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Data transmission is the physical transfer of data
DATA

Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa is a multinational Non-governmental organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2's Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III and activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign....
 from point-to-point often represented as an electro-magnetic signal
Signal (electrical engineering)

In the fields of telecommunications, signal processing, and in electrical engineering more generally, a signal is any time-varying or spatial-varying quantity....
 over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fiber
Optical fiber

An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers....
s, wireless
Wireless

Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short or long ....
 communication channels, and storage media.

The physically transmitted signal may be one of the following:
  1. a baseband signal (a sequence of electrical pulses or light pulses) produced by means of a line coding scheme such as Manchester coding.






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    Data transmission is the physical transfer of data
    DATA

    Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa is a multinational Non-governmental organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2's Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III and activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign....
     from point-to-point often represented as an electro-magnetic signal
    Signal (electrical engineering)

    In the fields of telecommunications, signal processing, and in electrical engineering more generally, a signal is any time-varying or spatial-varying quantity....
     over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fiber
    Optical fiber

    An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers....
    s, wireless
    Wireless

    Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short or long ....
     communication channels, and storage media.

    The physically transmitted signal may be one of the following:
    1. a baseband signal (a sequence of electrical pulses or light pulses) produced by means of a line coding scheme such as Manchester coding. This is typically used in serial cable
      Serial cable

      A serial cable is a cable that can be used to transfer information between two devices using serial communication, often using the RS-232 standard....
      s, wired local area network
      Local area network

      A local area network is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport....
      s such as Ethernet, and in optical fiber communication. It results in a pulse amplitude modulated signal, also known as a pulse train
    2. a passband signal (a modulated sine wave signal) representing a digital bit-stream. Note that this is in some textbooks considered as analog transmission
      Analog transmission

      Analog transmission is a Transmission method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable....
      . The signal is produced by means of a digital modulation method
      Modulation

      In telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying a Periodic function waveform, i.e. a tone, in order to use that signal to convey a message, in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and Pitch ....
       such as PSK
      PSK

      PSK may refer to:* Property Solutions Korea, a real estate consulting and development company in South Korea* Phase-shift keying, a digital modulation technique...
      , QAM or FSK
      FSK

      FSK can have alternative meanings:* FSK * Frequency-shift keying, a modulation scheme* Forsvarets Spesialkommando , a Norwegian special forces military unit...
      . The modulation and demodulation is carried out by modem
      Modem

      Modem is a peripheral device that modulation an analog carrier wave Signal to encode digital information, and also demodulation such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information....
       equipment. This is used in wireless communication, and over telephone network local-loop and cable-TV networks.


    According to one definition of digital signal
    Digital signal

    The term digital signal is used to refer to more than one concept. It can refer to discrete-time signals that have a discrete number of levels, for example a Sampling_ and quantification analog signal, or to the continuous-time waveform signals in a digital system, representing a bit-stream....
    , both baseband and passband signals are considered as digital, while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as digital, and the passband transmission as a form of digital-to-analog conversion.

    Data transmitted may be a digital bit stream originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog
    Analog

    Analog or analogue may refer to:*Analog signal, a variable signal that is continuous in time and amplitude, as opposed to a digital or discrete signal:...
     signal such as a phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation
    Pulse-code modulation

    Pulse-code modulation is a digital representation of an analog Signalling where the magnitude of the signal is sampling regularly at uniform intervals, then Quantization to a series of symbols in a numeric code....
     (PCM) or more advanced source coding
    Source coding

    In information theory, Shannon's source coding theorem establishes the limits to possible data compression, and the operational meaning of the Shannon entropy....
     (data compression
    Data compression

    In computer science and information theory, data compression or source coding is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than an code representation would use through use of specific encoding schemes....
    ) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec
    Codec

    A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoder and/or Decoding methods a digital data stream or signal . The word codec is a portmanteau of 'compressor-decompressor' or, most commonly, 'coder-decoder'....
     equipment.

