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Czestochowa is a city in south Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
 on the Warta River with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship

Silesian Voivodeship is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centring on the region known as Upper Silesia . Its capital is Katowice....
 (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of Czestochowa Voivodeship
Czestochowa Voivodeship

Czestochowa Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975?1998, superseded mainly by Silesian Voivodeship, with a few eastern gmina attached to the freshly created Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship....
 (1975-1998). However, Czestochowa historically is part of Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland

Lesser Poland is one of the historical regions of Poland. It forms the southeastern corner of the country. It should not be confused with the modern Lesser Poland Voivodeship, which covers just a part of the historical region of Lesser Poland...
, not of Silesia
Silesia

Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in present-day Poland, with parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas....
 and before 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland
Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth....
), it had belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship
Kraków Voivodeship (14th century-1795)

Krak?w Voivodeship 14th c.-1795 - a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772-1795 ....
.

The town is known for the famous Pauline monastery
Monastery

Monastery , a term derived from the Greek language word ???ast?????, neut. of ???ast????? - monasterios denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as the domestic quarters and workplace of Monk, whether monks or nuns, and whether living in Cenobium or alone ....
 of Jasna Góra
Jasna Góra Monastery

The Jasna G?ra Monastery in Czestochowa, Poland is the most famous shrine to the Mary, the mother of Jesus in Poland and the country's greatest place of pilgrimage - for many its spiritual capital....
 that is the home of the Black Madonna painting
Black Madonna of Czestochowa

The Black Madonna of Czestochowa is a holy icon of the Virgin Mary, that is both Poland's holiest relic and one of the country's national symbols....
, a shrine
Shrines to the Virgin Mary

In the culture and practice of some Christian Churches - mainly, but not solely, the Roman Catholic Church - a Shrine to the Virgin Mary is a shrine marking an Marian apparitions or other miracle ascribed to the Blessed Virgin Mary, or a site on which is centered a historically strong Blessed Virgin Mary devotion....
 to the Virgin Mary
Mary (mother of Jesus)

Mary , usually referred to by Christians as Saint Mary, the Virgin Mary, Holy Mary or the Madonna, was a Jewish woman of Nazareth in Galilee, identified in the New Testament as the mother of Jesus of Nazareth....
.






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Czestochowa is a city in south Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
 on the Warta River with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship

Silesian Voivodeship is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centring on the region known as Upper Silesia . Its capital is Katowice....
 (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of Czestochowa Voivodeship
Czestochowa Voivodeship

Czestochowa Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975?1998, superseded mainly by Silesian Voivodeship, with a few eastern gmina attached to the freshly created Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship....
 (1975-1998). However, Czestochowa historically is part of Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland

Lesser Poland is one of the historical regions of Poland. It forms the southeastern corner of the country. It should not be confused with the modern Lesser Poland Voivodeship, which covers just a part of the historical region of Lesser Poland...
, not of Silesia
Silesia

Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in present-day Poland, with parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas....
 and before 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland
Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth....
), it had belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship
Kraków Voivodeship (14th century-1795)

Krak?w Voivodeship 14th c.-1795 - a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772-1795 ....
.

The town is known for the famous Pauline monastery
Monastery

Monastery , a term derived from the Greek language word ???ast?????, neut. of ???ast????? - monasterios denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as the domestic quarters and workplace of Monk, whether monks or nuns, and whether living in Cenobium or alone ....
 of Jasna Góra
Jasna Góra Monastery

The Jasna G?ra Monastery in Czestochowa, Poland is the most famous shrine to the Mary, the mother of Jesus in Poland and the country's greatest place of pilgrimage - for many its spiritual capital....
 that is the home of the Black Madonna painting
Black Madonna of Czestochowa

The Black Madonna of Czestochowa is a holy icon of the Virgin Mary, that is both Poland's holiest relic and one of the country's national symbols....
, a shrine
Shrines to the Virgin Mary

