Diuretic

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Diuretic

A diuretic is any drug

Drug

A drug, broadly speaking, is any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function....
that elevates the rate of urination

Urination

Urination, also known as micturition, voiding, and, more rarely, emiction, is the process of disposing urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body....
and thus provides a means of forced diuresis

Forced diuresis

Forced diuresis may enhance the excretion of certain drugs in urine and is used to treat drug overdose or poisoning of these drugs and hemorrhagic cystitis....
. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from bodies, although each class of diuretic does so in a distinct way.

ceiling diuretics are diuretics that may cause a substantial diuresis - up to 20% of the filtered load of NaCl

Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula SodiumChlorine....
and water.

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Encyclopedia

A diuretic is any drug

Drug

A drug, broadly speaking, is any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function....
that elevates the rate of urination

Urination

Forced diuresis

Types

High ceiling loop diuretics

High ceiling diuretics are diuretics that may cause a substantial diuresis - up to 20% of the filtered load of NaCl

Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula SodiumChlorine....
and water. This is huge when compared to normal renal sodium reabsorption

Renal sodium reabsorption

Renal reabsorption of sodium is a part of renal physiology. It uses Sodium-hydrogen antiporter, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels . It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone, and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide....
which leaves only ~0.4% of filtered sodium in the urine.

Loop diuretics have this ability, and are therefore often synonymous with high ceiling diuretics. Loop diuretics, such as furosemide

Furosemide

Furosemide or frusemide is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. It is most commonly marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Lasix....
, inhibit the body's ability to reabsorb sodium

Sodium

Sodium is an element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 23 amu , and a common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" ....
at the ascending loop in the kidney

Kidney

The kidneys are Organ that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostasis balance of bodily fluids by filtering and secreting Metabolomics#Metabolitess and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water , as urine....
which leads to a retention of water in the urine as water normally follows sodium back into the extracellular fluid (ECF). Other examples of high ceiling loop diuretics include ethacrynic acid

Ethacrynic acid

Etacrynic acid or ethacrynic acid , trade name Edecrin, is a loop diuretic used to treat hypertension and the edema caused by diseases like congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure....
, torsemide and bumetanide

Bumetanide

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category to treat heart failure. It is often used in patients in whom high doses of furosemide are ineffective....
.

Thiazides

Drugs such as hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide, sometimes abbreviated HCT, HCTZ, or HZT is a popular diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water....
act on the distal convoluted tubule and inhibit the Sodium-chloride symporter

Sodium-chloride symporter

The sodium-chloride symporter is a symporter ion pump used primarily to remove sodium and chloride ions from the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney....
leading to a retention of water in the urine as water normally follows penetrating solutes.

Potassium-sparing diuretics

These are diuretics which do not promote the secretion of potassium

Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K , atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash, hence the name....
into the urine; thus, potassium is spared and not lost as much as in other diuretics. The term "potassium-sparing" refers to an effect rather than a mechanism or location; nonetheless, the term almost always refers to two specific classes that have their effect at similar locations:

Aldosterone antagonist
Aldosterone antagonist

Aldosterone antagonist refers to drugs which receptor antagonist the action of aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors. This group of drugs is often used as adjunctive therapy, in combination with other drugs, for the management of chronic heart failure....
s: Spironolactone
Spironolactone

Spironolactone is a diuretic and is used as an antiandrogen.It is a synthetic 17-lactone drug that is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist in a class of pharmaceuticals called potassium-sparing diuretics, used primarily to treat heart failure, ascites in patients with liver disease, low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and Conn's syn...
, which is a competitive antagonist
Competitive antagonist

A competitive antagonist is a receptor antagonist that binds to a Receptor but does not activate the receptor. The antagonist will compete with available agonist for receptor binding sites on the same receptor....
of aldosterone
Aldosterone

Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, and drives blood pressure up....
. Aldosterone
Aldosterone

Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, and drives blood pressure up....
normally adds sodium channels in the principal cells of the collecting duct and late distal tubule of the nephron. Spironolactone prevents aldosterone from entering the principal cells, preventing sodium reabsorption. A similar agent is potassium canreonate.

Epithelial sodium channel blocker
Epithelial sodium channel blocker

Sorry, no overview for this topic
s: amiloride
Amiloride

Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretics, first approved for use in 1967 , used in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure....
and triamterene
Triamterene

Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and edema....
.