    Distinction between related topics

    Data transmission is a subset of the field of data communications, which also includes computer networking
    Computer networking

    Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or Peripheral devices. Networking, routers, routing protocols, and networking over the public Internet have their specifications defined in documents called Request for Commentss....
     or computer communication applications and networking protocols, for example routing, switching and process-to-process communication. Although the Transmission control protocol
    Transmission Control Protocol

    The Transmission Control Protocol is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is so central that the entire suite is often referred to as "TCP/IP"....
     (TCP) involves the term "transmission", TCP and other transport layer protocols are typically not discussed in a textbook or course about data transmission.

    Courses and textbooks in the field of data transmission as well as digital transmission and digital communications
    Digital communications

    Digital communications refers to the transmission of a sequence of digital messages or a digitized analog signal. This is in contrast to analog signal communications....
      have similar content.

    Analog modulation schemes such as AM
    Amplitude modulation

    Amplitude modulation is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave....
     and FM
    Frequency modulation

    In telecommunications, frequency modulation conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency . In analog signal applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal....
     are used for transferring analog message signals over analog passband channels without digitization, and are not covered within the field of data transmission.

    In some textbooks, the term analog transmission
    Analog transmission

    Analog transmission is a Transmission method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable....
     refers to transmission of analog signals using such analog modulation method or without any modulation. In other books, analog transmission refers to passband transmission of bit-streams using digital modulation methods such as PSK and ASK. Note that the latter is covered in textbooks on digital transmission, for example . The term tele transmission involves analog as well as digital transmission.

    Protocol layers and sub-topics

    Courses and textbooks in the field of data transmission typically deal with the following protocol layers
    OSI model

    The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model is an abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design. It was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection initiative....
     and topics:
    • Layer 1, the physical layer
      Physical layer

      The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking.The Physical Layer comprises the basic hardware transmission technologies of a network....
      :
      • Channel coding including
        • digital modulation methods
        • line coding methods
        • forward error correction
          Forward error correction

          In telecommunication and information theory, forward error correction is a system of error control for data transmission, whereby the sender adds Redundancy to its messages, also known as an error correction code....
           (FEC)
      • Bit synchronization
      • Multiplexing
        Multiplexing

        In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing is a process where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium....
      • Equalization
        Equalization

        Equalization, equalisation or EQ is the process of using passive or active electronic elements or digital algorithms for the purpose of altering the frequency response characteristics of a system....
         
      • Channel models
    • Layer 2, the data link layer
      Data link layer

      The Data Link Layer is layer 2 of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking.The Data Link Layer is the protocol layer which transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network or between nodes on the same local area network network segment....
      :
      • channel access schemes, media access control
        Media Access Control

        The Media Access Control protocol sub-layer, also known as the Medium Access Control, is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the seven-layer OSI model ....
         (MAC)
      • Packet mode communication and Frame synchronization
        Frame synchronization

        While receiving a stream of data frame data, frame synchronization is the process by which incoming frame alignment signals, i.e., distinctive bit sequences , are identified, i.e., distinguished from data bits, permitting the data bits within the frame to be extracted for decoding or retransmission....
      • Error detection and automatic repeat request (ARQ)
      • Flow control
        Flow control

        In computer networking, flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from over running a slow receiver....
    • Layer 6, the presentation layer
      Presentation layer

      The Presentation Layer is the sixth layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking.The Presentation Layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display....
      :
      • Source coding
        Source coding

        In information theory, Shannon's source coding theorem establishes the limits to possible data compression, and the operational meaning of the Shannon entropy....
         (digitization and data compression), and information theory
        Information theory

        Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering involving the quantification of information. Historically, information theory was developed by Claude E....
        .
      • Cryptography
        Cryptography

        Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering....

