Dgèrnésiais
Encyclopedia
Guernésiais, also known as Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French, and Guernsey Norman French, is the variety of the Norman language
spoken in Guernsey
. It is sometimes known on the island by the semi-disparaging name "patois
". As one of the Oïl languages
, it has its roots in Latin
, but has had strong influence from both Norse and English
at different points in its history.
There is intercomprehension (with some difficulty) with Jèrriais
-speakers from Jersey
and Norman-speakers from mainland Normandy
. Guernésiais most closely resembles the Norman dialect
of La Hague
in the Cotentin Peninsula
(Cotentinais
).
Guernésiais has been influenced less by French
than has Jèrriais
, but conversely has been influenced to a greater extent by English
. New words have been imported for modern phenomena "le bike", "le gas-cooker".
There is a rich tradition of poetry in the Guernsey language. Guernsey songs were inspired by the sea, by colourful figures of speech, by traditional folk-lore, as well as by the natural beauty of the island. The island's greatest poet was Georges Métivier (1790–1881), a contemporary of Victor Hugo
, who influenced and inspired local poets to print and publish their traditional poetry. Métivier blended local place-names, bird and animal names, traditional sayings and orally transmitted fragments of medieval poetry to create his Rimes Guernesiaises (1831). Denys Corbet
(1826–1910) was considered the "Last Poet" of Guernsey French and published many poems in his day in his native tongue in the island newspaper and privately.
Wrote Métivier, Que l'lingo seit bouan ou mauvais / J'pâlron coum'nou pâlait autefais (whether the “lingo” be good or bad, I’m going to speak like dear old dad).
The most recent dictionary of Guernésiais, titled "Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernesiais" (English-Guernsey Dictionary) and published by La Société Guernesiaise, April 1967 (revised edition published 1982), was written by Marie de Garis
(1910–2010). In 1999 De Garis received an MBE
for her work.
The 2001 census showed that 1,327 (1,262 Guernsey-born) or 2 percent of the population speak the language fluently while 3 percent fully understand the language. However most of these, 70% or 934 of the 1,327 fluent speakers are aged over 64. Among the young only
0.1% or one in a thousand are fluent speakers. However, 14% of the population claim some understanding of the language.
There is little broadcasting in the language, with Channel Television
more or less ignoring the language, and only the occasional short feature on BBC Radio Guernsey
, usually for learners.
Despite the clear historical development of the Norman languages, many believe that Dgèrnésiais is not a language in its own right, instead viewing it as a dialect
of French. As the writing system
of Dgèrnésiais is based on that of French, a native French-speaker can understand much of written Dgèrnésiais.
of /r/ is common in Guernésiais, by comparison with Sercquiais and Jèrriais.
Other examples are pourmenade (promenade), persentaïr (present), terpid (tripod).
oimaïr - to love (regular conjugation)
Norman language
Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. Norman can be classified as one of the northern Oïl languages along with Picard and Walloon...
spoken in Guernsey
Guernsey
Guernsey, officially the Bailiwick of Guernsey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.The Bailiwick, as a governing entity, embraces not only all 10 parishes on the Island of Guernsey, but also the islands of Herm, Jethou, Burhou, and Lihou and their islet...
. It is sometimes known on the island by the semi-disparaging name "patois
Patois
Patois is any language that is considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in linguistics. It can refer to pidgins, creoles, dialects, and other forms of native or local speech, but not commonly to jargon or slang, which are vocabulary-based forms of cant...
". As one of the Oïl languages
Langues d'oïl
The langues d'oïl or langues d'oui , in English the Oïl or Oui languages, are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives spoken today in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands...
, it has its roots in Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
, but has had strong influence from both Norse and English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
at different points in its history.
There is intercomprehension (with some difficulty) with Jèrriais
Jèrriais
Jèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands, off the coast of France. It has been in decline over the past century as English has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration...
-speakers from Jersey
Jersey
Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes two groups of small islands that are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers and Écréhous, and the Pierres de Lecq and...
and Norman-speakers from mainland Normandy
Normandy
Normandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is in France.The continental territory covers 30,627 km² and forms the preponderant part of Normandy and roughly 5% of the territory of France. It is divided for administrative purposes into two régions:...