Calcium-sparing diuretics

The term "calcium-sparing diuretic" is sometimes used to identify agents that result in a relatively low rate of excretion of calcium

Calcium

Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the earth's Crust ....
.

The reduced concentration of calcium in the urine can lead to an increased rate of calcium in serum. The sparing effect on calcium can be beneficial in hypocalcemia, or unwanted in hypercalcemia.

The thiazide

Thiazide

File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine....
s and potassium-sparing diuretics are considered to be calcium-sparing diuretics.

The thiazides cause a net decrease in calcium lost in urine.
The potassium-sparing diuretics cause a net increase in calcium lost in urine, but the increase is much smaller than the increase associated with other diuretic classes.

By contrast, loop diuretics promote a significant increase calcium excretion. This can increase risk of reduced bone density.

Osmotic diuretics

Compounds such as mannitol

Mannitol

Mannitol is an organic compound with the formula . This polyol is used as an osmosis diuretic agent and a weak kidney vasodilator. It was originally isolated from the secretions of the flowering ash, called manna after their resemblance to the Biblical food, and is also be referred to as mannite and manna sugar....
are filtered in the glomerulus

Glomerulus

A glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. It receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation....
, but cannot be reabsorbed. Their presence leads to an increase in the osmolarity of the filtrate. To maintain osmotic balance, water is retained in the urine.

Glucose

Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
, like mannitol, is a sugar that can behave as an osmotic diuretic. Unlike mannitol, glucose is commonly found in the blood. However, in certain conditions such as diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus , often referred to simply as diabetes , is a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of genetic disorder and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels ....
, the concentration of glucose in the blood exceeds the maximum resorption capacity of the kidney. When this happens, glucose remains in the filtrate, leading to the osmotic retention of water in the urine. Use of some drug

Drug

A drug, broadly speaking, is any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function....
s, especially stimulant

Stimulant

Stimulant drugs are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. They usually have increased side-effects with increased effectiveness, and the more powerful variants are therefore often prescription medicines or illegal drugs....
s may also increase blood glucose and thus increase urination.

Low ceiling diuretics

The term "low ceiling diuretic" is used to indicate that a diuretic has a rapidly flattening dose effect

Dose-response relationship

The dose-response relationship, or exposure-response relationship, describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure to a stressor ....
curve (in contrast to "high ceiling", where the relationship is close to linear). It refers to a pharmacological profile, not a chemical structure. However, there are certain classes of diuretic which usually fall into this category, such as the thiazide

Thiazide

File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine....
s.

Uses

In medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension

Hypertension

Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the blood pressure is chronically elevated....
and certain kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide

Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, benign intracranial hypertension , altitude sickness, cystinuria, and dural ectasia....
, help to make the urine

Urine

Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the kidneys by a process of filtration from blood called urination and excreted through the urethra....
more alkaline and are helpful in increasing excretion of substances such as aspirin

Aspirin

Aspirin , also known as acetylsalicylic acid , is a salicylate medication, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication....
in cases of overdose

Drug overdose

The term drug overdose describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced....
or poisoning. Diuretics are often abused by sufferers of eating disorder

Eating disorder

An eating disorder is a compulsion to eat, or avoid eating, that negatively affects both one's physical and mental health. Eating disorders are all encompassing....
s, especially bulimics, in attempts at weight loss.

The antihypertensive actions of some diuretics (thiazide

Thiazide

Loop diuretic

Loop diuretics are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney. They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency....
s in particular) are independent of their diuretic effect. That is, the reduction in blood pressure is not due to decreased blood volume resulting from increased urine production, but occurs through other mechanisms and at lower doses than that required to produce diuresis. Indapamide

Indapamide

Indapamide is a non-thiazide sulphonamide diuretic medication marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as edema caused by congestive heart failure....
was specifically designed with this in mind, and has a larger therapeutic window for hypertension (without pronounced diuresis) than most other diuretics.

