhodes

Rhodes

Rhodes is a Greece List of islands of Greece approximately southwest of Turkey in eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007 of which 53,709 resided in the Rhodes capital city of the island....
, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea

Aegean Sea

The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkans and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively....
, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily

Sicily

Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
, Epirus

Epirus (region)

Epirus is a region in south-eastern Europe, currently divided between the Peripheries of Greece Epirus in Greece and the prefectures of Gjirokast?r, Vlor?, Kor??, and Berat in southern Albania....
and Macedon

Macedon

Macedon or Macedonia was the name of a monarchy centred in the northernmost part of ancient Greece. The homeland of the ancient Macedonians, it was bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east....
. Together with Northwest Greek, it forms the "Western group" of classical Greek dialects. By Hellenistic times, the influence of the Aetolian League

Aetolian League

The Aetolian League was a confederation of states in ancient Greece centered on the cities of Aetolia in central Greece. Alternatively termed the Aitolian League, it was established in 370 BC in opposition to Macedon and the Achaean League....
had given rise to an Achaea
Achaea

Achaea is an ancient province and a present prefectures of Greece of Greece, on the northern coast of the Peloponnese, stretching from the mountain ranges of Erymanthus and Cyllene on the south to a narrow strip of fertile land on the north, bordering the Gulf of Corinth, into which the mountain Panachaicus projects....
n-Doric Koine exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects and which delayed the spread of the Attic

Attic Greek

Koine Greek

Koine Greek is the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-Classical antiquity . Other names are Alexandrian, Hellenistic, Common, or New Testament Greek....
to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.

It is widely accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of Epirus

Epirus (region)

Greece

Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
, the original seat of the Dorians.

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Encyclopedia

Doric or Dorian was a dialect of ancient

Ancient Greek

Greek language

Peloponnese

The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus is a large peninsula and Regions of Greece in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth....
, Crete

Crete

Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
, Rhodes

Rhodes

Aegean Sea

Sicily

Epirus (region)

Macedon

Aetolian League

Attic Greek

Koine Greek

Epirus (region)

Greece

Dorian invasion

The Dorian invasion is a concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by the ones that prevailed in Classical Greece....
(circa 1150 BC) and the colonisations that followed. The presence of a Doric state (Doris

Doris (Greece)

Doris , is a small mountainous district in ancient Greece, bounded by Aetolia, southern Thessaly, the Locris, and Phocis; the original homeland of the Dorians Greeks....
) in central Greece, north of the Gulf of Corinth

Gulf of Corinth

The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. It is bounded in the east by the Isthmus of Corinth which includes the shipping route of the Corinth Canal, and in the west by the Strait of Rion, which separates the Gulf of Corinth from the oute...
, led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the Balkans

Balkans

The Balkans is the historical name of a geographic subregion of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia....
. The extent of the dialect's distribution towards the north is unknown for lack of epigraphic evidence. It is only in the Hellenistic period that stray finds become available as far north as Macedon

Macedon

Variants

Doric proper

Where the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under Greek dialects. The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of West Greek. Some use the terms Northern Greek or Northwest Greek instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek."

Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that Dorians came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to Northwest Greek. When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when the Dorians were in place in the south. Thus West Greek is the most accurate name for the classical dialects.

Tsakonian

Tsakonian language

Tsakonian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic is a Varieties of Modern Greek spoken in the Tsakonia of the Peloponnese, Greece. It is named after its speakers, the 'Tsakonian people', which is held to be an alteration of 'Laconians' - although Tsakonians themselves did not traditionally use this ethnonym....
, a descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), is still spoken on the southern Argolid

Argolis

Argolis is one of the fifty-one prefectures of Greece. It is located in the eastern part of the Peloponnesos. Most arable land lies in the central part....
coast of the Peloponnese, in the modern prefectures of Arcadia

Arcadia

Arcadia, Arkad?a , or Arcady is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. It takes its name from the mythological character Arcas....
and Laconia

Laconia

Laconia , also known as Lacedaemonia, is a prefecture in Greece. Laconia has the legal status of a Prefectures of Greece, with Sparti its administrative capital....
. Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered dialect.

The dialects of the Doric Group are as follows.

Laconian, Heraclean

Laconian was spoken by the population of Laconia

Laconia

Laconia , also known as Lacedaemonia, is a prefecture in Greece. Laconia has the legal status of a Prefectures of Greece, with Sparti its administrative capital....
in the southern Peloponnesus

Peloponnese

The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus is a large peninsula and Regions of Greece in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth....
and also by its colonies, Tarentum

Taranto

Taranto is a coastal city in Puglia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base....
and Heraclea

Heraclea (Lucania)

Heraclea was an ancient city of Magna Graecia, situated in Lucania on the Gulf of Tarentum , but a short distance from the sea, and between the rivers Aciris and Siris , the site of which is located in the modern comune of Policoro, Province of Matera, Basilicata, Italy....
, in southern Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
. Sparta

Sparta

Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
was the seat of ancient Laconia.

Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the 7th century BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the 2nd quarter of the 7th. Tarentum was founded in 706 BC. The founders must already have spoken Laconic.

Many documents from the state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived. Homer

Homer

Homer is traditionally held to be the author of the ancient Greek language epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, as well as of the Homeric Hymns....
calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. The 7th century BC, Spartan poet, Alcman

Alcman

Alcman was an Ancient Greek choral lyric poet from Sparta. He is the earliest representative of the Alexandrinian canon of the nine lyric poets....
, used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. Philoxenus of Alexandria wrote a treatise On the Laconian dialect.

