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The Dardic languages is a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryan

Indo-Aryan refers to:* Indo-Aryan languages* Indo-Aryan migration, a supposition that holds that the Indo-Aryans migrated to India.* Indigenous Aryans, a theory that holds that the Indo-Aryans are native to India....
 languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan
Afghanistan

Afghanistan , officially the Islamic republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia....
, northern Pakistan
Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
, and in the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is the northernmost States and territories of India of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayas mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the People's Republic of China to the northeast, the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and Pakistani-administered territories of Kashmir, namely Azad Kashm...
.

The Dardic group has traditionally been defined as a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages
Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages family.SIL International in a 2005 estimate counted a total of 209 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani language , Bangla language , Punjabi language , Marathi , Gujarati language , Nepali language , Oriya language , Sindhi language , Sinhal...
 which experienced strong influence from the Nuristani
Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages are a third separate group of the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan....
 and Iranian languages
Iranian languages

The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages and its subfamily, Indo-Iranian languages. These languages are mainly spoken by the Iranian Peoples....
. Nuristani
Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages are a third separate group of the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan....
, a group of languages spoken in northeast Afghanistan, has sometimes been included in Dardic, but is today generally regarded as an independent group, as one of the three sub-groups of Indo-Iranian, following the studies of G.






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The Dardic languages is a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryan

Indo-Aryan refers to:* Indo-Aryan languages* Indo-Aryan migration, a supposition that holds that the Indo-Aryans migrated to India.* Indigenous Aryans, a theory that holds that the Indo-Aryans are native to India....
 languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan
Afghanistan

Afghanistan , officially the Islamic republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia....
, northern Pakistan
Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
, and in the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir is the northernmost States and territories of India of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayas mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the People's Republic of China to the northeast, the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and Pakistani-administered territories of Kashmir, namely Azad Kashm...
.

The Dardic group has traditionally been defined as a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages
Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages family.SIL International in a 2005 estimate counted a total of 209 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani language , Bangla language , Punjabi language , Marathi , Gujarati language , Nepali language , Oriya language , Sindhi language , Sinhal...
 which experienced strong influence from the Nuristani
Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages are a third separate group of the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan....
 and Iranian languages
Iranian languages

The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages and its subfamily, Indo-Iranian languages. These languages are mainly spoken by the Iranian Peoples....
. Nuristani
Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages are a third separate group of the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan....
, a group of languages spoken in northeast Afghanistan, has sometimes been included in Dardic, but is today generally regarded as an independent group, as one of the three sub-groups of Indo-Iranian, following the studies of G. Morgenstierne (1973, 1975).

The Norwegian Iranist Georg Morgenstierne
Georg Morgenstierne

Georg Morgenstierne was a Norway professor of linguistics with the University of Oslo . He specialized in Indo-Iranian_languages....
 wrote that Chitral
Chitral District

Chitral is a Districts of Pakistan in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the town of Chitral. It has an area of 14,850 km? and a population of 318,689 at the 1998 Census, which had subsequently risen to about 378,000 people by 2004....
 is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although the Dardic Khowar
Khowar language

For the ethnic group, see Kho people.Khowar,also known as Chitrali, is a Dardic languages language spoken by 250,000 people in Chitral District in Northwest Frontier Province, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighboring Gilgit Valley, and in parts of Upper Swat ....
 is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mun
Kalasha-mun language

Kalash or Kalasha is an Indo-European languages in the Indo-Iranian languages branch, further classified as a Dardic languages language in the Chitral Group....
, Palula
Palula

Palula , Ashreti, or Dangarikwar , is a language spoken by approximately 10,000 people in the valleys of Ashret and Biori, as well as in the village Puri in the Shishi valley, and at least by a portion of the population in the village Kalkatak, in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan....
, Dameli, Gawar-Bati
Gawar-Bati language

Gawar-Bati is known in Chitral as Aranduyiwar, because it is spoken in Village Arandu, which is the last village in the bottom of Chitral and is across the Kunar River from Berkot in Afghanistan....
, Nuristani
Nuristani

The Nuristani people are an ethnic group found mostly in Laghman Province and Nurestan Province of Afghanistan. They are sometimes called Kalasha people, though they are not directly related to the Kalash of neighbouring Chitral District in Pakistan....
, Yidgha
Yidgha

The Yidgha language is a Pamir languages spoken in the Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral District, west of Garam Chishma in Pakistan. Yidgha is similar to the Munji language spoken on the Afghan side of the border....
, Burushaski
Burushaski language

Burushaski is a language isolate . It is spoken by some 87,000 Burusho people in the Hunza Valley, Nagar Valley, Yasin Valley, and parts of the Gilgit Valley valleys in the Northern Areas in Pakistan....
, Gujar
Gujar

Gujar may refer to:*Gujjar, an ethnic group of Pakistan and India.*Gujar, Nepal, a town in Nepal.* Gujar Khan Rakn-ud-doulah - a Rohilla general....
, Wakhi
Wakhi language

Wakhi is an Indo-European language in the sub-branch of Southeastern Iranian languages and is intimately related to other Pamir languages and Pashto language....
, Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz language

Kyrgyz or Kirghiz is a Turkic languages and, together with Russian language, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. It is most closely related to Altay language and more distantly so to Kazakh language....
, Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
 and Pashto
Pashto language

Pashto , also known as Afghani, is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Pashto belongs to the East Iranian languages branch of the Indo-Iranian languages language family....
. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu
Urdu

Urdu is a Central_Indo-Aryan_languages#Central_Zone_.28Madhya_or_Hindi.29 Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-Iranian languages, belonging to the Indo-European languages family of languages....
 or Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
.

Except for Kashmiri, all of the Dardic languages are small minority languages which have not been sufficiently studied. In many cases they are spoken in areas difficult to access due to mountainous terrain and/or armed conflicts in the region. All of the languages (including Kashmiri) have been historically influenced by more prominent (non-Dardic) neighboring languages, which blurs their classification.

See also

  • List of Dardic languages
  • Dard people
    Dard people

    The Dards are an ethnic group predominantly found in Eastern Afghanistan, In the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir and in the Northern Areas and North West Frontier Province of Pakistan....
  • Nuristani languages
    Nuristani languages

    The Nuristani languages are a third separate group of the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan....


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