Disaccharide

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Disaccharide

A disaccharide is a sugar

Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Human taste buds interpret its flavor as sweet. Sugar as a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes from sugar cane and from sugar beet, but also appears in fruit, honey, sorghum, sugar maple , and in many other sources....
(a carbohydrate

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates or saccharides are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules. They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy and structural components ....
) composed of two monosaccharide

Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides are the most basic unit of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystal solids....
s.

'Disaccharide' is one of the four chemical groupings of carbohydrates (monosaccharide

Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides are the most basic unit of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystal solids....
, disaccharide, oligosaccharide

Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number of component sugars, also known as simple sugars. The name derived from the Greek oligos, meaning "a few"....
, and polysaccharide

Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates. They are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. They are therefore very large, often branched, macromolecules....
).

e are two basic types of disaccharides: reducing disaccharides, in which the monosaccharide components are bonded by hydroxyl

Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl in chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom connected by a covalent bond. The neutral form is a hydroxyl Radical and the hydroxyl anion is called a hydroxide....
groups; and non-reducing disaccharides, in which the components bond through their anometric centers.

s formed when two monosaccharides are joined together and a molecule of water is removed.

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Classification

There are two basic types of disaccharides: reducing disaccharides, in which the monosaccharide components are bonded by hydroxyl

Hydroxyl

Formation

It is formed when two monosaccharides are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. For example; milk sugar (lactose

Lactose

Lactose is a sugar that is found most notably in milk. Lactose makes up around 2?8% of milk . The name comes from the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars....
) is made from glucose

Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
and galactose

Galactose

Galactose is a type of Carbohydrate which is less sweetness than glucose. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy.Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose....
whereas cane sugar (sucrose

Sucrose

Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, with the molecular formula C12H22O11. Its systematic name is a-D-glucopyranosyl- -?-D-fructofuranoside ....
) is made from glucose

Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
and fructose

Fructose

Fructose is a simple Reducing sugar sugar found in many foods and is one of the three important dietary monosaccharides along with glucose and galactose....
.

The two monosaccharide

Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides are the most basic unit of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystal solids....
s are bonded via a dehydration reaction

Dehydration reaction

In chemistry, a dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule. Dehydration reactions are a subset of elimination reactions....
(also called a condensation reaction

Condensation reaction

A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule....
or dehydration synthesis) that leads to the loss of a molecule of water and formation of a glycosidic bond

Glycosidic bond

In chemistry, a glycosidic bond is a certain type of functional group that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another, which may be another carbohydrate....
.

Properties

The glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxyl group on the component monosaccharide. So, even if both component sugar

Sugar

Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
), different bond combinations (regiochemistry) and stereochemistry (alpha- or beta-) result in disaccharides that are diastereoisomers with different chemical and physical properties.

Depending on the monosaccharide

Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides are the most basic unit of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystal solids....
constituents, disaccharides are sometimes crystalline, sometimes water-soluble, and sometimes sweet-tasting and sticky-feeling.

Common disaccharides

Disaccharide	Unit 1	Unit 2	Bond >- \| Sucrose Sucrose Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, with the molecular formula C12H22O11. Its systematic name is a-D-glucopyranosyl- -?-D-fructofuranoside .... (table sugar, cane sugar, saccharose, or beet sugar)	glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....	fructose Fructose Fructose is a simple Reducing sugar sugar found in many foods and is one of the three important dietary monosaccharides along with glucose and galactose....	- \| Lactose Lactose Lactose is a sugar that is found most notably in milk. Lactose makes up around 2?8% of milk . The name comes from the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars.... (milk sugar)	galactose Galactose Galactose is a type of Carbohydrate which is less sweetness than glucose. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy.Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose....	glucose	- \| Maltose Maltose Maltose, or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an a linkage. It is the second member of an important biochemical series of glucose chains....	glucose	glucose	- \| Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose, also known as mycose, is a natural alpha-linked disaccharide formed by an a, a-1, 1-glucoside bond between two a-glucose units....	glucose	glucose	- \| Cellobiose Cellobiose Cellobiose is a disaccharide with the formula [HOCH2CHO3]2O. The molecule is derived from the condensation of two glucose molecules linked in a ? bond....	glucose	glucose	ß(1?4)

Maltose and cellobiose are hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
products of the polysaccharide

Polysaccharide

Starch

File:Amylose2.svgFile:Amylopektin Sessel.svgStarch or amylum is a polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds....
and cellulose

Cellulose

File:Cellulose Sessel.svgCellulose is an organic compound with the chemical formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand ? linked D-glucose units....
, respectively.