. Guernésiais most closely resembles the Norman dialect
Dialect
The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors,...
of La Hague
La Hague
La Hague is a region on the tip of the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy, France.La Hague is a picturesque place of Precambrian granite cliffs, coves and small fields surrounded by hedges. It faces the Channel Islands and there any many cousins on both side of the Alderney race.The dialect of the...
in the Cotentin Peninsula
Cotentin Peninsula
The Cotentin Peninsula, also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy, forming part of the north-western coast of France. It juts out north-westwards into the English Channel, towards Great Britain...
(Cotentinais
Cotentinais
Cotentinais is the dialect of the Norman language spoken in the Cotentin Peninsula. It is one of the strongest dialects of the language on the mainland.-Dialects:...
).
Guernésiais has been influenced less by French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
than has Jèrriais
Jèrriais
Jèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands, off the coast of France. It has been in decline over the past century as English has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration...
, but conversely has been influenced to a greater extent by English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
. New words have been imported for modern phenomena "le bike", "le gas-cooker".
There is a rich tradition of poetry in the Guernsey language. Guernsey songs were inspired by the sea, by colourful figures of speech, by traditional folk-lore, as well as by the natural beauty of the island. The island's greatest poet was Georges Métivier (1790–1881), a contemporary of Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo was a Frenchpoet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romantic movement in France....
, who influenced and inspired local poets to print and publish their traditional poetry. Métivier blended local place-names, bird and animal names, traditional sayings and orally transmitted fragments of medieval poetry to create his Rimes Guernesiaises (1831). Denys Corbet
Denys Corbet
Denys Corbet was a Channel Islands poet, Naïve painter, and school master. He was the second son of Pierre and Susanne who was born at La Turquie, Vale, Guernsey, Channel Island...
(1826–1910) was considered the "Last Poet" of Guernsey French and published many poems in his day in his native tongue in the island newspaper and privately.
Wrote Métivier, Que l'lingo seit bouan ou mauvais / J'pâlron coum'nou pâlait autefais (whether the “lingo” be good or bad, I’m going to speak like dear old dad).
The most recent dictionary of Guernésiais, titled "Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernesiais" (English-Guernsey Dictionary) and published by La Société Guernesiaise, April 1967 (revised edition published 1982), was written by Marie de Garis
Marie de Garis
Marie de Garis , MBE was a Guernsey author and lexicographer, who wrote the Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernésiais , the first edition of which was published in 1967. This new work largely superseded George Métivier's Dictionnaire Franco-Normand. She published Folklore of Guernsey and the...
(1910–2010). In 1999 De Garis received an MBE
MBE
MBE can stand for:* Mail Boxes Etc.* Management by exception* Master of Bioethics* Master of Bioscience Enterprise* Master of Business Engineering* Master of Business Economics* Mean Biased Error...
for her work.
Current status
0.1% or one in a thousand are fluent speakers. However, 14% of the population claim some understanding of the language.
- L'Assembllaïe d'Guernesiais, an association for speakers of the language founded in 1957, has published a periodical. Les Ravigoteurs, another association, has published a storybook and cassette for children.
- Forest School hosts an annual speaking contest of the island's primary school children (Year 6).
- The annual Eisteddfod provides an opportunity for performances in the language, and radio and newspaper outlets furnish regular media output.
- There is some teaching of the language in voluntary classes in schools in Guernsey.
- Dgèrnésiais is recognised (along with JèrriaisJèrriaisJèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands, off the coast of France. It has been in decline over the past century as English has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration...
, IrishIrish languageIrish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of...
, Scottish GaelicScottish Gaelic languageScottish Gaelic is a Celtic language native to Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish, and thus descends ultimately from Primitive Irish....
, WelshWelsh languageWelsh is a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, by some along the Welsh border in England, and in Y Wladfa...
, ManxManx languageManx , also known as Manx Gaelic, and as the Manks language, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, historically spoken by the Manx people. Only a small minority of the Island's population is fluent in the language, but a larger minority has some knowledge of it...
and Lowland ScotsScots languageScots is the Germanic language variety spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster . It is sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic, the Celtic language variety spoken in most of the western Highlands and in the Hebrides.Since there are no universally accepted...