Mechanism of action

Classification of common diuretics and their mechanisms of action:

	Examples	Mechanism	Location (numbered in distance along nephron)
-	Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatility , flammable, colorless liquid.... , Water Water Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....	inhibits vasopressin Vasopressin Arginine vasopressin , also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone , is a hormone found in most mammals, including humans.... secretion	1.
Acidifying salt Salt A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and base . Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically electric charge .... s	CaCl₂, NH₄Cl		1.
Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 is a protein that acts as Vasopressin receptor for arginine vasopressin. AVPR2 belongs to the subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors.... antagonists	amphotericin B Amphotericin B Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal medication, often used intravenously for systemic fungi infections. It was originally extracted from Streptomyces Streptomyces nodosus, a hypha bacterium, in 1955 at the Squibb Institute for Medical Research from cultures of an undescribed streptomycete isolated from the soil collected in the Orinoc... , lithium citrate Lithium citrate Lithium citrate is a chemical compound of lithium and citrate that is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric treatment of mania states and bipolar disorder....	inhibit vasopressin's action	5. collecting duct
Aquaretics Aquaretics An aquaretic is a class of drug that is used to promote aquaresis. They are not strictly speaking diuretics, but are sometimes classified as such....	Goldenrod Goldenrod The goldenrod is a yellow flowering plant in the Family Asteraceae.... , Juniper Juniper Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus *Juniperus* of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are between 50-67 species of juniper, widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropical Africa in the Old World, and to the mountains of Central America....	Increases blood flow in kidneys	1.
Na-H exchanger antagonists	dopamine Dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, this phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five types of dopamine receptors ? D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, and their variants....	promote Na⁺ excretion	2. proximal tubule Proximal tubule The proximal tubule is the portion of the Duct system of the nephron leading from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle....
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a class of pharmaceuticals that enzyme inhibitor the activity of carbonic anhydrase. Their clinical use has been established as antiglaucoma agents, diuretics, antiepileptics, in the management of mountain sickness, gastric and duodenal Peptic ulcer, neurological disorders, or osteoporosis....	acetazolamide Acetazolamide Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, benign intracranial hypertension , altitude sickness, cystinuria, and dural ectasia.... , dorzolamide Dorzolamide Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is an anti-glaucoma agent and topically applied in the form of eye drops. This drug was the first drug in human therapy which resulted from structure-based drug design....	inhibit H⁺ secretion, resultant promotion of Na⁺ and K⁺ excretion	2: proximal tubule Proximal tubule The proximal tubule is the portion of the Duct system of the nephron leading from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle....
Loop diuretic Loop diuretic Loop diuretics are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney. They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency.... s	bumetanide Bumetanide Bumetanide is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category to treat heart failure. It is often used in patients in whom high doses of furosemide are ineffective.... , ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic acid Etacrynic acid or ethacrynic acid , trade name Edecrin, is a loop diuretic used to treat hypertension and the edema caused by diseases like congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure.... , furosemide Furosemide Furosemide or frusemide is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. It is most commonly marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Lasix.... , torsemide	inhibit the Na-K-2Cl symporter Na-K-2Cl symporter The Na-K-Cl cotransporter is a protein that aides in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into and out of cell . There are two varieties, or isoforms, of this membrane transport protein, called NKCC1 and NKCC2....	3. medullary thick ascending limb
Osmotic diuretic Osmotic diuretic An osmotic diuretic is a type of diuretic that inhibit reabsorption of water and sodium.An example is mannitol.In the nephron, osmotic diuretics act at the portions of the nephron that are water-permeable.... s	glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... (especially in uncontrolled diabetes), mannitol Mannitol Mannitol is an organic compound with the formula . This polyol is used as an osmosis diuretic agent and a weak kidney vasodilator. It was originally isolated from the secretions of the flowering ash, called manna after their resemblance to the Biblical food, and is also be referred to as mannite and manna sugar....	promote osmotic diuresis	2. proximal tubule Proximal tubule The proximal tubule is the portion of the Duct system of the nephron leading from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle.... , descending limb Descending limb of loop of Henle The descending limb of loop of Henle is the portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle....
Potassium-sparing diuretic Potassium-sparing diuretic Potassium-sparing diuretics are diuretic drugs that do not promote the secretion of potassium into the urine.They are used as adjunctive therapy, together with other drugs, in the treatment of hypertension and management of congestive heart failure.... s	amiloride Amiloride Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretics, first approved for use in 1967 , used in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure.... , spironolactone Spironolactone Spironolactone is a diuretic and is used as an antiandrogen.It is a synthetic 17-lactone drug that is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist in a class of pharmaceuticals called potassium-sparing diuretics, used primarily to treat heart failure, ascites in patients with liver disease, low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and Conn's syn... , triamterene Triamterene Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and edema.... , potassium canrenoate Potassium canrenoate Potassium canrenoate or canrenoate potassium , the potassium salt of canrenoic acid, is an aldosterone antagonist.Like spironolactone, it is a prodrug, which is drug metabolism to canrenone in the body.... .	inhibition of Na+/K+ exchanger Na+/K+-ATPase Na+/K+-ATPase is an enzyme located in the plasma membrane . It is found in the human cell and is found in all metazoa .... : Spironolactone inhibits aldosterone Aldosterone Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, and drives blood pressure up.... action, Amiloride inhibits epithelial sodium channel Epithelial sodium channel The epithelial sodium channel is a membrane-bound ion-channel that is permeable for Lithium, protons and especially Sodium. It is a constitutively active ion-channel.... s	5. cortical collecting ducts
Thiazide Thiazide File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine.... s	bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide , formerly bendrofluazide , is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension.It is also a fairly cheap drug, made cheap through mass production.... , hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide, sometimes abbreviated HCT, HCTZ, or HZT is a popular diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water....	inhibit reabsorption by Na⁺/Cl^- symporter Sodium-chloride symporter The sodium-chloride symporter is a symporter ion pump used primarily to remove sodium and chloride ions from the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney....	4. distal convoluted tubules
Xanthine Xanthine Xanthine , , is a purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms. A number of mild stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine and theobromine.... s	caffeine Caffeine Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic. Caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, in 1819.... , theophylline Theophylline Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as COPD or asthma under a variety of brand names....	inhibit reabsorption of Na⁺, increase glomerular filtration rate	1. tubules