Argolic

Argolic was spoken in the thickly settled northeast Peloponnesus at, for example, Argos

Argos

Argos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplion, which was its historic harbour, named for Nauplius ....
, Mycenae

Mycenae

Mycenae , is an archaeology in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Argos is 6 km to the south; Corinth, 48 km to the north....
, Hermione

Hermione

Hermione is a female given name and may refer to:Persons*Hermione of Ephesus , an early Christian martyr*Hermione Baddeley , English actress...
, Troezen

Troezen

Troezen , modern: Troizina or Trizina is a small town in the northeastern Peloponnese, located southwest of Athens and a few miles south of Methana....
, Epidaurus

Epidaurus

Epidaurus was a small city in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. The modern town Epidavros , part of the prefecture of Argolis, was built near the ancient site....
, and as close to Athens

Athens

Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
as the island of Aegina

Aegina

Aegina is one of the Greek islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles from Athens. Tradition derives the name from Aegina, the mother of Aeacus, who was born in and ruled the island....
. As Mycenaean Greek

Mycenaean language

Mycenaean is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the Mycenaean period, before the Dorian invasion....
had been spoken in this dialect region in the Bronze Age

Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is, with respect to a given prehistory, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking included smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals together, and casting them into bronze artifact s....
, it is clear that the Dorians overran it but were unable to take Attica

Attica

Attica is a Peripheries of Greece in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. Attica is subdivided into the prefectures of Greece of Athens Prefecture, Piraeus Prefecture, East Attica and West Attica....
. The Dorians went on from Argos to Crete

Crete

Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
and Rhodes

Rhodes

Corinthian

Corinthian was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece

Greece

Isthmus of Corinth

The Isthmus of Corinth is the narrow land bridge which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with the mainland of Greece, near the city of Corinth....
. The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were Corinth

Corinth

Corinth, or Korinth Corinth is now the capital of the Prefectures of Greece of Corinthia. The city is surrounded by the coastal townlets of Lechaio, Isthmia, Kechries, and the inland townlets of Examilia and the archaeological site....
, Sicyon

Sicyon

Sikyon was an ancient Greece city situated in the northern Peloponnesus between Corinth, Greece and Achaea. The king-list given by Pausanias comprises twenty-four kings, beginning with the autochthonous Aegialeus; the penultimate king of the list, Agamemnon, compels the submission of Sicyon to Mycenae; after him comes the Dorian usurper Pha...
, Cleonae

Cleonae

Cleonae or Cleon? or Kleonai may refer to any of several ancient cities, including:*Cleonae formerly Cleonae, in Argolis, now in Corinthia, Greece...
, Phlius

Phlius

Phlius was a Ancient Greece city in the northwestern Argolid, in the Peloponnese. Although geographically close to Argos, the city became a Spartan ally and a member of the Peloponnesian League....
, the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: Corcyra

Corfu

Corfu is a Greece list of islands of Greece in the Ionian Sea. It is the second largest of the Ionian Islands, and lies off the coast of Sarand?, Albania, from which it is separated by straits varying in breadth from 3 to 23 km , including one near ancient Butrint and a longer one west of Thesprotia....
, Leucas

Leucas

Leucas may refer to:*Leucas , a genus from the family Lamiaceae.*Leucas, an English transliteration of the ancient Greek place name, Leukas ....
, Anactorium, Ambracia

Ambracia

Ambracia, occasionally Ampracia , was an ancient Corinth, Greece colony, situated about 7 miles from the Ambracian Gulf in Greece, on a bend of the navigable river Arachthos River , in the midst of a fertile wooded plain....
and others, the colonies in and around Italy: Syracuse

Syracuse, Italy

Syracuse is a historic city in southern Italy, the Capital of the province of Syracuse. The city is noted for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture and association to Archimedes, playing an important role in ancient times as one of the top powers of the Mediterranean world; it is over 2,700 years old....
and Ancona

Ancona

Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 . Ancona is situated on the Adriatic Sea and is the center of the province of Ancona and the capital of the region....
, and the colonies of Corcyra

Corfu

Apollonia

Apollonia may be:People:*Saint Apollonia, of Alexandria*Apollonia Kotero, musician & actressPlaces::In Albania::In Bulgaria::In Greece::* Apollonia , an inland city in Epirus, founded by Corinth.:* Apollonia , an inland city near modern Apollonia, Thessaloniki, visited by the apostle Paul:* Apollonia , a coastal city near Th...
. The at Corinth date from the early 6th century BC. They use a Corinthian epichoric alphabet. (See under Attic Greek

Attic Greek

Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek"....
.)

Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played a leading part in the recivilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece

Mycenaean Greece

Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese of southern Greece....
.

Northwest Greek

The Northwest Greek group is closely related to the Doric Group, while sometimes there is no distinction between the Doric and the Northwest Greek. Whether it is to be considered a part of the Doric Group or the latter a part of it or the two subgroups of West Greek: the dialects and their grouping remain the same. West Thessalian and Boeotian

Boeotian

Boeotian may refer to:* The people from Boeotia, a region of central ancient Greece* One of several sub-dialects of the Aeolic Greek dialect of the Greek language, spoken by the Boeotians....
had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence. The Northwest Greek dialects differ from the Doric Group dialects in the below features:

Dative plural of the Third declension
Ancient Greek grammar

Ancient Greek grammar ?here mainly referring to that of the Attic Greek? is morphologically complex and preserves several features of Proto-Indo-European language morphology....
in (-ois) (instead of (-si)) ( Akarnanois hippeois for Akarnasin hippeusin , to the Acarnanian knights.
(en) + accusative (instead of (eis)) en Naupakton
(-st) for (-sth) genestai for genesthai (to become) mistôma for misthôma (payment for hiring)
ar for er amara /Dor. amera/Att. hêmera (day) Elean wargon for Doric wergon and Attic ergon (work)
Dative singular in -oi instead of -ôi Doric Attic
Middle participle in -eimenos instead of -oumenos

The dialects are as follows:

Phocian/Delphi
Delphi

Delphi is an archaeology site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. Delphi was the site of the Pythia, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python , a deity who lived there and protecte...
c

Plutarch

Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus , c. AD 46 ? 120 ? commonly known in English as Plutarch ? was a Ancient Rome historian , biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonism....
refers that Delphi

Delphi

Delphi is an archaeology site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. Delphi was the site of the Pythia, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python , a deity who lived there and protecte...
ans pronounce b in the place of p ( for )

Locrian
Locrian Greek

Locrian Greek is one of the ancient Greek dialects, which was spoken by the Locrians in Locris#Ancient Locris, Central Greece. It is classified as a dialect of Doric Greek#Northwest Greek....

Ozolian Locris
Ozolian Locris

Ozolian Locris or Esperian Locris was a district inhabited by the Ozolian Locrians a tribe of the Locrians, upon the Gulf of Corinth, bounded on the north by Doris , on the east by Phocis, and on the west by Aetolia....
, along the northwest coast of the Corinthian Gulf, around Amfissa
Amfissa

File:AMPHISSA 1918.jpgAmfissa is a municipality and the capital town of the prefecture of Phocis, in Greece. It is also known as Salona , which was the Middle Ages name of the town....
(earliest ca.500 BC)
Opuntian Locris
Opuntian Locris

Opuntian Locris or Eastern Locris was an ancient Greece region inhabited by the tribe of the Locri Epicnemidii or Locri Opuntii , a division of the Locrians....
, on the coast of mainland Greece opposite northwest Euboea
Euboea

For the Greek mythology figure, see Euboea Euboea is the second largest of the Greece Aegean Islands and the second largest List of islands of Greece overall in area and population, after Crete....
, around Opus
Opus, Greece

Opus , in Ancient Greece, the chief city of Opuntian or Opuntian Locris. It was located on the coast of mainland Greece opposite Euboea, perhaps at modern Atalandi....