    Applications and history

    Data (mainly but not exclusively information
    Information

    Information as a Conveyed concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control system, data, form, instruction, knowledge, Meaning , stimulation, pattern, perception, and knowledge representation....
    al) has been sent via non-electronic (e.g. optical, acoustic
    Acoustics

    Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of sound, ultrasound and infrasound . A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician....
    , mechanical
    Classical mechanics

    Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies....
    ) means since the advent of communication
    Communication

    Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs...",, 1: an act or instance of transmitting and 3 a: "a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or beha...
    . Analog signal
    Analog signal

    An analog or analogue signal is any continuous function Signal for which the time varying feature of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e analogous to another time varying signal....
     data has been sent electronically since the advent of the telephone. However, the first data electromagnetic transmission applications in modern time were telegraphy
    Telegraphy

    Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters. Radiotelegraphy or wireless telegraphy transmits messages using radio....
     (1809) and teletypewriters (1906), which are both digital signal
    Digital signal

    The term digital signal is used to refer to more than one concept. It can refer to discrete-time signals that have a discrete number of levels, for example a Sampling_ and quantification analog signal, or to the continuous-time waveform signals in a digital system, representing a bit-stream....
    s. The fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory
    Information theory

    Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering involving the quantification of information. Historically, information theory was developed by Claude E....
     by Harry Nyquist
    Harry Nyquist

    Harry Nyquist , was an important contributor to information theory....
    , Ralph Hartley
    Ralph Hartley

    Ralph Vinton Lyon Hartley was an electronics researcher. He invented the Hartley oscillator and the Hartley transform, and contributed to the foundations of information theory....
    , Claude Shannon and others during the early 20th century, was done with these applications in mind.

    Data transmission is utilized in computers in computer bus
    Computer bus

    In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers. Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables together....
    es and for communication with peripheral equipment via parallel port
    Parallel port

    A parallel port is a type of interface found on computers for connecting various peripherals. It is also known as a printer port or Centronics#The interface....
    s and serial port
    Serial port

    In computing, a serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time ....
    s such us RS-232
    RS-232

    In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communications binary data signals connecting between a DTE and a DCE . It is commonly used in computer serial ports....
     (1969), Firewire
    FireWire

    The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial communications interface standard for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently used by personal computers, as well as in digital audio, digital video, automotive, and aeronautics applications....
     (1995) and USB (1996). The principles of data transmission is also utilized in storage media for Error detection and correction
    Error detection and correction

    In mathematics, computer science, telecommunication, and information theory, error detection and correction has great practical importance in maintaining data integrity across noisy channels and less-than-reliable storage media....
     since 1951.

    Data transmission is utilized in computer networking
    Computer networking

    Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or Peripheral devices. Networking, routers, routing protocols, and networking over the public Internet have their specifications defined in documents called Request for Commentss....
     equipment such as modems (1940), local area network
    Local area network

    A local area network is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport....
    s (LAN) adapters (1964), repeater
    Repeater

    A repeater is an Electronics device that receives asignal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation....
    s, hubs, microwave link
    Microwave link

    A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit video, Sound, or data between two locations, which can be from just a few feet to several miles apart....
    s, wireless network
    Wireless network

    Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly associated with a telecommunications network whose interconnections between Node is implemented without the use of wires....
     access point
    Access Point

    Access Point can refer to:*Access Point , a location on Anvers Island, Antarctica*Wireless access point, a wireless networking device...
    s (1997), etc.

    In telephone networks, digital communication is utilized for transferring many phone calls over the same copper cable or fiber cable by means of Pulse code modulation (PCM), i.e. sampling and digitization, in combination with Time division multiplexing (TDM) (1962). Telephone exchange
    Telephone exchange

    In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls....
    s have become digital and software controlled, facilitating many value added services. For example the first AXE telephone exchange
    AXE telephone exchange

    The AXE telephone exchange is a product line of circuit switching digital telephone exchanges manufactured by Ericsson, a Swedish telecom company....
     was presented in 1976. Since late 1980th, digital communication to the end user has been possible using Integrated Services Digital Network
    Integrated Services Digital Network

    File:T-Concept-ISDN.jpgIntegrated Services Digital Network is a telephone system network. Prior to the ISDN, the phone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data....
     (ISDN) services. Since the end of 1990th, broadband access techniques such as ADSL, Cable modem
    Cable modem

    File:Sb5120.jpgA cable modem is a type of modem that provides bi-directional data communication via radio frequency channels on a cable television infrastructure....
    s, fiber-to-the-building (FTTB) and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) have become wide spread to small offices and homes. The current tendency is to replace traditional telecommunication services by packet mode communication such as IP telephony and IPTV
    IPTV

    IPTV is a system where a digital television service is delivered using Internet Protocol over a network infrastructure, which may include delivery by a broadband connection....
    .