Chemically, diuretics are a diverse group of compounds that either stimulate or inhibit various hormone

Hormone

Hormones are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism....
s that naturally occur in the body to regulate urine production by the kidneys. Herbal medications are not inherently diuretics. They are more correctly called aquaretics

Aquaretics

An aquaretic is a class of drug that is used to promote aquaresis. They are not strictly speaking diuretics, but are sometimes classified as such....
.

Adverse effects

The main adverse effects of diuretics are hypovolemia

Hypovolemia

In physiology and medicine, hypovolemia is a state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, decrease in volume of blood plasma. Volumetric thirst can be caused by a number of things including bleeding and diarrhea....
, hypokalemia

Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium in the blood is low. The prefix hypo- means low . Kal refers to kalium, the Neo-Latin for potassium, and -emia means "in the blood."...
, hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia Hyperkalaemia is an elevated blood level of the electrolyte potassium. The prefix hyper- means high . The middle kal refers to kalium, which is neo-Latin for potassium....
, hyponatremia

Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium concentration in the blood plasma is too low .Severe or rapidly progressing hyponatremia can result in swelling of the brain , and the symptoms of hyponatremia are mainly neurology....
, metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of the blood is elevated beyond the normal range. This is usually the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate, or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations....
, metabolic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis

In medicine, metabolic acidosis is a process which if unchecked leads to acidemia, i.e. blood pH is low due to increased production of hydrogen by the body or the inability of the body to form bicarbonate in the kidney....
and hyperuricemia

Hyperuricemia

Hyperuricemia is a level of uric acid in the blood that is abnormally high. In humans, the upper end of the normal range is 360 ?mol/L for women and 400 ?mol/L for men....
. Each are at risk of certain types of diuretics and present with different symptoms.