Elean

The dialect of Elis

Elis

Elis, or Eleia is an ancient district, that corresponds with the modern Elis Prefecture. It is in southern Greece on the Peloponnesos peninsula, bounded on the north by Achaea, east by Arcadia, south by Messenia, and west by the Ionian Sea....
,Olympia

Olympia, Greece

Olympia , a sanctuary of ancient Greece in Elis, is known for having been the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, comparable in importance to the Pythian Games held in Delphi....
is, after the Aeolic dialects, one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts (earliest ca. 600 BC)

Northwest Greek Koiné
Aetolia

Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern prefectures of Greece of Aetolia-Acarnania....

hybrid dialect of Attic and certain Northwest Greek and Doric features
chiefly associated with the Aetolian Confederacy and dates to the 2nd
2nd century BC

The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical antiquity era, although depending on the region being studied, other terms may be more proper ....
and 3rd
3rd century BC

The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period....
centuries BC.

Calydon

Calydon was an ancient Greece city in Aetolia, situated on the west bank of the river Evenus. According to Greek mythology, the city took its name from its founder Calydon, son of Aetolus, son of Endymion....
sanctuary (earliest ca. 600-575 BC) - Aetolian League 300-262 BC

Epirotic
Epirus (region)

Epirus is a region in south-eastern Europe, currently divided between the Peripheries of Greece Epirus in Greece and the prefectures of Gjirokast?r, Vlor?, Kor??, and Berat in southern Albania....

Dodona
Dodona

Dodona in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was a prehistoric oracle devoted to the Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia , but here called Dione and later, in historical times also to the Greek mythology God Zeus....
oracle, firstly under control of Thesprotians
Thesprotians

The Thesprotians were an ancient Greeks tribe of Thesprotia, akin to the Molossians. The poet Homer frequently mentions Thesprotia which had friendly relations with Ithaca and Kefalonia....
(earliest ca. 550-500 BC) - Molossian League of Epirus (earliest ca. 370BC)

A school of thought maintains that Macedonian

Ancient Macedonian language

Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC. From the 4th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the Koine Greek dialect of the Hellenistic period....
may have been a Greek dialect, possibly of the Northwestern group in particular, although would classify Macedonian, if "Greek" at all, as a separate marginal or "deviant" item on its own.

Differences between Doric and Attic/Koine

Vocalism

Preservation of long a (a
Alpha (letter)

Alpha is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 1. It was derived from the Phoenician alphabet Aleph ....
) where Attic
Attic Greek

Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek"....
/Koine change it to long open e (?
Eta (letter)

Eta is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 8. Letters that arose from Eta include the Latin H and the Cyrillic letter I ....
), as in (ga mater) "earth mother" — Attic/Koine (ge meter).
Contraction ae > (e) instead of Attic/Koine (a).
Original eo, ea > (io, ia) in certain Doric dialects.
Certain Doric dialects ("severe Doric") have (e, o) for the "spurious diphthongs" Attic/Koine (ei, ou) (i.e. secondary long e, o due to contraction or compensatory lengthening. The most prominent examples are genitive singular in (-o) = (-ou), accusative plural in (-os) = (-ous) and the infinitive in (-en) = (-ein).
Short (a) = Attic/Koine in certain words: (hiaros), ('*Artamis), (ga), (ai)

Consonantism

Preservation of (-ti) where Attic/Koine have (-si). The most prominent examples are: 1) third person singular of the µ?-verbs -ti: e.g. (phati) — Attic/Koine (phesi(n)); 2) third person plural of the present and the subjunctive -nti: e.g. (legonti) — Attic/Koine (legousi(n)); 3) "twenty" (wikati) — Attic/Koine (eikosi(n)); and 4) the hundreds in -katioi: e.g. (triakatioi) — Attic/Koine (triakosioi).
Preservation of double (-ss-) before a vowel where Attic/Koine have (-s-), e.g. (messos) before a vowel where Attic/Koine have (mesos).
Preservation of initial w which is lost in Attic/Koine. E.g. (woikos) — Attic/Koine (oikos). The literary text in Doric and the inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma.
(x) in the aorists and futures of verbs ending in (-izo, -azo) where Attic/Koine have (s). E.g. (agoniksato) — Attic/Koine (agonisato). Similarly (k) before suffixes beginning with t.

Morphology

The numeral (tetores) "four" instead of Attic/Koine (tettares (tessares)).
The ordinal (pratos) "first" instead of Attic/Koine (protos).
The demonstrative pronoun (tenos) "this" instead of Attic/Koine ((e)keinos)
Nominative plural of the article and the demonstrative pronoun (toi), (tai), (toutoi), (tautai) instead of Attic/Koine (hoi), (hai), (houtoi), (hautai)
The ending of the third person plural of the athematic ("root") preterite is -n, not -san, e.g. (edon) — Attic/Koine (edosan)
First person plural in where Attic/Koine have .
Future in (-se-o) instead of Attic/Koine (-s-o), e.g. (praxetai) instead of Attic/Koine (praxetai).
Modal particle (ka) instead of Attic/Koine (an). NB Doric (ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka) = Attic/Koine ((e)an, (e)an de, (e)an tis).
Temporal adverbs in (-ka) instead of Attic/Koine (-te): (hoka), (toka).
Local adverbs in (-ei) instead of Attic/Koine (-ou): (teide), (pei).