In the culture and practice of some Christian Churches - mainly, but not solely, the Roman Catholic Church - a Shrine to the Virgin Mary is a shrine marking an Marian apparitions or other miracle ascribed to the Blessed Virgin Mary, or a site on which is centered a historically strong Blessed Virgin Mary devotion....
 to the Virgin Mary
Mary (mother of Jesus)

Mary , usually referred to by Christians as Saint Mary, the Virgin Mary, Holy Mary or the Madonna, was a Jewish woman of Nazareth in Galilee, identified in the New Testament as the mother of Jesus of Nazareth....
. Every year, millions of pilgrim
Pilgrim

A pilgrim is one who undertakes a pilgrimage, literally 'far afield'. This is traditionally a visit to a place of some religious or historic significance; often a considerable distance is traveled....
s from all over the world come to Czestochowa to see it. There is also a Lusatian culture
Lusatian culture

The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age in eastern Germany, most of Poland, parts of Czech Republic and Slovakia and parts of Ukraine....
 excavation site and museum in the city and ruins of a medieval castle
Castle

A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. The term has a history of scholarly debate surrounding its exact meaning, but it is usually regarded as being distinct from the general terms fort or fortress in that it describes a residence of a monarch or noble and commands a specific defensive territor...
 in Olsztyn, approximately 15 kilometres (ca. 10 mi) from the city centre.

City name

The name of Czestochowa means Czestoch's place and comes from a personal name of Czestoch mentioned in the mediaeval documents also as Czestobor and Czestomir. The original name was mentioned as Czestochowa, spelled Czanstochowa in 1220, or Czestochow in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called Czestochówka was a separate municipality mentioned in 14th century as the Old Czestochowa (Antiquo Czanstochowa, 1382) and Czestochówka in 1470-80.

The city was also known in German as Tschenstochau and in Russian as ????????? (Chenstokhov).

History


1200s-1500s

Blackmadonna
The village of Czestochowa was founded in 11th century. It is first mentioned as a village in historical documents from 1220. In 1382 the Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra
Jasna Góra Monastery

The Jasna G?ra Monastery in Czestochowa, Poland is the most famous shrine to the Mary, the mother of Jesus in Poland and the country's greatest place of pilgrimage - for many its spiritual capital....
 was founded by Wladyslaw Opolczyk
Wladyslaw Opolczyk

Wladyslaw Opolczyk Wladyslaw, son of Bolko II Opolski, and a grandson of Wladyslaw I the Elbow-high, was of Poland Piast dynasty....
 (Ladislav of Opole
Opole

Opole is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River . It has a population of 129,553 and is the capital of the Opole Voivodeship, and also the seat of Opole County....
) - the Polish Piast
Piast dynasty

Piast dynasty was the first Polish historical Royal dynasty that ruled Poland from its beginnings starting with the semi-legendary Piast the Wheelwright....
 prince of Upper Silesia
Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Lower Silesia is to the northwest. Since the 9th century, Upper Silesia has been part of Greater Moravia, Kingdom of Bohemia, Poland, Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Kingdom of Prussia, and later of unified German Reich....
. Two years later the monastery received its famous Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary
Black Madonna of Czestochowa

The Black Madonna of Czestochowa is a holy icon of the Virgin Mary, that is both Poland's holiest relic and one of the country's national symbols....
 and in subsequent years became a centre of pilgrimage, contributing to the growth of the adjacent town. Before 1377 Czestochowa received a town charter
Municipal charter

A city charter or town charter is a legal document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the middle ages....
, which was later changed to the Magdeburg Law
Magdeburg rights

Magdeburg Rights or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted with it by a local ruler....
 in 1502.

