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DOS extender
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Developed in the 1980s to cope with the memory limitations of MS-DOS and its derivatives, DOS extenders are programs which enable software to run under the protected mode environment initially introduced with the Intel 80286 processor and later expanded upon with the Intel 80386, even if the host operating system is only capable of operating in real mode.
S extender is a program that does exactly what its name implies: it "extends" DOS so that programs running in protected mode can transparently interface with the underlying MS-DOS API.
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Encyclopedia
Developed in the 1980s to cope with the memory limitations of MS-DOS and its derivatives, DOS extenders are programs which enable software to run under the protected mode environment initially introduced with the Intel 80286 processor and later expanded upon with the Intel 80386, even if the host operating system is only capable of operating in real mode.
DOS extender operation
A DOS extender is a program that does exactly what its name implies: it "extends" DOS so that programs running in protected mode can transparently interface with the underlying MS-DOS API. This was necessary because many of the functions provided by DOS require 16-bit segment and offset addresses pointing to memory locations within the first 640 kilobytes of memory. Protected mode, however, uses an incompatible addressing method where the segment registers (now called selectors) are used to point to an entry in a table which describes the characteristics of the segment. The two methods of addressing are mutually exclusive, with the processor having to make costly switches to real (or V86) mode to service non-protected mode requests.
In addition to setting up the environment and loading the actual program to be executed, the DOS extender also provides (amongst other things) a translation layer that maintains buffers allocated below the 1MB real mode memory barrier. These buffers are used to transfer data between the underlying real mode operating system and the protected mode program. Since switching between real/V86 mode and protected mode is a relatively time consuming operation, the extender attempts to minimize the number of switches by duplicating the functionality of many real mode operations within its own protected mode environment. As DOS uses interrupts extensively for communication between the operating system and user level software, DOS extenders intercept many of the common hardware (e.g. the real-time clock and keyboard controller) and software (e.g. DOS itself and the mouse API) interrupts. Some extenders also handle other common interrupt functions, such as video BIOS routines.
Essentially, a DOS extender is like a miniature operating system, handling much of the functionality of the underlying operating system itself.
Development history
The DOS extender was arguably invented by Phar Lap, but it was Tenberry Software, Inc.'s (formerly Rational Systems) 386 extender DOS/4GW that brought protected mode DOS programs to the masses. Included with Watcom's C, C++ and Fortran compilers for 386 class processors, it soon became a ubiquitous mainstay of PC games and applications such as id Software's successful game DOOM.
While initially it was the memory hungry business applications that drove the development of DOS extenders, it would be PC games that truly brought them into the spotlight. As a result of the development of DOS extenders, two new software interfaces were created to take care of the many potential conflicts that could arise from the varied methods of memory management that already existed, as well as provide a uniform interface for client programs.
The first of these interfaces was the Virtual Control Program Interface, but this was rapidly overshadowed by the DOS Protected Mode Interface Specification, which grew from the Windows 3.0 development. They provided an API through which an extended program could interface with real mode software, allocate memory, and handle interrupt services. They also provided an easy method for the extender to set up the switch to protected mode, and allowed multiple protected mode programs to coexist peacefully.
DOS extenders
- Tenberry Software, Inc.'s DOS/4G and DOS/4GW and DOS/16M
- Phar Lap's 286|DOS Extender and 386|DOS Extender
- 's CauseWay 386 DOS extender
- Thomas Pytel and Charles Sheffold's PMODE and PMODE/W. The latter was for Watcom C as an alternative to DOS/4GW, and was quite popular with demoscene programmers
- Naresh Kumar's
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- Ergo (formerly Eclipse, formerly A. I. Architects) OS/286 and OS3/86 extenders, and DPM16 and DPM32 extenders
- Microsoft Windows (DOS based versions) included both a DPMI server and DOS extender .
- HX DOS Extender provides limited Win32 support
- DOS extender, by Doug Huffman
- CWSDPMI written by Charles W. Sandmann (technically this is not a DOS extender, it is a DPMI server used to provide DPMI services to programs generated with DJ Delorie's port of the GNU Compiler Collection to 32-bit protected mode DOS, DJGPP)
- GO32, used in older (pre-v2) versions of DJ Delorie's port of the GNU Compiler Collection, and Free Pascal
Notable DOS extended applications
External links
- multi-platform C, C++ and Fortran compilers
- David Lindauer's 32-bit C compiler for DOS and WIndows
- C compiler
- DOS extended port of the GNU Compiler Collection and associated programs
- Makers of DOS/4G extender
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- Makers of the Causeway extender
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- Wuschel's DOS eXtender
- Home of the HX DOS extender
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