Glossary

Common

aigades (Attic aiges) "goats"
aiges (Attic kymata) "waves"
(Attic ekklesia
Ecclesia (ancient Athens)

The ecclesia or ekklesia was the principal assembly of the Athenian democracy of ancient Athens during its Age of Pericles . It was the popular assembly, opened to all male citizens over the age of 18 by Solon in 594 BC meaning that all classes of citizens in Athens were able to participate, even the thetes....
) "assembly" (Cf. Hêliaia
Heliaia

Heliaia or Heliaea was the supreme court of ancient Athens. ?he generally held scientific view is that the court drew its name from the ancient Greek verb , which means , namely congregate....
)
(Attic hiereiai) "priestesses"
(Attic brygmos, brykethmos) "chewing, grinding, gnashing with the teeth"
(Attic archon
Archon

Archon is a Greek language word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem ???-, meaning "to rule", derived from the same root as monarch, hierarchy and anarchism....
tes) "high officials". Cf. Attic demiourgos
Demiurge

Demiurge in philosophical and religious language is a term for a creator deity, responsible for the Creation myth of the physical universe.In the sense of a divine creative principle as expressed in ergon or energy, the word was first introduced by Plato in Timaeus , 41a ....
"public worker for the people (demos
Demos

Demos may refer to:* Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms#Demos, a rhetorical term for the population of an ancient Greek state** Deme or Demoi, the term for an ancient subdivision of Attica, Greece...
), craftsman, creator"; Hesychius
Hesychius

Hesychius , may refer to:*Hesychius of Alexandria, lexicographer*St. Hesychius of Cazorla, saint, martyr, and bishop*Hesychius of Jerusalem, presbyter and exegete...
"prostitutes". Zamiourgoi Elean.
Hephaestus
Hephaestus

Hephaestus was a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan . He was the god of technology, blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculpture, metals, metallurgy, Fire and volcanoes....
(Attic kreitton) "stronger" (Ionic kreisson , Cretan karton )
(Attic keryx) "herald, messenger" (Aeolic karoux)
(Homeric
Homeric Greek

Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek....
, Attic and Modern Greek
Modern Greek

Modern Greek refers the varieties of Greek spoken in the modern era. The beginning of the "modern" period of the language is often symbolically assigned to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, even though that date marks no clear linguistic boundary and many characteristic modern features of the language had been present centuries earli...
aristeros) "left".Cretan: laia, Attic aspis
Aspis

An aspis is the generic term for the word shield. The aspis, which is carried by Ancient Greece infantry of various periods, is often referred to as a hoplon ....
shield, Hesych
Hesychius of Alexandria

Hesychius of Alexandria , a grammarian who flourished probably in the 5th century CE, compiled the richest lexicon of unusual and obscure Greek words that has survived ....
. laipha laiba, because the shield was held with the left hand. Cf.Latin:laevus
laia (Attic, Modern Greek leia) "prey"
le(i)o (Attic ethelo) "will"
oinotros "vine pole" (: Greek oinos "wine"). Cf. Oenotrus
Oenotrus

In Greek mythology, Oenotrus was one of the fifty sons of Lycaon from Arcadia. Together with his brother Peucetius , he migrated to the Italian peninsula, dissatisfied because of the division of Peloponnesus among the fifty brothers by their father Lycaon....
mogionti (Ionic pyressousi) "they are on fire, have fever" (= Attic mogousi "they suffer, take pains to")
(Attic myrmekes) "ants". Cf. Myrmidons
Myrmidons

The Myrmidons were an ancient tribe of Greek mythology. They were very brave and skilled warriors as described in Homer's Iliad, and were commanded by Achilles....
or optilos 'eye' (Attic ophthalmos
Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the Eye diseases and Eye surgery of the visual pathways, including the eye, brain, and areas surrounding the eye, such as the lacrimal system and eyelids....
) (Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
oculus
Oculus

Oculus is the Latin word for eye, and the word remains in use in certain contexts, as the name of the round opening in the top of the dome of the Pantheon, Rome in Rome, and in reference to other round windows and openings....
) (Attic optikos of sight, Optics
Optics

Optics is the study of the behavior and properties of light including its optical phenomena with matter and its imaging by optical instruments....
)
(Attic ktaomai) "acquire"
poet, broiderer, pattern-weaver, boot-maker (rhapis needle for Attic )
skana (Attic skênê) tent,stage,scene
Scene

Scene may refer to:...
) (Homeric klisiê) (Doric skanama encampment)
tanthalyzein (Attic tremein) "to tremble"
tune or toune 'you nominative' (Attic sy) dative teein (Attic soi)
chanaktion (Attic moron
Moron

Moron may refer to:* Moron , disused term for a person with a mental age between 8 and 12, slang for a stupid person* Moron * Moron * Moron , an extra gene in prophage genomes that do not have a phage function in the lysogenic cycle...
)( goose)

Argive

Ballacrades title of Argive athletes on a feast-day (Cf.achras wild pear-tree)
mimic festival at Argos (acc. Pausanias 10.4.9 daulis means thicket
Thicket

A thicket is a very dense stand of trees or tall shrubs, often dominated by only one or a few species, to the exclusion of all others. They may be formed by species that shed large amounts of highly viable seeds that are able to germination in the shelter of the maternal plants....
)(Hes. fire log)
strong (Attic ischyron,dynaton)
youngman (Attic neanias)
discus
Discus

Discus may refer to:*Distilled Spirits Council of the United States , the national trade association representing producers and marketers of distilled spirits sold in the United States...
and gymnasium
Gymnasium (ancient Greece)

The gymnasium in ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games. It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits....
at Argos
ragged, tattered garments Attic rhake , cf. himatia clothes)
ôbea eggs (Attic ôa )

Cretan

agela "group of boys in the Cretan
Crete

Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
agoge
Agoge

The agoge was a rigorous education and training regime for all male Spartan citizens, except for the first born son in the ruling houses, Eurypontid and Agiad....
". Cf. Homer
Homer

Homer is traditionally held to be the author of the ancient Greek language epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, as well as of the Homeric Hymns....
ic Greek "herd" (Cretan not yet received in agelê,boy under 17)
(Attic autos) Hsch. aus
legs (Attic )
once (Attic hapax)
juniper
Juniper

Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are between 50-67 species of juniper, widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropical Africa in the Old World, and to the mountains of Central America....
,cedar (Attic arkeuthos)
power (Attic alkê)
aphrattias strong
Koine synepheboi (Attic hêlikiotai 'age-peers' of the same age hêlikia)
sweet (Attic glyku)
, Cretan and Boeotian
Boeotian

Boeotian may refer to:* The people from Boeotia, a region of central ancient Greece* One of several sub-dialects of the Aeolic Greek dialect of the Greek language, spoken by the Boeotians....
. for Attic zêmioô to damage,punish,harm
dampon first milk curdled by heating over ember
Ember