1600s-1700s

In the 17th century the local monastery was turned into a fortress, which was one of the pockets of Polish resistance against the Swedish armies during The Deluge in 1655. The Jewish
Jew

A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group that traces its ancestry to the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East....
 community in Czestochowa came into existence by about 1700. After the second Partition of Poland
Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth....
 it was annexed by Prussia
Prussia

Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
. After 1760, Jacob Frank
Jacob Frank

Jacob Frank was an 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zevi and also of King David....
, the leader of a Jewish religion mixing Kabbalah, Catholicism and Islam, was imprisoned in the monastery by the church. His followers established near him, establishing a cult of his daughter Eve Frank. In August of 1772, Frank was released by the Russian general Bibikov
Aleksandr Bibikov

Aleksandr Ilyich Bibikov was a Russian statesman and military officer.He began his military service in 1746, participating in the Seven Years' War#European theatre ....
, who had occupied the city.

1800s


During the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
, in 1807 it became part of the Duchy of Warsaw
Duchy of Warsaw

The Duchy of Warsaw was a Poland state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit....
 and since 1815 the Kingdom of Poland
Congress Poland

Congress Poland [], officially and formally Kingdom of Poland and informally known as Russian Poland was a constitutional personal union of the Russian Empire created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, replaced by the Central Powers in 1915 with the Kingdom of Poland ....
. This started a period of fast growth of the city. In 1819 renowned military architect Jan Bernhard planned and started the construction of Aleja Najswietszej Panny Marii - the Holiest Virgin Mary Avenue, which currently is the main axis of the modern city. The two existing towns of Czestochowa and Czestochówka (the latter received the city rights in 1717 as Nowa Czestochowa) were finally merged in 1826. In 1846 the Warsaw-Vienna Railway
Warsaw-Vienna Railway

The Warsaw-Vienna Railway was a railway system which operated in Congress Poland, a part of the Russian Empire, from 1845 until 1912, when it was nationalized by the Russian government....
 line was opened, linking the city with the rest of Europe. After 1870 iron ore
Iron ore

Iron ores are Rock and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red....
 started to be developed in the area, which gave a boost to the local industry. Among the most notable investments of the epoch was the Huta Czestochowa steel mill built by Bernard Hantke, as well as several weaveries and paper factories.

1900s

During World War I
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
 the town came under German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 occupation, and in 1918 it became a part of the newly-reborn Republic of Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
. The new state acquired large deposits of good iron ore
Iron ore

Iron ores are Rock and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red....
 in Silesia
Silesia

Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in present-day Poland, with parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas....
 and the mines in Czestochowa became inefficient and soon were closed. This brought the period of prosperity to an end. At the same time a bishopric
Diocese

In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglicanism, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a bishop. It is also referred to as a bishopric or Episcopal Area or episcopal see, though strictly the term episcopal see refers to the domain of ecclesiastical authority officially held by the bi...
 was relocated to the city in 1925.

After the Polish Defensive War
Invasion of Poland (1939)

The Invasion of Poland in 1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak invasion of Poland contingent....
 of 1939, the town was occupied by Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the colloquial English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , which established a Totalitarianism dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945....
, renamed to Tschenstochau, and incorporated into the General Government
General Government

The General Government refers to a part of the territories of Poland under German military occupation during World War II by Nazi Germany and was an autonomous part of "Greater Germany"....
. The Nazis marched into Czestochowa on Sunday, September 3, 1939, two days after they invaded Poland. The next day, which became known as , approximately 150 Jews were shot by the Germans. On April 9, 1941, a ghetto
Ghetto

A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure."...
 for Jews was . During World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
 approximately 45,000 of Czestochowa's Jews were murdered by the Germans, almost the entire Jewish community living there. Life in Nazi-occupied Czestochowa is depicted in the Pulitzer Prize
Pulitzer Prize

The Pulitzer Prize is an United States award regarded as the highest national honor in newspaper journalism, literary achievements and musical composition....
-winning graphic novel
Graphic novel

A graphic novel is a type of comic book, usually with a lengthy and complex storyline similar to those of novels. The term also encompasses comic short story anthologies, and in some cases bound collections of previously published comic book series ....
 Maus
Maus

Maus: A Survivor's Tale is a memoir by Art Spiegelman, presented as a graphic novel. It is part one of a two-part series. The graphic novel as a whole took thirteen years to complete....
, by Art Spiegelman
Art Spiegelman

Art Spiegelman is an United States comics artist, editor, and advocate for the medium of comics, best known for his Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel memoir, Maus....
, the son of a Jewish Czestochowa resident. The city was liberated from the Germans by the Red Army
Red Army

The Red Army was the armed force first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and, in 1922, became the army of the Soviet Union....
 on January 16, 1945.