(in Scotland and Northern IrelandUlster Scots languageUlster Scots or Ulster-Scots generally refers to the dialects of Scots spoken in parts of Ulster in Ireland. Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent...
)) as a regional languageRegional languageA regional language is a language spoken in an area of a nation state, whether it be a small area, a federal state or province, or some wider area....
by the British and Irish governments within the framework of the British-Irish CouncilBritish-Irish CouncilThe British–Irish Council is an international organisation established under the Belfast Agreement in 1998, and formally established on 2 December 1999 on the entry into force of the consequent legislation...
. - BBC Radio GuernseyBBC Radio GuernseyBBC Guernsey is the BBC Local Radio service for the Channel Island of Guernsey and the other islands in the Bailiwick - Alderney, Sark and Herm. It broadcasts from its studios at Broadcasting House in St Sampson's on 93.2 MHz FM-VHF and 1116 kHz AM-MW in Guernsey and 99 MHz FM-VHF in...
and the Guernsey Press both feature occasional lessons, the latter with sometimes misleading phonetics. - A Guernsey language development officer was appointed (with effect from January 2008).
There is little broadcasting in the language, with Channel Television
Channel Television
Channel Television is a British television station which has served as an Independent Television contractor to the Channel Islands since 1962. It is based in Jersey...
more or less ignoring the language, and only the occasional short feature on BBC Radio Guernsey
BBC Radio Guernsey
BBC Guernsey is the BBC Local Radio service for the Channel Island of Guernsey and the other islands in the Bailiwick - Alderney, Sark and Herm. It broadcasts from its studios at Broadcasting House in St Sampson's on 93.2 MHz FM-VHF and 1116 kHz AM-MW in Guernsey and 99 MHz FM-VHF in...
, usually for learners.
Despite the clear historical development of the Norman languages, many believe that Dgèrnésiais is not a language in its own right, instead viewing it as a dialect
Dialect
The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors,...
of French. As the writing system
Writing system
A writing system is a symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language.-General properties:Writing systems are distinguished from other possible symbolic communication systems in that the reader must usually understand something of the associated spoken language to...
of Dgèrnésiais is based on that of French, a native French-speaker can understand much of written Dgèrnésiais.
History
- Guernsey poet, George MétivierGeorge MétivierGeorge Métivier was a Guernsey poet dubbed the "Guernsey Burns", and sometimes considered the island's national poet. He wrote in Guernésiais, which is the indigenous language of the island. Among his poetical works are Rimes Guernesiaises published in 1831...
(1790–1881) - nicknamed the Guernsey BurnsRobert BurnsRobert Burns was a Scottish poet and a lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland, and is celebrated worldwide...
, was the first to produce a dictionaryDictionaryA dictionary is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically, with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon...
of the Norman language in the Channel IslandsChannel IslandsThe Channel Islands are an archipelago of British Crown Dependencies in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two separate bailiwicks: the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey...
, the Dictionnaire Franco-Normand (1870). This established the first standard orthographyOrthographyThe orthography of a language specifies a standardized way of using a specific writing system to write the language. Where more than one writing system is used for a language, for example Kurdish, Uyghur, Serbian or Inuktitut, there can be more than one orthography...
- later modified and modernised. Among his poetical works are Rimes Guernesiaises published in 1831. - Prince Louis Lucien BonaparteLouis Lucien BonaparteLouis Lucien Bonaparte was the third son of Napoleon's second surviving brother, Lucien Bonaparte. He was born at Thorngrove, mansion in Grimley, Worcestershire, England, where his family were temporarily interned after having been captured by the British en route to America A philologist and...
published a translation of the Parable of the Sower in Dgèrnésiais in 1863 as part of his philological research. - Like Métivier, Tam LenfesteyTam Lenfestey-Works:* Le Chant des Fontaines...
(1818–1885) published poetry in Guernsey newspapers and in book form. - Denys CorbetDenys CorbetDenys Corbet was a Channel Islands poet, Naïve painter, and school master. He was the second son of Pierre and Susanne who was born at La Turquie, Vale, Guernsey, Channel Island...