For the book series by Jeanne DuPrau, see The City of Ember.Embers are the glowing, hot coals made of greatly heated wood, coal or other carbon based material that remain after, or sometimes precede a fire....
s (Attic puriephthon,puriatê)
ears (Attic ôta) (Tarentine )
for Cretan Zeus
Zeus

Zeus in Greek mythology is the king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the god of the sky father and List of thunder gods. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull , and oak....
and Welchanios , Belchanios , (Elchanios Cnossian month)
wergaddomai I work (Attic ergazomai)
garment (Attic heima) (Aeolic emma) (Koine (h)immation)(Cf.Attic amphi-ennumi I dress , amph-iesis clothing)
wine (Dialectal Woînos Attic oinos) (accusative ibêna)
one (Attic hen )
goat
and archon
Archon

Archon is a Greek language word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem ???-, meaning "to rule", derived from the same root as monarch, hierarchy and anarchism....
tes in Crete, body of kosmoi (Attic order,ornament,,honour,world - kormos trunk of a tree)
head (Attic kephalê)
rag,tattered garment (Attic rhakos) (Aeolic
Aeolic Greek

Aeolic or Aeolian Greek is a Linguistics term used to describe a set of rather Archaic period in Greece Greek language sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia , in Lesbos Island and in other Greek colonies....
brakos long robe, lacks the sense 'ragged')
(Attic parthenos) Hsch: malakinnês.
mountain (Attic oros) (Cf.Othrys)
spear
darkness (Attic zophos,skotia) (Aeolic dnophos)
title of Cretan officer (Cf.speudô speus- rush)
(Attic tauta) these things
summer (Homeric,Attic theros)
you ,accusative ( Attic se )

Laconian

storeroom
abôr dawn (Attic ??? êôs
Eos

Eos is, in Greek mythology, the Titan goddess of the dawn, who rose from her home at the edge of Oceanus, the Ocean that surrounds the world, to herald her brother Helios, the sun....
) (Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
aurora)
adda need,deficiency (Attic ) Aristophanes of Byzantium
Aristophanes of Byzantium

Aristophanes of Byzantium was a Greece scholar, critic and grammarian, particularly renowned for his work in Homeric scholarship, but also for work on other classical authors such as Pindar and Hesiod....
(fr. 33)
dry (i.e. azauon) or addanon (Attic xêron)
aikouda (Attic aischune)
blood-broth ,Spartan Melas Zomos Black soup
Black soup

The Spartan melas zomos, or black soup, was a Staple food soup made of boiled pigs' blood, pork, and vinegar. It is thought that the vinegar was used as an emulsifier to keep the blood from clotting during the cooking process....
) (haima haimatos blood)
aïtas (Attic eromenos
Eromenos

In the Pederasty in ancient Greece of Athens, the eromenos was an adolescence boy who was in a love relationship with an adult man, known as the erastes ....
) "beloved boy (in a pederastic
Pederasty in ancient Greece

Greek pederasty, as idealised by the Ancient Greece from Archaic period in Greece onward, was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside of his immediate family....
relationship)"
tube,bag (Attic askos)
bed (Attic skimpous)(Koine krabbatos)
having begun ,past participle(amphi or ana..+ ?) (Attic aparxamenos , aparchomai) (Doric -ixas for Attic -isas)
(Attic amphiesai) to dress
apaboidôr out of tune (Attic ekmelôs) (Cf.Homeric singer Aoidos
Aoidos

The Greek language word aoidos or aodos referred to a classical Greek singer. In modern Homeric scholarship aoidos is used by some as the technical term for a skilled oral poetry in the tradition to which the Iliad and Odyssey are believed to belong ....
) / emmelôs,aboidôr in tune
apella
Apella

Apella was the official title of the popular Deliberative assembly in the Ancient Greece city-state of Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia in most other Greek states....
(Attic ekklesia
Ecclesia (ancient Athens)

The ecclesia or ekklesia was the principal assembly of the Athenian democracy of ancient Athens during its Age of Pericles . It was the popular assembly, opened to all male citizens over the age of 18 by Solon in 594 BC meaning that all classes of citizens in Athens were able to participate, even the thetes....
) "assembly in Sparta
Sparta

Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
" (verb apellazein)
arbylis (Attic aryballos
Aryballos

An aryballos was a small spherical or globular flask with a narrow neck used in Ancient Greece. It was used to contain perfume or oil, and is often depicted in vase paintings as being used by athletes bathing....
) (Hesychius · ???????. ?????e?)
wake up,get up (Attic anastêthi)
imperative
Imperative mood

The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation....
of cry aloud, shout (Attic kraugason)
(Attic ???a??? chliaron 'warm') (Cf. Attic f??? phogo 'roast') (Laconian word)
broth (Attic zômos) (Attic dipping of red-hot iron in water (Koine and Modern Greek
Modern Greek

Modern Greek refers the varieties of Greek spoken in the modern era. The beginning of the "modern" period of the language is often symbolically assigned to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, even though that date marks no clear linguistic boundary and many characteristic modern features of the language had been present centuries earli...
ßaf? vafi dyeing
Dyeing

Dyeing is the process of imparting colours to a textile material in loose fibre, yarn, cloth or garment form by treatment with a dye....
)
twenty (Attic e???s? eikosi)
sun and dawn Laconian (Attic helios
Helios

Helios is the god of sun.In Greek mythology the sun was personified as Helios . Homer often calls him simply Titan or Hyperion , while Hesiod and the Homeric Hymn separate him as a son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia or Euryphaessa and brother of the goddesses Selene, the moon, and Eos, the dawn....
Cretan )
Attic klêrôsômetha we will cast or obtain by lot (inf. berreai) (Cf.Attic meiresthai receive portion , Doric for heimarmenê , allotted by Moirae
Moirae

The Moirae or Moerae , in Greek mythology, were the white-robed personifications of destiny . The Greek word moira literally means a part or portion, and by extension one's portion in life or destiny....
)
bread (Attic artos)
hindrance, river dam (Laconian)
fennel (Attic marathos) (chalkos bronze)
Spartan dance for boys and girls
bideoi, bidiaioi also "officers in charge of the ephebes
Ephebos

Ephebos , also anglicised as ephebe or archaically ephebus , is a Greek language word for an adolescent age group or a social status reserved for that age in Classical antiquity....
at Sparta
Sparta

Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
"
almost,maybe (Attic isôs , schedon) wihôr
spot (Attic kêlis)
"group of boys in the Sparta
Sparta

Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
n agoge
Agoge

The agoge was a rigorous education and training regime for all male Spartan citizens, except for the first born son in the ruling houses, Eurypontid and Agiad....
"
bo(u)agos "leader of a boua at Sparta
Sparta

Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
"
Laconian dancer (Attic orchêstês)
speech (Homeric,Ionic eirêma ) (Cf.Attic phônêma sound , speech)
labourer (ga earth wergon work) (Cf.geôrgos farmer)
citizens,people (Attic dêmos
Demos

Demos may refer to:* Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms#Demos, a rhetorical term for the population of an ancient Greek state** Deme or Demoi, the term for an ancient subdivision of Attica, Greece...
)
gonar mother Laconian (gonades children Eur. Med. 717)
torch (Attic dalos)(Syracusan)(Modern Greek davlos) (Laconian dabêi (Attic kauthêi) it should be burnt)
goat (Attic aix) and Hera aigophagos Goat-eater in Sparta
eiren (Attic ephebos
Ephebos

Ephebos , also anglicised as ephebe or archaically ephebus , is a Greek language word for an adolescent age group or a social status reserved for that age in Classical antiquity....
) "Sparta
Sparta

Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
n youth who has completed his 12th year"
(Attic erastes
Erastes

In ancient Greece, the 'erastes' was an adult male involved in a Pederasty in ancient Greece with an adolescent boy called the eromenos....
) one who inspires love, a lover (Attic inhale,breathe)
(Attic enôtia ; ôta ears)
ephor
Ephor

An ephor was an official of ancient Sparta. There were five ephors elected annually, who swore each month to uphold the rule of the two Kings of Sparta, while the kings swore to uphold the law....
oi (Attic archon
Archon

Archon is a Greek language word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem ???-, meaning "to rule", derived from the same root as monarch, hierarchy and anarchism....
tes) "high officials at Sparta". Cf. Attic ephoros "overseer, guardian"
Apollo
Apollo

In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, Apollo , is one of the most important and many-sided of the Twelve Olympians. The ideal of the kouros , Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; archery; medicine and healing; music, poetry, and the arts; and more....
n containing the semen, god of growth and increase
drone
Drone (bee)

Drones are male honey bees. Male honey bees develop when the queen bee lays unfertilized Egg s....
(Attic kêphên)
washing,bathing-tub (Attic loutêr) (Cf. basin,bowl)
(kelya, kelea also) "contest for boys and youths at Sparta
Sparta

Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
"
fox (Attic alôpêx
Alopex

Alopex may refer to:*Arctic_Fox, a mammal of the genus 'Alopex'*ALOPEX a correlation-based machine learning algorithm...
) (Hsch kiraphos).
woman and (Attic gunê)
Butcher's broom
Butcher's broom

Butcher's broom Ruscus aculeatus, Ruscaceae, formerly in Liliaceae) is a low evergreen Eurasian shrub of the lily family, with flat shoots known as cladodes that give the appearance of stiff, spine-tipped leaves....
(Attic oxumursinê) (Myrtale real name of Olympias
Olympias

Olympias , ca. 376–316 BC, was an Epirote princess, the fourth wife of King Philip II of Macedon of Macedon and mother of Alexander the Great....
)
pasor passion (Attic pathos)
leg,foot (Attic pous)
restaurant (Koine mageirion) (Cf., purodansion (from pyr fire hence pyre
Pyre

A pyre is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite. As a form of cremation, a body is placed upon the pyre which is then set on fire....
)
cook (Common Doric/Attic mageiros)
'pig' (Attic hus) and female pig.
safeness (Attic asphaleia)
psithômias ill,sick (Attic asthenês)
first dancer
ôba (Attic kome) "village; one of five quarters of the city of Sparta"

Magna Graecian

astyxenoi Metic
Metic

In ancient Greece, the term metic meant resident alien, a person who did not have citizen rights in their Greek city-state of residence.Metic comes from the Greek language ??t?????, metoikos, where the second element is derived from ?????, oikos, "house; inhabit." The preceding element meta could here either carry the notio...
s ,Tarentine
Taranto

Taranto is a coastal city in Puglia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base....
king basileus
Basileus

Basileus , signifies "Monarch" or "king". It is perhaps best known in English language as a title used by Byzantine Empire emperors, but also has a longer history of use for persons of authority in ancient Greece, as well as for the kings of modern Greece....
, wanax , anax
Anax

is an ancient Greek language word for "Monarch". It is one of the two Greek titles traditionally translated this way, the other being basileus, which also translates as Monarch....
cavalry officers Tarentine (Attic ) (ile , squadron + Laconian harmost
Harmost

Harmost is an Ancient Greek word that means military governor. Lysander instituted several harmosts during the period of Spartan Hegemony after the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. The Thebans also used the term....
-)
dostore 'you make' Tarentine
Taranto

Taranto is a coastal city in Puglia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base....
(Attic
Thaulia "festival of Tarentum
Taranto

Taranto is a coastal city in Puglia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base....
", thaulakizein 'to demand sth with uproar' Tarentine , thaulizein "to celebrate like Dorians", Thaulos "Macedonian
Ancient Macedonian language

Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC. From the 4th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the Koine Greek dialect of the Hellenistic period....
Ares", Thessalian Zeus Thaulios, Athenian Zeus Thaulon, Athenian family Thaulonidai
easy Thuriian (Attic rhaidion) (Aeolic braidion)
'back-side of neck' (Attic trachelos)
till Tarentine (Attic heôs)
whatever are fed or nursed , children , cattles (Attic thremmata)
huetis jug,amphora
Amphora

An amphora is a type of ceramic vase with two handles and a long neck narrower than the body. The word amphora is Latin, derived from the Greek language amphoreus , an abbreviation of amphiphoreus , a compound word combining amphi- plus phoreus , from pherein , referring to the vessel's two carrying handles on opp...
Tarentine (Attic hydris , hydria
Hydria

A hydria is a type of Pottery of Ancient Greece used for carrying water. The hydria has three handles. Two horizontal handles on either side of the body of the pot were used for lifting and carrying the pot....
)( rain)

North-West

Aetolia
Aetolia

Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern prefectures of Greece of Aetolia-Acarnania....
n-Acarnania
Acarnania