Due to the communist
Communism

Communism is a socioeconomic structure and political ideology that promotes the establishment of an egalitarianism, classlessness, stateless society based on common ownership and control of the means of production and property in general....
 idea of fast industrialisation
Industrialisation

Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industry one....
, the inefficient steel mill
Steel mill

A steel mill is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel.Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is produced in a two-stage process....
 was significantly expanded and named after Boleslaw Bierut
Boleslaw Bierut

Boleslaw Bierut was a Poland Communist leader, a Stalinism who became President of Poland after the Soviet occupation of the country in the aftermath of World War II....
. This, combined with the growing tourist movement, led to yet another period of fast city growth, concluded in 1975 with the creation of a separate Czestochowa Voivodeship
Czestochowa Voivodeship

Czestochowa Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975?1998, superseded mainly by Silesian Voivodeship, with a few eastern gmina attached to the freshly created Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship....
.

In modern times, Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II John Paul II is widely acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the twentieth century. He has been Pope_John_Paul_II#Role_in_the_fall_of_Communism in bringing down communism in Eastern Europe, as well as significantly improving the Roman Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and A...
, a native son of Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
, prayed before the Madonna during his historic visit in 1979, several months after his election to the Chair of Peter. The Pope made another visit to Our Lady of Czestochowa in 1983 and again in 1991.

Tourism


Currently the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the little Nuremberg
Nuremberg

Nuremberg is a city in the Germany State of Bavaria, in the Regierungsbezirk of Middle Franconia. It is situated on the Pegnitz River river and the Rhine?Main?Danube Canal and is Franconia's largest city....
 because of the number of souvenir shops and historical monuments. It attracts millions (4.5 mln - 2005) of tourists and pilgrim
Pilgrim

A pilgrim is one who undertakes a pilgrimage, literally 'far afield'. This is traditionally a visit to a place of some religious or historic significance; often a considerable distance is traveled....
s every year.

The Black Madonna of Czestochowa
Black Madonna of Czestochowa

The Black Madonna of Czestochowa is a holy icon of the Virgin Mary, that is both Poland's holiest relic and one of the country's national symbols....
, housed at the Jasna Góra Monastery
Jasna Góra Monastery

The Jasna G?ra Monastery in Czestochowa, Poland is the most famous shrine to the Mary, the mother of Jesus in Poland and the country's greatest place of pilgrimage - for many its spiritual capital....
, is a particularly popular attraction.

Transport

Main road connections from the Czestochowa include connection with Warsaw
Warsaw

Warsaw is the Capital and World's largest cities of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from both the Baltic Sea coast and the Carpathian Mountains....
 (to the north-east) and Katowice
Katowice

Katowice is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Klodnica and Rawa river rivers . Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about 50 km from the Silesian Beskids and about 100 km from Sudetes....
 (to the south) via the European route E75
European route E75

The E 75 is part of the International E-road network, which is a series of main roads in Europe.The E 75 starts from Vard?, Norway in the Barents Sea and runs south through Finland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to Sitia, Greece on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea....
 (National Road ). There are also three another national roads number to Wielun
Wielun

Wielun [] is a town in central Poland with 24,347 inhabitants . Situated in the L?dz Voivodeship , it was previously in Sieradz Voivodeship ....
, to Opole
Opole

Opole is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River . It has a population of 129,553 and is the capital of the Opole Voivodeship, and also the seat of Opole County....
 and to Piotrków Trybunalski
Piotrków Trybunalski

Piotrk?w Trybunalski [ ] is a city in central Poland with 80,738 inhabitants . It is situated in the L?dz Voivodeship , and previously was the capital of Piotrk?w Voivodeship ....
.