(1826–1909) described himself as the Draïn Rimeux (last poet), but literary production continued. Corbet is best known for his poems, especially the epicEpic poetryAn epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. Oral poetry may qualify as an epic, and Albert Lord and Milman Parry have argued that classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form...
L'Touar de Guernesy, a picaresque tour of the parishParishA parish is a territorial unit historically under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of one parish priest, who might be assisted in his pastoral duties by a curate or curates - also priests but not the parish priest - from a more or less central parish church with its associated organization...
es of Guernsey. As editor of the French-language newspaper Le Bailliage, he also wrote feuilletonFeuilletonFeuilleton was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of French newspapers, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism, a chronicle of the latest fashions, and epigrams, charades and other literary trifles...
s in Dgèrnésiais under the pen namePen nameA pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. A pen name may be used to make the author's name more distinctive, to disguise his or her gender, to distance an author from some or all of his or her works, to protect the author from retribution for his or her...
Badlagoule ("chatterbox"). In 2009 the island held a special exhibition in the Forest Parish on Corbet and his work acknowledging the centenary of his death and unveiling a contemporary portrait painting of the artist by Christian Corbet a cousin to Denys Corbet. - Thomas Martin (1839–1921) translated into Guernésiais the Bible, the plays of William ShakespeareWilliam ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon"...
, twelve plays by Pierre CorneillePierre CorneillePierre Corneille was a French tragedian who was one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine...
, three plays by Thomas CorneilleThomas CorneilleThomas Corneille was a French dramatist.- Personal life :Born in Rouen nearly twenty years after his brother Pierre, the "great Corneille", Thomas's skill as a poet seems to have shown itself early. At the age of fifteen he composed a play in Latin which was performed by his fellow-pupils at the...
, twenty seven plays by MolièreMolièreJean-Baptiste Poquelin, known by his stage name Molière, was a French playwright and actor who is considered to be one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature...
, twenty plays by VoltaireVoltaireFrançois-Marie Arouet , better known by the pen name Voltaire , was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, free trade and separation of church and state...
and The Spanish Student by Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline...
.
- Thomas Henry MahyThomas Henry MahyThomas Henry Mahy wrote Dires et Pensées du Courtil Poussin, a regular column in Guernésiais in La Gazette Officielle de Guernesey, from 1916. A collection was published in booklet form in 1922...
(1862-21 April 1936) wrote Dires et Pensées du Courtil Poussin, a regular column in La Gazette Officielle de Guernesey, from 1916. A collection was published in booklet form in 1922. He was still publishing occasional pieces of poetry and prose by the start of the 1930s. - Thomas Alfred GrutThomas Alfred GrutThomas Alfred Grut was a Guernsey photographer and author. He published Des lures guernesiaises in 1927, a collection of newspaper columns in Guernésiais. He also translated some of the Jèrriais stories of Philippe Le Sueur Mourant into Guernésiais.Grut was also one of if not the most noted of all...
(1852–1933) published Des lures guernesiaises in 1927, once again a collection of newspaper columns. He also translated some of the Jèrriais stories of Philippe Le Sueur MourantPhilippe Le Sueur MourantPhilippe Le Sueur Mourant was a Jersey writer who wrote in Jèrriais and French.He was born in St Saviour in 1848 and spent most of his early life working in agriculture in Newfoundland and Lorient...
into Dgèrnésiais. - Marjorie OzanneMarjorie OzanneMarjorie Ozanne wrote stories in Guernesiais, published in the Guernsey Evening Press between 1949 and 1965. Some earlier pieces can be found in La Gazette de Guernesey in the 1920s....
(1897–1973) wrote stories, published in the Guernsey Evening Press between 1949 and 1965. Some earlier pieces can be found in La Gazette de Guernesey in the 1920s. - Métivier's dictionary was superseded by Marie de GarisMarie de GarisMarie de Garis , MBE was a Guernsey author and lexicographer, who wrote the Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernésiais , the first edition of which was published in 1967. This new work largely superseded George Métivier's Dictionnaire Franco-Normand. She published Folklore of Guernsey and the...