Acarnania is a region of west-central Greece that lies along the Ionian Sea, west of Aetolia, with the Achelous for a boundary, and north of the gulf of Calydon, which is the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth....
n

agridion 'village' Aetolian (Attic chôrion)(Hesychius text: dim. of countryside,field)
aeria fog Aetolian (Attic omichlê , aêr air)(Hsch.)
wallet,bag Aetolian (Attic pêra) (Cypr. kibisis) (Cf.Attic kibôtos ark kibôtion box Suid. cites kibos)
Acarnanian old,ancient (Attic ,palaiotaton very old)

Delphi
Delphi

Delphi is an archaeology site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. Delphi was the site of the Pythia, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python , a deity who lived there and protecte...
c-Locrian
Locrian

Locrian may refer to several different things:in ancient history and geography*the Locrians, an ancient Greek ethnic group*of or relating to Locris, the territory of the above...

will,want Locrian
Locrian

Locrian may refer to several different things:in ancient history and geography*the Locrians, an ancient Greek ethnic group*of or relating to Locris, the territory of the above...
,Delphian
Delphian

Delphian can refer to:*Delphi Ancient Greek sanctuary* The Delphian, a newspaper* Delphian League, an amateur football league* Delphian School, the founding school of Delphi Schools...
(Attic boulomai) (Coan
Kos

Kos or Cos is a Greece island in the south Sporades group of the Dodecanese, next to the Gulf of G?kova. It measures 40 km by 8 km, and is only 4 km from the coast of Bodrum, Turkey and the ancient region of Caria....
dêlomai) (Doric bôlomai) (Thessalian belloumai)
female worker epithet for Athena
Athena

In Greek mythology, Athena is the shrewd companion of Hero and the goddess of Hero endeavour. She is the virgin patron of Athens, which built the Parthenon to worship her....
(Delphi
Delphi

Delphi is an archaeology site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. Delphi was the site of the Pythia, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python , a deity who lived there and protecte...
c) (Attic Erganê) (Attic ergon
Ergon

Ergon can refer to:* Ergon, a concept from Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics that is most often translated as function, task, or work* Ergon , a petroleum company...
work , Doric Wergon , Elean
go away Locrian
Locrian

Locrian may refer to several different things:in ancient history and geography*the Locrians, an ancient Greek ethnic group*of or relating to Locris, the territory of the above...
(Attic errô) (Hsch. fugitive , berreuô escape)
Wesparioi Lokroi Epizephyrian (Western) Locrians
Locrians

The Locrians were an ancient Greeks tribe in Ancient Greece. The Locrians spoke the Locrian Greek, a Doric Greek#Northwest Greek dialects, and this indicates that they must have been relatives of the Dorians....
(Attic hesperios of evening,western , Doric wesperios) (cf. Latin Vesper
Vesper

Vesper can refer to:*Hesperus, Latinized form of Hesperos, a Greek mythological figure *Vesper Lynd, a fictional character of Ian Fleming's James Bond novel Casino Royale...
)
places where the Locrians
Locrians

The Locrians were an ancient Greeks tribe in Ancient Greece. The Locrians spoke the Locrian Greek, a Doric Greek#Northwest Greek dialects, and this indicates that they must have been relatives of the Dorians....
counted their cattles

Elean
Elis

Elis, or Eleia is an ancient district, that corresponds with the modern Elis Prefecture. It is in southern Greece on the Peloponnesos peninsula, bounded on the north by Achaea, east by Arcadia, south by Messenia, and west by the Ionian Sea....

without fraud,honestly IvO7 (Attic adolôs)(Hsch. true)(Tarentinian alaneôs absolutely)
scythe (Attic drepanon) in accus. (Boeotian
Boeotian

Boeotian may refer to:* The people from Boeotia, a region of central ancient Greece* One of several sub-dialects of the Aeolic Greek dialect of the Greek language, spoken by the Boeotians....
amillakas wine)
unpunished (Attic azêmios) from an earliest addamios (cf.Cretan,Boeotian damioô punish)
cicadas Elean (Attic tettiges) (in Pontus
Pontus

Pontus or Pontos is a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in Antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Pontos Euxeinos , or simply Pontos....
babakoi frogs)
ready (Attic hetoimos) (heteos fitness)
beneoi Elean
cross (Attic stauros)
brothers,brotherhood (Cf.Attic )
ladle
Ladle

Ladle may refer to:* Ladle , a type of spoon used to serve soup and other liquids* Ladle , a foundry ladle used to carry and pour molten metal...
(Attic torune) (Doric rhatana) (cf. Aeolic bradanizô brandish,shake off)
small birds (Macedonian
Ancient Macedonian language

Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC. From the 4th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the Koine Greek dialect of the Hellenistic period....
drêes or drêges) (Attic strouthoi) (Hsc. trikkos small bird and king by Eleans)
law,contract (Attic rhetra)
yesterday (Attic chthes)
sterchana funeral feast (Attic perideipnon)
philax young oak
Oak

The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus , which are listed in the List of Quercus species, and some related genera, notably Lithocarpus....
(Macedonian
Ancient Macedonian language

Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC. From the 4th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the Koine Greek dialect of the Hellenistic period....
ilax, Latin ilex
Holly

Holly is a genus of approximately 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family....
(Laconian dilax ariocarpus
Ariocarpus

Ariocarpus is a genus of 8 species of succulent, subtropical plants of the Cactaceae family.The name comes from the ancient Greek "aria" and "carpos" because of the resemblance of the fruit of the two genus in acorn form....
,sorbus
Sorbus

Sorbus is a genus of about 100?200 species of trees and shrubs in the subfamily Maloideae of the Rose family Rosaceae. Species of Sorbus are commonly known as whitebeam, rowan, service tree, and Sorbus aucuparia....
)(Modern Cretan
Cretan Greek

Cretan Greek is a dialect of the Greek language, spoken by more than half a million people in Crete and many thousands in the Greek diaspora....
azilakas Holm Oak
Holm Oak

The Holm Oak , also called Holly Oak or Evergreen Oak, is a large evergreen oak native to the Mediterranean region. It takes its name from wikt:holm, an ancient name for holly....
, Quercus ilex)
gums (Attic oula) (Homeric pherbô feed,eat)

Epirotic
Epirus (region)

Epirus is a region in south-eastern Europe, currently divided between the Peripheries of Greece Epirus in Greece and the prefectures of Gjirokast?r, Vlor?, Kor??, and Berat in southern Albania....