Furthermore, Czestochowa is a major railroad hub, located at the intersection of two important lines - west-east (from Lubliniec
Lubliniec

Lubliniec [] is a town in south Poland with 29,359 inhabitants . It is the capital of Lubliniec County.It is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship ; previously it was in Czestochowa Voivodeship ....
 to Kielce
Kielce

Kielce is a city in central Poland with 202,609 inhabitants . It is also the capital city of the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship since 1999, previously in Kielce Voivodeship ....
) and north-south (from Warszawa
Warsaw

Warsaw is the Capital and World's largest cities of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from both the Baltic Sea coast and the Carpathian Mountains....
 to Katowice
Katowice

Katowice is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Klodnica and Rawa river rivers . Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about 50 km from the Silesian Beskids and about 100 km from Sudetes....
). Also, additional northbound line stems from Czestochowa, which goes to Chorzew Siemkowice
Chorzew Siemkowice

Chorzew Siemkowice is a Poland rail junction located in the Pajeczno County of the L?dz Voivodeship, in central part of Poland. It is located on the route of the Polish Coal Trunk-Line, here the Trunk-Line is joined by the Czestochowa - Chorzew Siemkowice line....
, where it joins the Polish Coal Trunk-Line
Polish Coal Trunk-Line

The Coal Trunk-Line is one of the most important rail connections in Poland.It crosses the central part of the country, from the coal mines and steelworks of Upper Silesia in the South to the Baltic Sea port of Gdynia in the North....
. There are six railway stations in the city, the biggest ones being Czestochowa Osobowa and Czestochowa Stradom.

Education

Some of the educational institutions in Czestochowa include:
  • Akademia Polonijna (previously Wyzsza Szkola Jezyków Obcych i Ekonomii)
  • Wyzsza Szkola Hotelarstwa i Turystyki
  • Wyzsza Szkola Zarzadzania


Sports

Sports highlights include:

  • CKM Wlókniarz Czestochowa - speedway team from Czestochowa, 3rd place in season 2005, 2nd place in season 2006 first place in season 2003.


  • Klub Sportowy Raków Czestochowa (Called RKS) - football team from Czestochowa playing in Second Polish Football League.


  • Domex Tytan AZS Czestochowa - men's volleyball
    Volleyball in Poland

    Volleyball is a popular team sport in Poland.* Polish Volleyball League * Polish Seria B Men's Volleyball League* Polish Seria A Women's Volleyball League...
     team playing in Polish Volleyball League
    Polish Volleyball League

    The Polish Volleyball League is the highest level of men's volleyball in Poland, a professional league competition for volleyball clubs located in this country....
     (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS), 2th place in season 2007/2008.


  • Tytan Czestochowa - Czestochowa's basketball team, plays in first league of Dominet Basket Liga (Polska Liga Koszykówki, PLK)


  • Rugby Club Czestochowa - Czestochowa's rugby team, plays in Polish rugby seven's league


Politics


Czestochowa constituency

The Members of the lower house of Parliament (Sejm) elected by the Czestochowa constituency include:
  • Szymon Gizynski (Law and Justice
    Law and Justice

    Law and Justice is a conservatism List of political parties in Poland.The party was established in 2001, by the Kaczynski twins, Lech Kaczynski, the current President of Poland, and Jaroslaw Kaczynski, current party chairman....
    )
  • Lucjan Karasiewicz (Law and Justice)
  • Jadwiga Wisniewska (Law and Justice)
  • Halina Rozpondek (Citizens Platform
    Civic Platform

    Civic Platform , is a Christian democracy, and Conservative liberalism, List of political parties in Poland. Since the Polish parliamentary election, 2007, it is the largest party in Sejm of the Republic of Poland....
    )
  • Izabela Leszczyna (Citizens Platform)
  • Krzysztof Matyjaszczyk (Alliance of the Democratic Left
    Democratic Left Alliance

