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Dielectric relaxation
 
 
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Dielectric relaxation is the momentary delay (or lag) in the dielectric constant
Dielectric constant

The relative static permittivity of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux....
 of a material. This is usually caused by the delay in molecular polarization
Polarization

Polarization is a property of waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations. For transverse waves such as many electromagnetic waves, it describes the orientation of the oscillations in the plane perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel....
 with respect to a changing electric field in a dielectric medium (e.g. inside capacitor
Capacitor

A capacitor or condenser is a Passive component electronic component consisting of a pair of electrical conductor separated by a dielectric....
s or between two large conducting
Electrical conductor

In science and Electrical engineering, an electrical conductor is a material which contains movable electric charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or aluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons ....
 surfaces). Dielectric relaxation in changing electric fields could be considered analogous to hysteresis
Hysteresis

A system with hysteresis can be summarized as a system that may be in any number of states, independent of the inputs to the system. To be exact, a system with hysteresis exhibits path-dependence, or "rate-independent memory"....
 in changing magnetic field
Magnetic field

A magnetism field is a vector field which can exert a magnetic force on moving electric charges and on magnetic dipoles . When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles tend to align their axes parallel to the magnetic field....
s (for inductor
Inductor

An inductor is a Passive component Electronic component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it....
s or transformer
Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical network to another through inductive coupling conductors — the transformer's coils or "windings"....
s). Relaxation in general is a delay or lag in the response of a linear system
Linear system

A linear system is a mathematical model of a system based on the use of a linear operator.Linear systems typically exhibit features and properties that are much simpler than the general, nonlinear case....
, and therefore dielectric relaxation is measured relative to the expected linear steady state (equilibrium) dielectric values.






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Dielectric relaxation is the momentary delay (or lag) in the dielectric constant
Dielectric constant

The relative static permittivity of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux....
 of a material. This is usually caused by the delay in molecular polarization
Polarization

Polarization is a property of waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations. For transverse waves such as many electromagnetic waves, it describes the orientation of the oscillations in the plane perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel....
 with respect to a changing electric field in a dielectric medium (e.g. inside capacitor
Capacitor

A capacitor or condenser is a Passive component electronic component consisting of a pair of electrical conductor separated by a dielectric....
s or between two large conducting
Electrical conductor

In science and Electrical engineering, an electrical conductor is a material which contains movable electric charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or aluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons ....
 surfaces). Dielectric relaxation in changing electric fields could be considered analogous to hysteresis
Hysteresis

A system with hysteresis can be summarized as a system that may be in any number of states, independent of the inputs to the system. To be exact, a system with hysteresis exhibits path-dependence, or "rate-independent memory"....
 in changing magnetic field
Magnetic field

A magnetism field is a vector field which can exert a magnetic force on moving electric charges and on magnetic dipoles . When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles tend to align their axes parallel to the magnetic field....
s (for inductor
Inductor

An inductor is a Passive component Electronic component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it....
s or transformer
Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical network to another through inductive coupling conductors — the transformer's coils or "windings"....
s). Relaxation in general is a delay or lag in the response of a linear system
Linear system

A linear system is a mathematical model of a system based on the use of a linear operator.Linear systems typically exhibit features and properties that are much simpler than the general, nonlinear case....
, and therefore dielectric relaxation is measured relative to the expected linear steady state (equilibrium) dielectric values. The time lag between electrical field and polarization
Polarization

Polarization is a property of waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations. For transverse waves such as many electromagnetic waves, it describes the orientation of the oscillations in the plane perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel....
 implies an irreversible degradation of free energy
Gibbs free energy

In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the "useful" or process-initiating Work obtainable from an isothermal, Isobaric process thermodynamic system....
(G).

In physics
Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
, dielectric relaxation refers to the relaxation
Relaxation

Relaxation may refer to:*a process or state with the aim of recreation through leisure activities or idling and the opposite of stress or tension...
 response of a dielectric
Dielectric

A dielectric is a nonconducting substance, i.e. an Insulator . The term was coined by William Whewell in response to a request from Michael Faraday....
 medium to an external electric field of microwave
Microwave

Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m, or frequency between 0.3 hertz and 300 GHz....
 frequencies. This relaxation is often described in terms of permittivity
Permittivity

Permittivity is a physical quantity that describes how an electric field affects, and is affected by a dielectric medium, and is determined by the ability of a material to polarization in response to the field, and thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material....
 as a function of frequency
Frequency

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency.The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency....
, which can, for ideal systems, be described by the Debye equation
Debye relaxation

Debye relaxation is the dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles to an alternating external electric field....
. On the other hand, the distortion related to ionic and electronic polarization shows behavior of the resonance
Resonance

In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude at certain Frequency, known as the system's resonance frequencies ....
 or oscillator type. The character of the distortion process depends on the structure, composition, and surroundings of the sample.

The number of possible wavelengths of emitted radiation due to dielectric relaxation can be equated using Hemmings 1st Law

where
n: number of different possible wavelengths of emitted radiation
l: number of energy levels (inc. ground level).


See also

  • Dielectric relaxation as a chemical rate process
    Dielectric relaxation as a chemical rate process

    Dielectric relaxation was interpreted as a chemical rate process by Walter Kauzmann. According to Kauzmann, relaxation rates may be arranged in two or more distinct groups: "Depending on how rapidly they change with temperature....
  • Debye relaxation
    Debye relaxation

    Debye relaxation is the dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles to an alternating external electric field....
  • Dielectric dispersion
    Dielectric dispersion

    In physics, dielectric dispersion is the dependence of the permittivity of a dielectric material on the frequency of an applied electric field. Because there is always a lag between changes in polarization and changes in an electric field, the permittivity of the dielectric is a complicated, complex number function of frequency of the electri...
  • Dielectric spectroscopy
    Dielectric spectroscopy

    Dielectric spectroscopy measures the dielectric properties of a medium as a function of frequency. It is based on the interaction of an external field with the electric dipole moment of the sample, often expressed by permittivity....
  • Dielectric function
  • Rotational Brownian motion
    Rotational Brownian motion

    Rotational Brownian motion is the random change in the orientation of a polar molecule due to collisions with other molecules. It is an important element of theories of dielectric materials....