anchôrixantas having transferred,postponed Chaonian (Attic metapherô,anaballô) (anchôrizo anchi near +horizô define and Doric x instead of Attic s) (Cf. Ionic neighbouring) not to be confused with Doric Attic ana-chôreô go back,withdraw.
akathartia impurity (Attic/Doric akatharsia) (Lamelles Oraculaires 14)
apotrachô run away (Attic/Doric )
fishes Athamanian (Attic ichthyes) (Ionic
Ionic Greek

Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek .Ionic dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C....
chlossoi) (Cf.LSJ angling , aspalieus fisherman , I angle metaph. of a lover , aspalisai: halieusai, sagêneusai. ( sea)
Aspetos divine epithet of Achilles
Achilles

In Greek mythology, Achilles was a Greeks hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad, which takes for its theme ; the Wrath of Achilles....
in Epirus
Epirus (region)

Epirus is a region in south-eastern Europe, currently divided between the Peripheries of Greece Epirus in Greece and the prefectures of Gjirokast?r, Vlor?, Kor??, and Berat in southern Albania....
(Homeric
Homeric Greek

Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek....
'unspeakable,unspeakably great,endless' (Aristotle F 563 Rose; Plutarch, Pyrrhus
Pyrrhus

Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos or Pyrros may refer to the following figures from Greek history and mythology:* Pyrrhus or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles...
1; SH 960,4)
gnôskô know (Attic gignôskô) (Ionic/Koine ginôskô) (Latin nosco)(Attic gnôsis , Latin notio knowledge) (ref.Orion
Orion of Thebes

Orion of Thebes was a 5th century grammarian of Thebes , the teacher of Proclus the neo-Platonist, and of Eudocia, the wife of Emperor Theodosius II....
p.42.17)
diaitos (Hshc. judge kritês) (Attic diaitêtês arbitrator) Lamelles Oraculaires 16
lend out (Lamelles Oraculaires 8 of Eubandros) (Attic eis + inf. kichranai from chraomai use)
Weidus knowing (Doric ) weidôs) (Elean weizos) (Attic ) eidôs) (PIE
Pie

A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
*weid- "to know, to see" ,Sanskrit
Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
veda I know) Cabanes, L'Épire 577,50
wood Athamanian (Attic from scrape , hence xyston
Xyston

The xyston was a type of a long thrusting lance in ancient Greece. It measured about long and was probably held by the cavalryman with both hands, although the depiction of Alexander the Great's xyston on the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii , suggests otherwise....
) (Dialectical wood from burn sth that can be burnt, kausimon fuel)
lêïtêres Athamanian priests with garlands Hes.text (LSJ: public priests ) (hence Leitourgia
Liturgy

A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to their particular traditions. The word may refer to an elaborate formal ritual such as the Eastern Orthodox Divine Liturgy and Mass , or a daily activity such as the Muslim salat and Jewish Jewish services....
small Athamanian (Attic mikron,brachu) (Cf. rare) (PIE *men- small,thin) (Hsch. banon thin) ( manosporos thinly sown manophullos with small leaves Thphr
Theophrastus

Theophrastus , a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos Island, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. His interests were wide-ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics....
.HP7.6.2-6.3)
Naios or Naos epithet of Dodona
Dodona

Dodona in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was a prehistoric oracle devoted to the Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia , but here called Dione and later, in historical times also to the Greek mythology God Zeus....
ean Zeus
Zeus

Zeus in Greek mythology is the king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the god of the sky father and List of thunder gods. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull , and oak....
(from the spring in the oracle) (cf. Naiad
Naiad

In Greek mythology, the Naiads or Naiades were a type of nymph who presided over fountains, wells, springs, streams, and brooks.They are distinct from river gods, who embodied rivers, and the very ancient spirits that inhabited the still waters of marshes, ponds and lagoon-lakes, such as pre-Mycenaean Lerna in the Argolid....
es and Pan
Pan (mythology)

Pan , in Ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, is the companion of the nymphs, god of shepherds and flocks, of mountain wilds, hunting and rustic music....
Naios in Pydna
Pydna

Pydna , also Pidna was a Greek city in ancient Macedon, the most important in Pieria. Modern Pydna is a rural municipality and coastal town in the northeastern part of the Prefecture of Pieria....
SEG 50:622 (Homeric flow ,Attic nama spring) (PIE
Pie

A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
*sna-)
'wash in the spring' (of Dodona
Dodona

Dodona in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was a prehistoric oracle devoted to the Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia , but here called Dione and later, in historical times also to the Greek mythology God Zeus....
) (Doric paga Attic pêgê running water,fountain)
pampasia (to ask peri pampasias cliché phrase in the oracle) (Attic full property) (Doric paomai obtain)
Peliganes
Peliganes

Peliganes , called the Macedon Senate. The term is attested in Hesychius of Alexandria, Strabo and two inscriptions , one from Dion, Greece and one from Latakia....
or Peligones (Epirotan
Epirus (region)

Epirus is a region in south-eastern Europe, currently divided between the Peripheries of Greece Epirus in Greece and the prefectures of Gjirokast?r, Vlor?, Kor??, and Berat in southern Albania....
,Macedon
Macedon

Macedon or Macedonia was the name of a monarchy centred in the northernmost part of ancient Greece. The homeland of the ancient Macedonians, it was bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east....
ian senators)
prami do optative
Optative mood

The optative mood is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope. It is similar to the cohortative mood, and closely related to the subjunctive mood....
(Attic prattoimi) Syncope
Syncope

In phonology, syncope is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word; especially, the loss of an unstressed vowel....
(Lamelles Oraculaires 22)
tine (Attic/Doric tini) to whom (Lamelles Oraculaires 7)
trithutikon triple sacrifice tri + thuo(Lamelles Oraculaires 138)

External links

by Méndez Dosuna - A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity - 2007 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is a printer and publisher granted a Royal Letters Patent by Henry VIII of England in 1534. It is the world's oldest continually operating book publisher....
in Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica

The Encyclop?dia Britannica is a general English language encyclopedia published by Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc., a privately held company....
Grammar of the Greek Language ( by Benjamin Franklin Fisk (1844)
The Elements of Greek Grammar by Richard Valpy, Charles Anthon (1834)

Doric Greek

Variants

Doric proper

Laconian, Heraclean

Argolic

Corinthian

Northwest Greek

Differences between Doric and Attic/Koine

Vocalism

Consonantism

Morphology

Glossary

Common

Argive

Cretan

Laconian

Magna Graecian

North-West

See also

External links