Adverse effect	Diuretics	Symptoms
Hypovolemia Hypovolemia In physiology and medicine, hypovolemia is a state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, decrease in volume of blood plasma. Volumetric thirst can be caused by a number of things including bleeding and diarrhea....	loop diuretic Loop diuretic Loop diuretics are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney. They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency.... s thiazide Thiazide File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine.... s	lassitude thirst Thirst Thirst is the craving for liquids, resulting in the basic instinct of humans or animals to drink. It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance.... muscle cramps hypotension Hypotension In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. This is best understood as a physiologic state, rather than a disease....
hypokalemia Hypokalemia Hypokalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium in the blood is low. The prefix hypo- means low . Kal refers to kalium, the Neo-Latin for potassium, and -emia means "in the blood."...	acetazolamide Acetazolamide Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, benign intracranial hypertension , altitude sickness, cystinuria, and dural ectasia.... s loop diuretic Loop diuretic Loop diuretics are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney. They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency.... s thiazide Thiazide File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine.... s	muscle weakness Muscle weakness Muscle weakness is a direct term for the inability to exert force with one's muscles to the degree that would be expected given the individual's general physical fitness.... paralysis Paralysis Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups. Paralysis can cause loss of feeling or loss of mobility in the affected area.... arrhythmia
Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia Hyperkalaemia is an elevated blood level of the electrolyte potassium. The prefix hyper- means high . The middle kal refers to kalium, which is neo-Latin for potassium....	amiloride Amiloride Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretics, first approved for use in 1967 , used in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure.... s triamterene Triamterene Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and edema.... s spironolactone Spironolactone Spironolactone is a diuretic and is used as an antiandrogen.It is a synthetic 17-lactone drug that is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist in a class of pharmaceuticals called potassium-sparing diuretics, used primarily to treat heart failure, ascites in patients with liver disease, low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and Conn's syn...	arrhythmia muscle cramps paralysis Paralysis Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups. Paralysis can cause loss of feeling or loss of mobility in the affected area....
hyponatremia Hyponatremia Hyponatremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium concentration in the blood plasma is too low .Severe or rapidly progressing hyponatremia can result in swelling of the brain , and the symptoms of hyponatremia are mainly neurology....	thiazide Thiazide File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine.... s furosemide Furosemide Furosemide or frusemide is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and edema. It is most commonly marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Lasix.... s	CNS symptoms coma Coma In medicine, a coma is a profound state of unconsciousness. A comatose person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to pain or light, does not have sleep-wake cycles, and does not take voluntary actions....
metabolic alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of the blood is elevated beyond the normal range. This is usually the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate, or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations....	loop diuretic Loop diuretic Loop diuretics are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney. They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency.... s thiazide Thiazide File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine.... s	arrhythmia CNS symptoms
metabolic acidosis Metabolic acidosis In medicine, metabolic acidosis is a process which if unchecked leads to acidemia, i.e. blood pH is low due to increased production of hydrogen by the body or the inability of the body to form bicarbonate in the kidney....	acetazolamide Acetazolamide Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, benign intracranial hypertension , altitude sickness, cystinuria, and dural ectasia.... s amiloride Amiloride Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretics, first approved for use in 1967 , used in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure.... s triamterene Triamterene Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and edema....	Kussmaul respirations muscle weakness Muscle weakness Muscle weakness is a direct term for the inability to exert force with one's muscles to the degree that would be expected given the individual's general physical fitness.... neurological symptoms lethargy coma Coma In medicine, a coma is a profound state of unconsciousness. A comatose person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to pain or light, does not have sleep-wake cycles, and does not take voluntary actions.... seizures. stupor Stupor Stupor is the lack of critical cognitive function and level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain....
hypercalcemia	thiazide Thiazide File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine.... s	gout Gout Gout is a crystal deposition disease hallmarked by elevated levels of uric acid in the Circulatory system. In this condition, crystals of monosodium urate or uric acid are deposited on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues.... tissue calcification Calcification Calcification is the process in which the mineral calcium builds up in soft tissue, causing it to harden. Calcifications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not, and the location of the calcification.... fatigue depression Depression (mood) In the fields of psychology and psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to sadness and other related emotions and behaviours. It can be thought of as either a disease or a syndrome.... confusion ConFusion ConFusion is an annual science fiction convention organized by the Stilyagi Air Corps and its parent organization, the Ann Arbor Science Fiction Association.... anorexia Anorexia Anorexia can refer to:Eating conditions* Anorexia , the symptom of poor appetite whatever the cause* Anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder of excessive weight loss and usually undue concern about body shape... nausea Nausea Nausea is the sensation of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit.... vomiting Vomiting Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. Undesired vomiting may result from many causes, ranging from gastritis or poisoning to brain tumors, or elevated intracranial pressure.... constipation Constipation Constipation, costiveness, or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system in which a person experiences hard feces that are difficult to expel.... pancreatitis Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas. See also acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis for more details.... increased urination
hyperuricemia Hyperuricemia Hyperuricemia is a level of uric acid in the blood that is abnormally high. In humans, the upper end of the normal range is 360 ?mol/L for women and 400 ?mol/L for men....	thiazide Thiazide File:Benzothiadiazine.pngThiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of diuretic.The members of this class of diuretics are derived from benzothiadiazine.... s loop diuretic Loop diuretic Loop diuretics are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney. They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency.... s	gout Gout Gout is a crystal deposition disease hallmarked by elevated levels of uric acid in the Circulatory system. In this condition, crystals of monosodium urate or uric acid are deposited on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues....

Diuretic

Types

High ceiling loop diuretics

Thiazides

Potassium-sparing diuretics

Calcium-sparing diuretics

Osmotic diuretics

Low ceiling diuretics

Uses

Mechanism of action

Adverse effects

External links