Less common disaccharides include:

Disaccharide	Units	Bond >- \| Kojibiose Kojibiose Kojibiose is a disaccharide....	two glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer Monomer A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer.... s	- \| Nigerose Nigerose Nigerose, also known as sakebiose, is an unfermentable sugar obtained by partial hydrolysis of nigeran, a polysaccharide found in Aspergillus niger, but is also readily extracted from the dextrans found in rice molds and many other fermenting microorganisms, such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides....	two glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer Monomer A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer.... s	- \| Isomaltose Isomaltose Isomaltose is a disaccharide similar to maltose, but with a a--linkage instead of the a--linkage. It is a reducing sugar. The linkage between the sugars is 1,6. Both of the sugars are sucrose and pyranoses....	two glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer Monomer A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer.... s	- \| ß,ß-Trehalose	two glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomers	- \| Sophorose Sophorose Sophorose is a disaccharide....	two glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomers	- \| Laminaribiose Laminaribiose Laminaribiose is a disaccharide which is used notably in the agricultural field and as an antiseptic. It is in general obtained by hydrolysis or by acetolysis of natural polysaccharides of plant origin. ...	two glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomers	- \| Gentiobiose Gentiobiose Gentiobiose is a disaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose joined with a ? linkage. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water or hot methanol....	two glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer Monomer A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer.... s	- \| Turanose Turanose D--Turanose is a Redox disaccharide. Its systematic name is a-D-glucopyranosyl--a-D-fructofuranose. It is an analog of sucrose not Metabolism by Vascular plant, but rather acquired through the action of sucrose transporters for intracellular carbohydrate signaling....	a glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer and a fructose Fructose Fructose is a simple Reducing sugar sugar found in many foods and is one of the three important dietary monosaccharides along with glucose and galactose.... monomer	- \| Maltulose	a glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer and a fructose Fructose Fructose is a simple Reducing sugar sugar found in many foods and is one of the three important dietary monosaccharides along with glucose and galactose.... monomer	- \| Palatinose	a glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer and a fructose Fructose Fructose is a simple Reducing sugar sugar found in many foods and is one of the three important dietary monosaccharides along with glucose and galactose.... monomer	- \| Gentiobiulose	a glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer and a fructose Fructose Fructose is a simple Reducing sugar sugar found in many foods and is one of the three important dietary monosaccharides along with glucose and galactose.... monomer	- \| Mannobiose Mannobiose Mannobiose can refer to:* 2alpha-Mannobiose* 3alpha-Mannobiose...	two mannose Mannose Mannose is a sugar monomer of the hexose series of carbohydrates.... monomers	- \| Melibiose Melibiose Melibiose is a disaccharide formed by an alpha linkage between galactose and glucose . It can be formed by invertase mediated hydrolysis of raffinose, which produces melibiose and fructose....	a galactose Galactose Galactose is a type of Carbohydrate which is less sweetness than glucose. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy.Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose.... monomer and a glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer	- \| Melibiulose	a galactose Galactose Galactose is a type of Carbohydrate which is less sweetness than glucose. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy.Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose.... monomer and a fructose Fructose Fructose is a simple Reducing sugar sugar found in many foods and is one of the three important dietary monosaccharides along with glucose and galactose.... monomer	- \| Rutinose Rutinose Rutinose is the disaccharide also known as 6-O-L-rhamnose-D-glucose which is present in some flavonoid glycosides. It is prepared from rutin by hydrolysis with the enzyme rhamnodiastase....	a rhamnose Rhamnose Rhamnose is a naturally-occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose occurs in nature in its levorotary-form as L-rhamnose .... monomer Monomer A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer.... and a glucose Glucose Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology.... monomer Monomer A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer....	- \| Rutinulose	a rhamnose monomer and a fructose monomer	- \| Xylobiose Xylobiose Xylobiose is a disaccharide of xylose monomers with a beta-1,4-bond between them.References...	two xylopyranose monomer Monomer A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer.... s	ß(1?4)

Disaccharide

Classification

Formation

Properties

Common disaccharides

External links