    The digital revolution has also resulted in many digital telecommunication
    Telecommunication

    Telecommunication is the assisted Transmission of Signal over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, Drum , Semaphore line, flag signals or heliograph....
     applications where the principles of data transmission are applied. Examples are second-generation
    2G

    2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology.Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991....
     (1991) and later cellular telephony, video conferencing, digital TV (1998), digital radio
    Digital radio

    Digital radio describes radio technologies which carry information as a digital signal, by means of a digital modulation method. The most common meaning is digital audio broadcasting technologies, but the topic may also cover TV broadcasting as well as many two-way digital wireless communication technologies....
     (1999), telemetry
    Telemetry

    Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator. The word is derived from Greek language roots tele = remote, and metron = measure....
    , etc.

    Serial and parallel transmission

    In telecommunication
    Telecommunication

    Telecommunication is the assisted Transmission of Signal over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, Drum , Semaphore line, flag signals or heliograph....
    s, serial transmission
    Serial transmission

    In telecommunications, serial transmission is the sequential Transmission of signal elements of a group representing a Character or other entity of data....
     is the sequential transmission
    Transmission (telecommunications)

    In telecommunications, transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium, either wired or wireless....
     of signal element
    Signal element

    In signal theory, a signal element is a part of a Signalling that is distinguished by its:*duration,*magnitude ,*nature ,*relative position to other elements,...
    s of a group representing a character
    Character (computing)

    In computer and machine-based telecommunications terminology, a character is a unit of information that roughly corresponds to a grapheme, grapheme-like unit, or symbol, such as in an alphabet or syllabary in the written language form of a natural language....
     or other entity of data
    DATA

    Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa is a multinational Non-governmental organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2's Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III and activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign....
    . Digital serial transmissions are bits sent over a single wire, frequency or optical path sequentially. Because it requires less signal processing
    Signal processing

    Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation, and manipulation of signal . Signals of interest include: audio signal processing, , time-varying measurement values and sensor data, for example biological data such as electrocardiograms, control system signals, telecommunication transmission signals such as radio signals, and many others....
     and less chances for error than parallel transmission, the transfer rate of each individual path may be faster. This can be used over longer distances as a check digit or parity bit
    Parity bit

    A parity bit is a bit that is added to ensure that the number of bits with value of 1 in a given set of bits is always even number or odd number....
     can be sent along it easily.

    In telecommunications, parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of the signal elements of a character or other entity of data. In digital
    Digital

    A digital system uses discrete values, usually but not always symbolized numerically to represent information for input, processing, transmission, storage, etc....
     communications
    Telecommunication

    Telecommunication is the assisted Transmission of Signal over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, Drum , Semaphore line, flag signals or heliograph....
    , parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of related signal elements over two or more separate paths. Multiple electrical wires are used which can transmit multiple bits simultaneously, which allows for higher data transfer rates than can be achieved with serial transmission. This method is used internally within the computer, for example the internal buses, and sometimes externally for such things as printers, The major issue with this is "skewing" because the wires in parallel data transmission have slightly different properties (not intentionally) so some bits may arrive before others, which may corrupt the message. A parity bit can help to reduce this. However, electrical wire parallel data transmission is therefore less reliable for long distances because corrupt transmissions are far more likely.

