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Dartmouth BASIC
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Dartmouth BASIC is the original version of the BASIC programming language. It is so named because it was designed and implemented at Dartmouth College. The language was designed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz as part of the Dartmouth Time Sharing System (DTSS) and was one of the first programming languages intended to be used interactively.
Several versions were produced at Dartmouth over the years, all implemented as compilers, unlike many of the versions of the language implemented elsewhere, which were interpreters.
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Encyclopedia
Dartmouth BASIC is the original version of the BASIC programming language. It is so named because it was designed and implemented at Dartmouth College. The language was designed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz as part of the Dartmouth Time Sharing System (DTSS) and was one of the first programming languages intended to be used interactively.
Several versions were produced at Dartmouth over the years, all implemented as compilers, unlike many of the versions of the language implemented elsewhere, which were interpreters. The first compiler was produced before the time-sharing system was ready. Known as CardBASIC, it was intended for the standard card-reader based batch processing system. Like all the following versions, it was implemented by a team of undergraduate programmers working under the direction of Kemeny and Kurtz. The first interactive version was made available to general users in June, 1964; the second in October, 1964; the third in 1966; the fourth in 1969; the fifth in 1970; the sixth in 1971; and the seventh in 1979.
Development history
Work on the compiler and the operating system was done concurrently and so the first BASIC programs were run in batch mode as part of the development process during early 1964. However on May 1 1964 at 4 am, John Kemeny and John McGeachie ran the first BASIC programs to be executed successfully from terminals by the DTSS system. It is not completely clear what the first programs were. However the programs either consisted of the single line:
PRINT 2 + 2
or were implementations of the Sieve of Eratosthenes according to a 1974 interview in which Kemeny and McGeachie took part.
The second version of BASIC only made minimal changes, adding the semicolon operator to the PRINT statement and zero subscripts to arrays.
For the third version, the INPUT statement was introduced along with the powerful MAT statements for matrix manipulation and the RESTORE statement for use with READ/DATA. Development continued with the introduction of text manipulation and variables, also known as string variables, for version 4 and true file handling in version 5. Version 6 saw the introduction of separately compilable procedures with parameters; this is the version from which most later BASIC dialects descend. In 1976, Steve Garland added structured programming features to create Dartmouth SBASIC, a precompiler which produced version 6 output (and which formed the basis of ANSI BASIC). In 1979 Kemeny and Kurtz released an ANSI BASIC compiler as the seventh and final version of BASIC at Dartmouth before leaving the college to concentrate on the further development of ANSI BASIC in the form of True BASIC.
The early versions of BASIC were used and tested by other Dartmouth students working in the College Psychology labs in early 1964. The departments shared several IBM card punch machines that were used to run batch statistical analysis programs.
Students working on NSF grants in both departments lived in the same rural New Hampshire farmhouse during the summer of 1964. They often met to share ideas. A notable contribution of these late night sessions was the GOTO statement - as in "it's time to GOTO bed". The earliest printed versions of the users' manual were mimeographed (with the typical purple print of Ditto machines of the era) and a pink cover.
Dr. Kemeny, an immigrant from Hungary and chairman of the Mathematics department at the time, eventually went on to serve with great distinction as president of the college. Mr. McGeachie, an undergraduate at the time, was called "Geach" by his friends and colleagues.
Dartmouth BASIC is best known for giving computer programming a human face and making it accessible to everyone.
User interface
DTSS implemented an early integrated development environment (IDE): an interactive command line interface. There was no need to log out. If users did not respond, they were logged out after a short delay.
Any line typed in by the user, and beginning with a line number, was added to the program, replacing any previously stored line with the same number; anything else was assumed to be a DTSS command and immediately executed. Lines which consisted solely of a line number weren't stored but did remove any previously stored line with the same number. This method of editing was necessary because of the use of teletypes as the terminal units for the Dartmouth Timesharing system.
List of commands
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HELLO -- to log in to DTSS -
BASIC -- to start BASIC mode -
NEW -- to name and begin writing a program -
OLD -- to retrieve a previously named program from permanent storage -
LIST -- to display the current program -
SAVE -- to save the current program in permanent storage -
UNSAVE -- to clear the current program from permanent storage -
CATALOG -- to display the names of programs in permanent storage -
SCRATCH -- to erase the current program without clearing its name -
RENAME -- to change the name of the current program without erasing it -
RUN -- to execute the current program -
STOP -- to interrupt the currently running program
The commands were often believed to be part of the BASIC language by users but in fact they were part of the time sharing system and were also used when preparing ALGOL or FORTRAN programs via the DTSS terminals.
Keywords
The first interactive version implemented the following statement types, taking some of its operators and keywords from FORTRAN II and some from ALGOL 60.
List of statements
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DEF -- for defining single line functions -
DIM -- for defining the size of arrays -
END -- for defining the end of the program -
STOP -- for stopping a program before the textual end -
FOR / TO / STEP -- for defining loops -
NEXT -- for marking the end of loops -
GOSUB -- for transferring control to simple subroutines -
RETURN -- for returning control from simple subroutines -
GOTO -- for transferring control to another statement -
IF / THEN -- for decision making -
LET / = -- for assignment of formula results to a variable -
PRINT -- for output of results -
DATA -- for storing data within the program -
READ -- for input of data stored in DATA statements -
REM -- for comments
It also implemented floating-point numeric variables and arithmetic. Variable names were limited to A to Z, A0 to A9, B0 to B9, ..., Z0 to Z9, giving a maximum of 286 possible distinct variables. Array names were restricted to A to Z only. Arrays did not need to be defined but in the absence of a DIM statement, they defaulted to 10 elements subscripted from 1 to 10.
List of operators
Arithmetical operators | Relational/logical operators |
- | Negation (unary op.) | = | Equal To |
+ | Addition | <> | Not Equal To |
- | Subtraction (binary op.) | < | Less Than |
* | Multiplication | <= | Less Than or Equal To |
/ | Division | > | Greater Than |
^ | Exponentiation | >= | Greater Than or Equal To |
Grouping operator | |
( ) | Grouping | |
List of functions
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ABS -- Absolute value -
ATN -- Arctangent value (result in radians) -
COS -- Cosine value (argument in radians) -
EXP -- Exponential value -
INT -- Integer value -
LOG -- Natural Logarithmic value -
RND -- Random value -
SIN -- Sine value (argument in radians) -
SQR -- Square root value -
TAN -- Tangent value (argument in radians)
External links
- Listing of the source code for version 2 of the Dartmouth BASIC compiler circa 1965 -- http://www.dtss.org/scans/BASIC/BASIC%20Compiler.pdf
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