' (born 1910) Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernésiais; first edition published in 1967, supplements 1969 and 1973, third edition 1982. - When the Channel Islands were invaded by GermanyGermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
in World War IIWorld War IIWorld War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, Dgèrnésiais experienced a minor revival. Many Guernsey people did not always wish the occupying forces to understand what they were saying, especially as some of the soldiers had knowledge of English. - Victor HugoVictor HugoVictor-Marie Hugo was a Frenchpoet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romantic movement in France....
includes the odd word of Dgèrnésiais in some of his Channel Island novels. Hugo's novel Toilers of the SeaToilers of the SeaToilers of the Sea , is a novel by Victor Hugo.The book is dedicated to the island of Guernsey, where Hugo spent 15 years in exile.The story concerns a Guernseyman named Gilliatt, a social outcast who falls in love with Deruchette, the niece of a local shipowner, Mess Lethierry...
, is credited with introducing the Guernesiais word for octopus pieuvre into the French language (standard French for octopus is poulpe). - A collection of short stories P'tites Lures Guernésiaises (in Guernésiais with parallel English translation) by various writers was published in 2006.
Phonology
MetathesisMetathesis (linguistics)
Metathesis is the re-arranging of sounds or syllables in a word, or of words in a sentence. Most commonly it refers to the switching of two or more contiguous sounds, known as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis:...
of /r/ is common in Guernésiais, by comparison with Sercquiais and Jèrriais.
| Guernésiais | Sercquiais | Jèrriais | French | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kérouaïe | krwee | crouaix | croix | cross |
| méquerdi | mekrëdi | Mêcrédi | mercredi | Wednesday |
Other examples are pourmenade (promenade), persentaïr (present), terpid (tripod).
Verbs
aver - have (auxiliary verb)| present | preterite | imperfect | future | conditional |
| j'ai | j'aëus | j'avais | j'érai | j'érais |
| t'as | t'aëus | t'avais | t'éras | t'érais |
| il a | il aëut | il avait | il éra | il érait |
| all' a | all' aeut | all' avait | all' éra | all' érait |
| j'avaöns | j'eûnmes | j'avaëmes | j'éraöns | j'éraëmes |
| vous avaïz | vous aeutes | vous avaites | vous éraïz | vous éraites |
| il aönt | il aëurent | il avaient | il éraönt | il éraient |
oimaïr - to love (regular conjugation)
| present | preterite | imperfect | future | conditional |
| j'oime | j'oimis | j'oimais | j'oim'rai | j' oim'rais |
| t'oimes | t'oimis | t'oimais | t'oim'ras | t'oim'rais |
| il oime | il oimit | il oimait | il oim'ra | il oim'rait |
| all' oime | all' oimit | all' oimait | all' oim'ra | all' oim'rait |
| j'oimaöns | j'oimaëmes | j'oimaëmes | j'oim'rons | j' oim'raëmes |
| vous oimaïz | vous oimites | vous oimaites | vous oim'raïz | vous oim'raites |
| il' oiment | il' oimirent | il' oimaient | il' oim'raönt | il' oim'raient |
Examples
| Guernésiais (Pronunciation) |
English | French |
| Quaï temps qu’i fait? | What's the weather like? | Quel temps fait-il ? Colloquial: Quel temps qu'il fait ? |
| I' fait caoud ogniet | It's warm today | Il fait chaud aujourd'hui |
| Tchi qu’est vote naom? | What's your name? | Comment vous appelez-vous ? Quel est votre nom? |
| Coume tchi que l’affaire va? (kum chik la-fehr va) |
How are you? Lit. How's business going? |
Comment vont les affaires ? Coll: comment que vont les affaires ? |
| Quaï heure qu'il est? | What's the time? | Quelle heure est-il ? Coll: Quelle heure qu'il est ? |
| À la perchoine (a la per-shoy-n) |
See you next time | Au revoir À la prochaine |
| Mercie bian | Thank you very much | Merci beaucoup Coll: Merci bien |
| chén-chin | this | ceci |
| ch'techin | this one | celui-ci |
| Lâtchiz-mé | Leave me | Laissez-moi |
External links
- What is Dgernesiais?
- Guernesiais today by Julia Sallabank – from the BBCBBCThe British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...
- Texts in Dgèrnésiais
- La Societe Guernesiaise