    Types of communication channels

    • Simplex
      Simplex communication

      Simplex communication is a name for a type of communication circuit. There are two definitions that have been used for the term. When one definition is used for "simplex", then the other definition is actually referred to as half duplex....
    • Half-duplex
      Duplex (telecommunications)

      A duplex communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions....
    • Full-duplex
      Duplex (telecommunications)

      A duplex communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions....
    • Point-to-point
    • Multi-drop
      Multidrop bus

      A multidrop bus is a computer bus in which all components are connected to the same set of electrical wires. A process of arbitration determines which device gets the right to be the sender of information at any point in time....
      :
      • Bus network
        Bus network

        A bus network topology is a computer network in which a set of Client are connected via a shared communications line, called a computer bus. There are several common instances of the bus architecture, including one in the PC motherboard of most computers, and those in some versions of Ethernet networks....
      • Ring network
        Ring network

        A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring....
      • Star network
        Star network

        Star networks are one of the most common computer network Network topology. In its simplest form, a star network consists of one central Network switch, Network hub or computer, which acts as a conduit to transmit messages....
      • Mesh network
      • Wireless network
        Wireless network

        Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is wireless, and is commonly associated with a telecommunications network whose interconnections between Node is implemented without the use of wires....


    Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission

    Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning bit ASCII
    ASCII

    American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a coding standard that can be used for interchanging information, if the information is expressed mainly by the written form of English words....
     character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits e.g.: A "0100 0001" would become "1 0100 0001 0". The extra one (or zero depending on parity bit
    Parity bit

    A parity bit is a bit that is added to ensure that the number of bits with value of 1 in a given set of bits is always even number or odd number....
    ) at the start and end of the transmission tells the receiver first that a character is coming and secondly that the character has ended. This method of transmission is used when data are sent intermittently as opposed to in a solid stream. In the previous example the start and stop bits are in bold. The start and stop bits must be of opposite polarity. This allows the receiver to recognize when the second packet of information is being sent.

    Synchronous transmission uses no start and stop bits but instead synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of the transmission using clock
    Clock

    A clock is an instrument used for indicating and maintaining the time and passage thereof. The word clock is derived ultimately from the Celtic languages words clagan and clocca meaning "bell"....
     signals built into each component. A continual stream of data
    DATA

    Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa is a multinational Non-governmental organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2's Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III and activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign....
     is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no start and stop bit
    Bit

    A bit is a binary numeral system numerical digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. Binary digits are a basic unit of information Computer data storage and transmission in digital computing and digital information theory....
    s the data transfer rate is quicker although more errors will occur, as the clocks will eventually get out of sync, and the receiving device would have the wrong time that had been agreed in protocol (computing)
    Protocol (computing)

    In computer science, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between computing endpoints....
     for sending/receiving data, so some byte
    Byte

    A byte is a basic unit of measurement of Computer storage in computer science. In many computer architectures it is a Byte addressing memory address space....
    s could become corrupted (by losing bit
    Bit

    A bit is a binary numeral system numerical digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. Binary digits are a basic unit of information Computer data storage and transmission in digital computing and digital information theory....
    s). Ways to get around this problem include re-synchronization of the clocks and use of check digit
    Check digit

    A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection, the decimal equivalent of a binary checksum. It consists of a single digit computed from the other digits in the message....
    s to ensure the byte
    Byte

    A byte is a basic unit of measurement of Computer storage in computer science. In many computer architectures it is a Byte addressing memory address space....
     is correctly interpreted and received.

    Footnotes


    See also

    • Information processing
      Information processing

      Information processing is the change of information in any manner detectable by an observation. As such, it is a Process which describes everything which happens in the universe, from the falling of a rock to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system....
    • Media (communication)
      Media (communication)

      In communication, media are the data storage device and data transmission tools used to recording and deliver information or data. It is often referred to as synonymous with mass media or news media, but may refer to a single medium used to communicate any data for any purpose....
    • Signal processing
      Signal processing

      Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation, and manipulation of signal . Signals of interest include: audio signal processing, , time-varying measurement values and sensor data, for example biological data such as electrocardiograms, control system signals, telecommunication transmission signals such as radio signals, and many others....
    • Telecommunication
      Telecommunication

      Telecommunication is the assisted Transmission of Signal over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, Drum , Semaphore line, flag signals or heliograph....
      s