    Democratic Left Alliance is a centre-left Polish social democracy political party. A coalition of left-wing parties used this name from 1991 to 1999....
    )
  • Grzegorz Sztolcman (Citizens Platform)


The Members of the higher house of Parliament (Senate) elected by the Czestochowa constituency include:
  • Andrzej Szewinski (Citizens Platform)
  • Czeslaw Ryszka (Law and Justice)


See also

  • Shrines to the Virgin Mary
    Shrines to the Virgin Mary

    In the culture and practice of some Christian Churches - mainly, but not solely, the Roman Catholic Church - a Shrine to the Virgin Mary is a shrine marking an Marian apparitions or other miracle ascribed to the Blessed Virgin Mary, or a site on which is centered a historically strong Blessed Virgin Mary devotion....


Twin Towns

Czestochowa is twinned
Town twinning

Town twinning, also known as sister cities, is a concept whereby towns or city in geographically and politically distinct areas are paired, with the goal of fostering human contact and cultural links between their inhabitants....
 with:
Altötting
Altötting

Alt?tting is a town in Bavaria, capital of the Alt?tting .This small town is famous for the Gnadenkapelle , of one of the most visited shrines in Germany....
 in Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 Bethlehem
Bethlehem

Bethlehem is a Palestine city in the central West Bank, approximately south of Jerusalem, with a population of about 30,000 people. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate of the Palestinian National Authority and a hub of Palestinian culture and tourism....
 in Palestine
Palestine

Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. It is derived from a name used already much earlier for a narrower geographical region, mainly along the coastal region....
  Fįtima
Fįtima, Portugal

F?tima is a city in Portugal famous for the religious visions that took place there in 1917. The town itself has a population of 7,756 and is located in the Municipalities of Portugal of Our?m, in the Centro Region and sub region of Medio Tejo....
 in Portugal
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
 Loreto
Loreto (AN)

Loreto is a hilltown and comune of the Italy province of Ancona, in the Marche. It is mostly famous as the seat of the Basilica della Santa Casa, a popular Catholic pilgrimage site....
 in Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
 Lourdes
Lourdes

Lourdes is a town and communes of France situated in the southwest of the Hautes-Pyr?n?es Departments of France, lying in the first Pyrenean foothills, in southwestern France....
 in France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 		Pforzheim
Pforzheim

Pforzheim is a town of nearly 119,000 inhabitants in the state of Baden-W?rttemberg, southwest Germany at the gate to the Black Forest. It is world-famous for its jewelry and watch-making industry....
 in Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 Nazareth
Nazareth

Nazareth is the capital and largest Cities in Israel in the North District . It also serves as an unofficial Arab capital for Israel's Arab citizens of Israel who make up the vast majority of the population there....
 in Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
 Rezekne
Rezekne

Rezekne is a city in the Latgale region of eastern Latvia, also known by the nickname Latgales sirds meaning The Heart of Latgale. Built on seven hills, Rezekne is situated 242 km east of Riga, and 63 km west of the Latvian-Russian border, at the intersection of the Moscow-Riga and Saint Petersburg-Warsaw railways....
 in Latvia
Latvia

Latvia The Latvians are a Baltic peoples culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian language, but not with the Estonian language....
 South Bend
South Bend, Indiana

South Bend is a city on the St._Joseph_River_ and a Twin cities of Mishawaka, Indiana. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total of 107,789 residents; its South Bend-Mishawaka metropolitan area had a population of 316,663....
 in Indiana
Indiana

The State of Indiana was the 19th U.S. state admitted into the union. It is located in the Midwestern United States of the United States of America....
, United States
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
 Šiauliai
Šiauliai

?iauliai is the fourth largest city in Lithuania, with a population of 129,075. It is the capital of ?iauliai County. Unofficially, the city is the capital of Northern Lithuania....
 in Lithuania
Lithuania

Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest....


External links


General

  • for Jewish genealogy


History

  • remembering Czestochowa Jews murdered by Nazis